scholarly journals Risk factors related to seropositivity for Leptospira spp. in horses in the Serra Catarinense region

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deise Keli Farias ◽  
Gabriela Dick ◽  
Silvério Bunn ◽  
André Thaler Neto ◽  
Carolina Rech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Leptospira spp. The consequences of infection in horses are unclear, and the serogroups involved vary depending on the region. This study aimed to evaluate the seropositivity of unvaccinated horses in the Serra Catarinense region and the possible risk factors associated with the infection. We used 207 horses from 26 properties, with no clinical history of infection and unvaccinated for leptospirosis. We submitted serum samples to the microscopic agglutination serum (SAM) to obtain the main reference serogroups. We considered animals with titre ≥100 as infected. The results of the serology revealed seropositivity in 45.4% (94/207) of the animals studied. The most frequent antibodies reportedwere those against the serogroups Australis 16.9% (35/207), Ichterhaemorrhagiae 14.4% (30/207), and Grippotyphosa 5.31% (11/207). Among the primary risk factors associated with the infection we reported extensive rearing system (OR = 1.27; P<0.05) and the presence of other animal species such as cattle (OR = 3.85; P<0.01) and capybaras (OR = 2.07; P=0.06). The findings presented in this study showed that leptospirosis is endemic in horses in the Serra Catarinense region, and revealed the need for emergency surveillance and control measures specific to this important zoonosis.

scholarly journals Serological Investigations of Brucellosis in Cattle, Farmers and Veterinarians in the Kars District of Turkey

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Otlu ◽  
M. Sahin ◽  
H. I. Atabay ◽  
A. Unver
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

The prevalence of brucellosis was investigated in cattle, farmers and veterinarians in the Kars district of Turkey between 2004 - 2006. In order to achieve this, a total of 407 serum samples of cattle from 27 herds having history of abortions were examined for Brucella antibodies by RBPT and SAT. In addition, the sera collected from 246 farmers (130 males and 116 females) and 28 veterinarians in the same district were analysed serologically by RBPT, SAT and ELISA. Of the cattle sera analysed, 134 (32.92%) and 141 (34.64%) were determined as positive by RBPT and SAT, respectively. Thirty-two (13%), 35 (14.22%) and 44 (17.88%) of the farmers' sera were found positive for brucellosis by RBPT, SAT and ELISA, respectively. There was no significant difference between sexes for Brucella seropositivity. Of the 28 sera from veterinarians, 13 (46.42%) were positive by the three serological tests. The high prevalence of brucellosis both in cattle and humans suggests that brucellosis is common in this area. Preventive and control measures should be implemented and pursued more strictly to reduce and/or eradicate brucellosis from the area.

scholarly journals Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with leptospirosis and brucellosis in small ruminants sold at animal fair in the Sertão Region of Pernambuco State, a semiarid Region of Northeastern Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1933 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Romero Alexandre Alves ◽  
Geilson Manoel de Souza Lima ◽  
José Dêvede da Silva ◽  
Diego Figueiredo da Costa ◽  
Fabrine Alexandre dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Management System ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Intensive Management ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Leptospira Spp

The transit of infected animals may be a route for the introduction and dispersal of diseases, which necessitates protocols for the controlled entry of infected animals into herds. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-Leptospira and anti-Brucella ovis antibodies in small ruminants sold at an animal fair in the Sertão region of the Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil, and to identify the possible risk factors associated with seropositivity. Serum samples were collected from 233 goats and 119 sheep, belonging to twelve different owners from November 2014 to June 2015. Diagnosis of Leptospira spp. infection was established using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT); for B. ovis infection, the agar gel immuno-diffusion (AGID) test was conducted. A total of 16/233 (6.87%; 95% CI = 4.27% – 10.83%) goats and 16/119 (13.45%; 95% CI = 8.67% – 21.24%) sheep were identified as seropositive for Leptospira spp. The most frequent serotype was Icterohaemorrhagiae. In goats, intensive management system (odds ratio = 15.8; p < 0.001) and consorted rearing of equines and goats (odds ratio = 7.3; p = 0.005) were identified as risk factors. There were no risk factors identified for sheep. Seven (5.88%; 95% CI = 2.88% – 11.65%) sheep were seropositive for B. ovis, and the intensive management system was identified as the risk factor (odds ratio = 11.5; p = 0.005). This suggests that Leptospira spp. and B. ovis infections occur in small ruminants commercialized in the Sertão region of the Pernambuco State. Thus, improvements to the sanitary conditions of the facilities and the control of synanthropic rodents are recommended.

Risk Factors for Tuberculosis (TB) Among Household Contacts of Patients With Smear-Positive TB in 8 Provinces of Vietnam: A Nested Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavindhran Velen ◽  
Nguyen Viet Nhung ◽  
Nguyen Thu Anh ◽  
Pham Duc Cuong ◽  
Nguyen Binh Hoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Key Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) continues to account for significant morbidity and mortality annually. Household contacts (HHCs) of persons with TB are a key population for targeting prevention and control interventions. We aimed to identify risk factors associated with developing TB among HHCs. Methods We conducted a nested case-control study among HHCs in 8 provinces in Vietnam enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of active case finding for TB. Cases were any HHCs diagnosed and registered with TB within the Vietnam National TB Program during 2 years of follow-up. Controls were selected by simple random sampling from the remaining HHCs. Risk factor data were collected at enrollment and during follow-up. A logistic regression model was developed to determine predictors of TB among HHCs. Results We selected 1254 HHCs for the analysis: 214 cases and 1040 controls. Underlying characteristics varied between both groups; cases were older, more likely to be male, with a higher proportion of reported previous TB and diabetes. Risk factors associated with a TB diagnosis included being male (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.0), residing in an urban setting (aOR, 1.8; 1.3–2.5), prior TB (aOR, 4.6; 2.5–8.7), history of diabetes (aOR, 3.1; 1.7–5.8), current smoking (aOR, 3.1; 2.2–4.4), and prolonged history of coughing in the index case at enrollment (OR , 1.6; 1.1–2.3). Conclusions Household contacts remain an important key population for TB prevention and control. TB programs should ensure effective contact investigations are implemented for household contacts, particularly those with additional risk factors for developing TB.

scholarly journals Risk factor analysis associated with Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Western Brazilian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Poliana de Jesus Souza Venturoso ◽  
Osvaldo Juliatti Venturoso ◽  
Gisele Glomba Silva ◽  
Maerle Oliveira Maia ◽  
Rute Witter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Present Survey ◽  
Caninum Infection ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
And Control

Abstract Neospora caninum is considered to be one of the main causes of abortion among cattle. The present survey was conducted in the municipality of Rolim de Moura, Rondônia State, Brazil. A questionnaire that investigates the epidemiological aspects of neosporosis was used in the analysis of risk factors associated with the animal-level and herd-level prevalence in dairy cattle. A total of 416 bovine blood samples were collected from 30 farms, and N. caninum antibody levels were measured by Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT). Analysis of dairy cattle serum samples revealed the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies to be 47.36% (n = 197). Risk factors associated with N. caninum infection were the management system and access locations of dogs. The results of the present survey indicated that infection of dairy cattle with N. caninum is widespread in the studied region of Western Amazon, which has implications for prevention and control of neosporosis in this region. Therefore, integrated control strategies and measures are recommended to prevent and control N. caninum infection in dairy cattle. In addition, direct contact between dairy cattle, dogs and wild animals, which can influence the epidemiology of neosporosis, should be investigated further.

scholarly journals Fatores de risco associados à hipertensão arterial em idosos

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Suzane Albuquerque dos Santos Fukahori ◽  
Camila Gomes de Moura Nascimento ◽  
Simone Lugon da Silva Almeida ◽  
João Victor Batista Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Perception Of Health

<p>A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica é uma condição clínica com múltiplas causas e é definida por níveis elevados e sustentados de pressão arterial, sendo considerada uma das principais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis que acometem a população idosa. Objetivou-se identificar os fatores de risco associados à hipertensão arterial em idosos. O presente trabalho trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, com busca realizada na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, por meio das bases de dados LILACS, BDENF e MEDLINE, associados ao repositório SciELO, entre os anos de 2010 e 2015, com a utilização dos descritores combinados e síntese dos dados por meio de tabulações. Foram evidenciados como fatores de risco à hipertensão arterial nos idosos: a própria senilidade, o sexo feminino, excesso de peso, pior autopercepção de saúde, não adesão ao tratamento, incapacidade funcional, depressão e a inatividade física. Os resultados mostram o papel dos fatores de riscos para o desenvolvimento e complicações da hipertensão, todavia também são sinais para a detecção precoce e para a ampliação das intervenções de medidas de prevenção e controle nas diversas esferas de atendimento em saúde.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Risk factors associated with arterial hypertension in elderly</em></strong></p><pre><strong>Abstract: </strong>Systemic Arterial Hypertension is a clinical condition with multiple causes and is defined by elevated and sustained blood arterial pressure levels, being considered one of the main chronic non transmissible diseases that affect the elderly population. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with hypertension in the elderly. The present article deals with an integrative review, with a search carried out in the Virtual Health Library, through the LILACS, BDENF and MEDLINE databases, associated with the SciELO repository, between 2010 and 2015 years, using the descriptors combined and synthesis of the data by through tabulations. Senility, female gender, overweight, worse self-perception of health, non-adherence to treatment, functional disability, depression and physical inactivity were evidenced as risk factors for hypertension in the elderly. The results show the role of risk factors for the development and complications of hypertension, but they are also signals for the early detection and for the expansion of the interventions of prevention and control measures in the different health care spheres.</pre>

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Long-Term Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Persistence—A Prospective Longitudinal Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Correa-Martinez ◽  
Stollenwerk ◽  
Kossow ◽  
Schaumburg ◽  
Mellmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are important nosocomial pathogens that require effective infection control measures, representing a challenge for healthcare systems. This study aimed at identifying risk factors associated with prolonged VRE carriage and determining the rate of clearance that allows the discontinuation of contact precautions. During a 2-year study, screening was performed in patients with a history of VRE or at risk of becoming colonized. After bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing, glycopeptide resistance was confirmed by PCR. Isolates were compared via whole genome sequence-based typing. Risk factors were recorded, and follow-up screening was performed upon readmission, defining patients as long-term carriers if still colonized ≥10 weeks after first detection. Of 1059 patients positive for VRE, carriage status was assessed upon readmission in 463 patients. VRE was cleared in 56.4% of the cases. Risk factors associated with long-term persistence were hospital stays (frequency, length), hemato-oncological disease, systemic treatment with steroids, and use of antibiotics. No specific genotypic clustering was observed in patients with VRE clearance or persistence. VRE clearance is possibly underestimated. The identification of risk factors favoring long-term carriage may contribute to a targeted implementation of infection control measures upon readmission of patients with history of VRE.

scholarly journals FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH A MEASLES OUTBREAK IN DISTRICT SKARDU, GILGIT BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
Zakir Hussain ◽  
Abdul Wali Khan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Maculopapular Rash ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
History Of ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Gilgit Baltistan

Background: In Pakistan, annually 20,000 children deaths reported due to measles. This outbreak was investigated with the objectives to identify the associated risk factors and recommend appropriate control measures to prevent future outbreaks. Methods: A case was defined as any child presented with fever, generalized maculopapular rash with one of the following symptoms; cough, coryza or conjunctivitis during March-April 2011 in Skardu district. Two healthy age and sex matched controls were selected for each case from the same neighborhood. Information was collected on demographics, date of onset of illness and possible risk factors. Results: A total of 29 suspected measles cases were identified. The overall attack rate was 19% and the most affected age group was 9-19 months (attack rates 16%). Measles vaccination was lower among children with measles (OR. 4, C.I 1.8-12.5, p<0.05). The proportion of parents who consider measles as dangerous was significantly higher among the parents of cases (OR 3.6, CI 1.4-9.3, P 0.006). Better educated mothers were more likely to get their child vaccinated (OR 4, CI, 2.1-7.9, p<0.05) and history of contact was found associated with the disease (OR 7.2, CI 3.5-12.7, p 0.002). Multivariate analysis yielded significant association of following risk factors; vaccination status (OR 3.8, CI 1.8-12.5, p 0.005) and history of contact (OR 3.2, CI 1.0-10.7, p<0.05) with the disease. Conclusion: Lower vaccination coverage and lack of awareness about measles among parents was the most probable cause of this outbreak. Improvement in routine vaccination coverage and health education on the safety of immunization was recommended.

Are backyard characteristics relevant factors for the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis in Central-Western Brazil?

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Gabriel Guimarães Luz ◽  
Amanda Gabriela Carvalho ◽  
Danilo Bueno Naves ◽  
João Victor Leite Dias ◽  
Cor Jesus Fernandes Fontes
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Human Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relevant Factors

ABSTRACT Background This retrospective case-control study aimed to investigate the factors associated with the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the municipality of Rondonópolis, which is a highly endemic area for VL in Central-Western Brazil. Methods All VL cases reported in Rondonópolis from 2011 to 2016 were included. For each case, two neighborhood- and age-matched controls with the absence of past and present history of VL and negative rk39-based immunochromatographic test, were recruited. Data were retrospectively collected through interviews that assessed socioeconomic aspects, housing features, backyard characteristics, presence of animals and daily habits. A multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with human VL. Results During the study period, 81 VL cases were reported in Rondonópolis, of which 37 (45.7%) were included in this study. Seventy controls were also included. The variables associated with VL occurrence were the outdoor location of a bathroom and/or kitchen separated from the rest of the house (OR 7.8; 95% CI 2.1 to 29.5), the presence of a vegetable garden (OR 5.3; 95% CI 1.3 to 21.2) and the presence of decaying fruits (OR 10.7; 95% CI 2.0 to 52.1) in the backyard. Conclusions Our findings suggest an association between backyard characteristics and VL. This may be useful in guiding preventive and control measures against zoonotic VL worldwide.

scholarly journals SERO-MOLECULAR INVESTIGATION OF COXIELLA BURNETII INFECTION IN DOMESTIC RUMINANTS AND HUMANS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS BASED ON ‘ONE HEALTH’ PERSPECTIVES IN BANGLADESH

2021 ◽  
Vol 3, Issue 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chakrabartty ◽  
N. Nahar ◽  
M. S. Rahman ◽  
A. K. M. A. Rahman ◽  
A. S. Sarker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
One Health ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
History Of

Background: Q-fever is an important zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii with wide host range of mammals, birds and arthropods worldwide. The prevalence of C. burnetii infection has been reported in domestic ruminants in Bangladesh with no attention on the ‘One Health’ approach for the epidemiological investigation associated with risk factors for prevention of the disease. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the sero-molecular prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection and associated risk factors in domestic ruminants and humans based on ‘One Health’ approach in Bangladesh Materials and Methods: This study on C. burnetii infection was conducted in cattle, goats and humans of the four randomly selected districts (Kurigram, Sirajgonj, Pabna and Mymensingh) in Bangladesh during the period from 2018 to 2021. A total of 162 and 172 serum samples respectively from cattle and goats with the reproductive disorders, 159 serum samples from human patients with pyrexia of unknown origin lasting over a period of three weeks and who were in close contact with animal, 119 milk samples from cows with reproductive disorders and 6 aborted materials from goat were collected from these selected districts for the detection of C. burnetii antibody by ELISA and DNA by PCR assay. The research was performed with the collaboration of OIE reference laboratory for Q fever, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Germany. Results: The overall sero-prevalence of C. burnetii infection by ELISA was 3.01% in cattle, 7.6 % in goats and 0.63% in humans. The highest sero-positivity was recorded in cattle in Mymensingh (4.5%) in comparison to Pabna (2.8%), Kurigram (2.5%) and Sirajgonj (2.4%) districts. Risk factors associated with higher sero-positivity of C. burnetii infection was recorded in cattle with  5 years (4.4%) than 3 to 5 years (2.1%), indigenous (4.2%) than cross-bred (2.6%), history of retention of placenta (5.6%) than abortion (2.3%) and natural service (5.9%) than artificial insemination (2.3%). The sero-positivity of C. burnetii infection in goat showed highest in Kurigram (10.0%), followed by Sirajgonj (9.5%) and Mymensingh (9.3%) with no positive reactors in Pabna district. Risk factors associated with sero-positivity of C. burnetii infection in goats showed higher in > 2 years (14.1%) than up to 2 years (2.1%) age group and higher with the history of abortion (10.0%) than retention of placenta (4.2%). Risk factors associated with positivity of C. burnetii infection detected in milk samples of cows by ELISA showed an overall 21.85% positivity associated with history of reproductive disorders, with highest positivity in anestrus (33.3%), followed by retention of placenta (24.4%), abortion (21.7%) and lowest with repeat breeding (8.3%). In addition, higher positivity was recorded in cross-bred (24.2%) than in indigenous (12.5%) cattle. In case of humans, only one human patient (0.63%) had positive for IgG phase-II ELISA. C. burnetii DNA was detected in two sero-positive milk samples but all of the intermediate positive milk samples by ELISA were negative by PCR assay and even none of the aborted material of goat was positive in PCR and cell culture. Conclusions: This study recorded the prevalence and risk factors associated with the zoonotic C. burnetii infection in both the domestic ruminants and humans but still it is unrecognized and underestimated in both human and animal health and research in Bangladesh. The findings of this study support the further research on C. burnetii in both human and veterinary medicine under ‘One Health’ approach particularly targeting epidemiology on the agent, host and environment for the control and prevention of the disease in Bangladesh. Keywords: C. burnetii, Ruminants, Humans, ELISA, PCR, Sera, Milk, Prevalence, Risk factors, ‘One Health’ approach

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of some arthropod-transmitted diseases in cattle and sheep in Jordan

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-205
Author(s):  
Zaidoun S. Hijazeen ◽  
Zuhair Bani Ismail ◽  
Ahmad M. Al-Majali
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Veterinary Services ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Factors Associated

Aim: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of bluetongue virus (BTV) in sheep and bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) in dairy cattle in Jordan. Materials and Methods: A simple randomized study was designed to collect 600 serum samples from sheep and 300 serum samples from dairy cattle located in the Northwestern parts of Jordan. In addition, data regarding farm management were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire through personal interview to determine potential risk factors. The seroprevalences of BEF and BTVs were determined using serum neutralization test and BTV group-specific competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results: The overall seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies against BEFV in dairy cattle was 45.37%. The overall seroprevalence of BTV group-specific antibodies in sheep was 47.8% (54% true seroprevalence). Logistic regression analysis identified geographic location (Irbid) (odds ratio [OR]=1.0; confidence interval [CI]=0.5-2.1), no use of disinfectants on the farm (OR=1.0; CI=0.05-0.1), and lack of veterinary services (OR=10; CI=3.5-13.2) as risk factors associated with high seropositivity against BTV in sheep. Geographic location (Jarash) (OR=3; CI=1.0-5.5), age of the animal (1-2 years of age (OR=1; CI=0.3-1.9), and lack of veterinary services (OR=9; CI=4-11) were identified as risk factors associated with high seroprevalence against BEFV in dairy cattle. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that BEFV in dairy cattle and BTV in sheep are endemic in Northwestern regions of Jordan. Implementation of appropriate control measures is, therefore, required to reduce the adverse effects of these diseases on animal health and productivity.

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