scholarly journals Phytosulfokine Is Involved in Positive Regulation of Lotus japonicus Nodulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 847-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Haixiang Yu ◽  
Zhongming Zhang ◽  
Liangliang Yu ◽  
Xiaoshu Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Positive Regulation ◽  
Transgenic Hairy Roots ◽  
Exogenous Addition ◽  
Nodule Initiation ◽  
Spontaneous Nodules

Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a tyrosine-sulfated peptide that is widely distributed in plants, participating in cell proliferation, differentiation, and innate immunity. The potential role of PSK in nodulation in legumes has not been reported. In this work, five PSK precursor genes were identified in Lotus japonicas, designated as LjPSK1 to LjPSK5. Three of them (LjPSK1, LjPSK4, and LjPSK5) were found to be expressed in nitrogen-fixing root nodules. LjPSK1 and LjPSK4 were not induced at the early stage of nodulation. Interestingly, while the expression of LjPSK4 was also found in spontaneous nodules without rhizobial colonization, LjPSK1 was not induced in these pseudo nodules. Promoter-β-glucuronidase analysis revealed that LjPSK1 was highly expressed in enlarged symbiotic cells of nodules. Exogenous addition of 1 μM synthetic PSK peptide resulted in increased nodule numbers per plant. Consistently, the number of mature nodules but not the events of rhizobial infection and nodule initiation was increased by overexpressing LjPSK1 in transgenic hairy roots, in which the expression of jasmonate-responsive genes was found to be repressed. These results suggest that PSK is a new peptide signal that regulates nodulation in legumes, probably through cross-talking with other phytohormones.

scholarly journals Evaluation of serum ATX and LPA as potential diagnostic biomarkers in patients with pancreatic cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Chen ◽  
Hongyu Li ◽  
Wenda Xu ◽  
Xiaozhong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
The Poor

Abstract Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a devastating disease that has a poor prognosis and a total 5-year survival rate of around 5%. The poor prognosis of PC is due in part to a lack of suitable biomarkers that can allow early diagnosis. The lysophospholipase autotaxin (ATX) and its product lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) play an essential role in disease progression in PC patients and are associated with increased morbidity in several types of cancer. In this study, we evaluated both the potential role of serum LPA and ATX as diagnostic markers in PC and their prognostic value for PC either alone or in combination with CA19-9. Methods ATX, LPA and CA19-9 levels were evaluated using ELISA of serum obtained from PC patients (n = 114) healthy volunteers (HVs: n = 120) and patients with benign pancreatic diseases (BPDs: n = 94). Results Serum levels of ATX, LPA and CA19-9 in PC patients were substantially higher than that for BPD patients or HVs (p < 0.001). The sensitivity of LPA in early phase PC was 91.74% and the specificity of ATX was 80%. The levels of ATX, LPA and CA19-9 were all substantially higher for early stage PC patients compared to levels in serum from BPD patients and HVs. The diagnostic efficacy of CA19-9 for PC was significantly enhanced by the addition of ATX and LPA (p = 0.0012). Conclusion Measurement of LPA and ATX levels together with CA19-9 levels can be used for early detection of PC and diagnosis of PC in general.

scholarly journals MIR2111-5 locus and shoot-accumulated mature miR2111 systemically enhance nodulation depending on HAR1 in Lotus japonicus

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nao Okuma ◽  
Takashi Soyano ◽  
Takuya Suzaki ◽  
Masayoshi Kawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodules ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Signaling System ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Knockout Mutants ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Legumes utilize a shoot-mediated signaling system to maintain a mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules. In Lotus japonicus, shoot-to-root transfer of microRNA miR2111 that targets TOO MUCH LOVE, a nodulation suppressor in roots, has been proposed to explain the mechanism underlying nodulation control from shoots. However, the role of shoot-accumulating miR2111s for the systemic regulation of nodulation was not clearly shown. Here, we find L. japonicus has seven miR2111 loci, including those mapped through RNA-seq. MIR2111-5 expression in leaves is the highest among miR2111 loci and repressed after rhizobial infection depending on a shoot-acting HYPERNODULATION ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION1 (HAR1) receptor. MIR2111-5 knockout mutants show significantly decreased nodule numbers and miR2111 levels. Furthermore, grafting experiments using transformants demonstrate scions with altered miR2111 levels influence nodule numbers in rootstocks in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, miR2111 accumulation in leaves through MIR2111-5 expression is required for HAR1-dependent systemic optimization of nodule number.

scholarly journals The potential role for sphingolipids in neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Alessenko
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
The Brain

The review discusses the functional role of sphingolipids in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Certain evidence exist that the imbalance of sphingolipids such as sphingomyelin, ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate and galactosylceramide in the brain of animals and humans, in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer's disease play a crucial role in neuronal function by regulating growth, differentiation and cell death in CNS. Activation of sphingomyelinase, which leads to the accumulation of the proapoptotic agent, ceramide, can be considered as a new mechanism for AD and may be a prerequisite for the treatment of this disease by using drugs that inhibit sphingomyelinase activity. The role of sphingolipids as biomarkers for the diagnosis of the early stage of Alzheimer's disease and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment with new drugs is discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Sepsis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Chiche ◽  
Jean-Marie Forel ◽  
Guillemette Thomas ◽  
Catherine Farnarier ◽  
Fréderic Vely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Severe Sepsis ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sepsis And Septic Shock

Severe sepsis and septic shock are still deadly conditions urging to develop novel therapies. A better understanding of the complex modifications of the immune system of septic patients is needed for the development of innovative immunointerventions. Natural killer (NK) cells are characterized as CD3−NKp46+CD56+cells that can be cytotoxic and/or produce high amounts of cytokines such as IFN-γ. NK cells are also engaged in crosstalks with other immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. During the early stage of septic shock, NK cells may play a key role in the promotion of the systemic inflammation, as suggested in mice models. Alternatively, at a later stage, NK cells-acquired dysfunction could favor nosocomial infections and mortality. Standardized biological tools defining patients' NK cell status during the different stages of sepsis are mandatory to guide potential immuno-interventions. Herein, we review the potential role of NK cells during severe sepsis and septic shock.

scholarly journals Cooperation, Competition, and Specialized Metabolism in a Simplified Root Nodule Microbiome

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget L. Hansen ◽  
Rita de Cassia Pessotti ◽  
Monika S. Fischer ◽  
Alyssa Collins ◽  
Laila El-Hifnawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Brevibacillus Brevis

ABSTRACT Microbiomes associated with various plant structures often contain members with the potential to make specialized metabolites, e.g., molecules with antibacterial, antifungal, or siderophore activities. However, when and where microbes associated with plants produce specialized metabolites, and the potential role of these molecules in mediating intramicrobiome interactions, is not well understood. Root nodules of legume plants are organs devoted to hosting symbiotic bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen and have recently been shown to harbor a relatively simple accessory microbiome containing members with the ability to produce specialized metabolites in vitro. On the basis of these observations, we sought to develop a model nodule microbiome system for evaluating specialized microbial metabolism in planta. Starting with an inoculum derived from field-grown Medicago sativa nodules, serial passaging through gnotobiotic nodules yielded a simplified accessory community composed of four members: Brevibacillus brevis, Paenibacillus sp., Pantoea agglomerans, and Pseudomonas sp. Some members of this community exhibited clear cooperation in planta, while others were antagonistic and capable of disrupting cooperation between other partners. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–imaging mass spectrometry, we found that metabolites associated with individual taxa had unique distributions, indicating that some members of the nodule community were spatially segregated. Finally, we identified two families of molecules produced by B. brevis in planta as the antibacterial tyrocidines and a novel set of gramicidin-type molecules, which we term the britacidins. Collectively, these results indicate that in addition to nitrogen fixation, legume root nodules are likely also sites of active antimicrobial production.

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