scholarly journals Expansive Phenotypic Landscape of Botrytis cinerea Shows Differential Contribution of Genetic Diversity and Plasticity

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A. Corwin ◽  
Anushriya Subedy ◽  
Robert Eshbaugh ◽  
Daniel J. Kliebenstein
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Environmental Variation ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Relative Contribution

The modern evolutionary synthesis suggests that both environmental variation and genetic diversity are critical determinants of pathogen success. However, the relative contribution of these two sources of variation is not routinely measured. To estimate the relative contribution of plasticity and genetic diversity for virulence-associated phenotypes in a generalist plant pathogen, we grew a population of 15 isolates of Botrytis cinerea from throughout the world, under a variety of in vitro and in planta conditions. Under in planta conditions, phenotypic differences between the isolates were determined by the combination of genotypic variation within the pathogen and environmental variation. In contrast, phenotypic differences between the isolates under in vitro conditions were predominantly determined by genetic variation in the pathogen. Using a correlation network approach, we link the phenotypic variation under in vitro experimental conditions to phenotypic variation during plant infection. This study indicates that there is a high level of phenotypic variation within B. cinerea that is controlled by a mixture of genetic variation, environment, and genotype × environment. This argues that future experiments into the pathogenicity of B. cinerea must account for the genetic and environmental variation within the pathogen to better sample the potential phenotypic space of the pathogen.

scholarly journals Actinomycete as biocontrol agents against tomato gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hind Lahmyed ◽  
◽  
Rachid Bouharroud ◽  
Redouan Qessaoui ◽  
Abdelhadi Ajerrar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Chitinase Activity ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Tomato Fruits

The present work aims to isolate actinomycete bacteria with antagonistic abilities towards Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, from a soil sample collected from the rhizosphere of a healthy tomato grove. In vitro confrontation led to the isolation of 104 actinomycete isolates; fifteen isolates have shown the most significant mortality rate of the mycelial growth of B. cinerea (>50%). Based on the results of this screening, representative strains were selected to verify their in vivo antagonistic activity on tomato fruits; the reduction of B. cinerea has a percentage ranging from 52.38% to 96.19%. Furthermore, the actinomycete isolates were evaluated for their plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties and their ability to produce biocontrol-related extracellular enzymes viz., amylase, protease, cellulase, chitinase, esterases, and lecithinase. Indeed, Ac70 showed high β-1,3-glucanase activity and siderophore production (17U/ml and 43% respectively), and the highest chitinase activity (39μmol/ml) was observed for Ac24. These results indicated that these actinomycetes might potentially control gray mold caused by B. cinerea on tomato fruits. Investigations on enhancing the efficacy and survival of the biocontrol agent in planta and finding out the best formulation are recommended for future research.

scholarly journals Genetic variation for photosynthetic capacity and efficiency in spring wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 2299-2311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viridiana Silva-Pérez ◽  
Joanne De Faveri ◽  
Gemma Molero ◽  
David M Deery ◽  
Anthony G Condon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Potential

Abstract One way to increase yield potential in wheat is screening for natural variation in photosynthesis. This study uses measured and modelled physiological parameters to explore genotypic diversity in photosynthetic capacity (Pc, Rubisco carboxylation capacity per unit leaf area at 25 °C) and efficiency (Peff, Pc per unit of leaf nitrogen) in wheat in relation to fertilizer, plant stage, and environment. Four experiments (Aus1, Aus2, Aus3, and Mex1) were carried out with diverse wheat collections to investigate genetic variation for Rubisco capacity (Vcmax25), electron transport rate (J), CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, and complementary plant functional traits: leaf nitrogen, leaf dry mass per unit area, and SPAD. Genotypes for Aus1 and Aus2 were grown in the glasshouse with two fertilizer levels. Genotypes for Aus3 and Mex1 experiments were grown in the field in Australia and Mexico, respectively. Results showed that Vcmax25 derived from gas exchange measurements is a robust parameter that does not depend on stomatal conductance and was positively correlated with Rubisco content measured in vitro. There was significant genotypic variation in most of the experiments for Pc and Peff. Heritability of Pc reached 0.7 and 0.9 for SPAD. Genotypic variation and heritability of traits show that there is scope for these traits to be used in pre-breeding programmes to improve photosynthesis with the ultimate objective of raising yield potential.

Genetic diversity of arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus L. subsp. arcticus) as measured by amplified fragment length polymorphism

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 805-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannele Lindqvist-Kreuze ◽  
Hilkka Koponen ◽  
Jari P.T Valkonen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
High Level

The levels of genotypic and genetic variation were estimated in six natural populations of arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus L. subsp. arcticus) in Finland. Using three primer combinations, a total of 117 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) were found. The results were highly reproducible and allowed identification of 78 genets among the 122 plants of arctic bramble studied. Genotypic variation measured as Simpson index (D) was high in all populations, ranging from 0.72 to 0.94. Also, the level of genetic variation measured as Shannon index was relatively high in all populations, ranging from 0.19 to 0.32 (average 0.26). The high levels of genetic diversity indicate that sexual reproduction has played a significant role in these populations. The hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) partitioned 48% of the genetic variation among populations, suggesting a high level of population differentiation and a low level of interpopulation gene flow. Genetic diversity among ten currently grown cultivars of arctic bramble and hybrid arctic bramble (R. arcticus subsp. arcticus × R. arcticus subsp. stellatus) was large, and the subspecies were clearly distinguished from each other based on the AFLP marker data.Key words: AFLP, AMOVA, population, natural habitat, Rubus arcticus subsp. arcticus, Rubus arcticus subsp. stellatus.

scholarly journals RNA-Mediated Gene Silencing of Superoxide Dismutase (bcsod1) in Botrytis cinerea

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1334-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Patel ◽  
J. A. L. van Kan ◽  
A. M. Bailey ◽  
G. D. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Gene Function ◽  
In Planta

Gene silencing is a powerful tool utilized for identification of gene function and analysis in plants, animals, and fungi. Here, we report the silencing of superoxide dismutase (bcsod1) in Botrytis cinerea through sense and antisense-mediated silencing mechanisms. Because superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a virulence factor, transformants were tested for phenotypic silencing in vitro and reduction in pathogenicity in planta. Plate-based assays with and without paraquat were performed to screen initial silencing efficiency, and a subset of transformants was used for in planta studies of virulence. Transformants exhibiting strongly decreased transcripts levels were recovered with both constructs but none of those exhibited a reduction in virulence in planta. Our investigations may help optimize a high-throughput gene silencing system useful for identifying potential gene targets for future fungal control.

scholarly journals Does marine geospatial/environmental variation affect genetic variation? A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Daniel Cárcamo
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Environmental Variation ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Seascape Genetics ◽  
Species Specific

<p>Genetic information is important to inform management and conservation. However, few studies have tested the relationship between genetic variation and geospatial/environmental variation across marine species. Here, I test two genetics-based ideas in evolutionary theory using data from 55 New Zealand coastal marine taxa. The Core-Periphery Hypothesis (CPH) states that populations at the centre of a species’ distribution exhibit greater genetic variability than populations at the periphery (the ‘normal’ model). Variants of this model include the ‘ramped north’ (greatest variation in the north), the ‘ramped south’ (greatest variation in the south), and the ‘abundant edge’ (greatest variation at the distributional edges, least variation at the centre). The Seascape Genetics Test (SGT) null hypothesis predicts no association between genetic variation and environmental variation. I conducted a meta-analysis of published/unpublished material on population genetic connectivity and diversity and marine environmental data to test both hypotheses. To assess the CPH, genetic data were fitted to four models (Normal, Ramped North, Ramped South, Abundant Edge). I also conducted a descriptive analysis between the genetic outcomes of the CPH and abundance records for a subset of species. The SGT involved GLM analyses using eleven geospatial/environmental variables and species-specific FST-ΦST (genetic distance) estimates plus a smaller subset of genetic diversity data. The CPH results showed that 55 of 249 tests (evaluating on average 2.9 ± 1.3 genetic indices in each of the 84 studies) fitted at least one of the four models: Ramped North (10%), Ramped South (8%), Normal (2%) and Abundant Edge (2.4%). Species-specific abundance records followed the same patterns detected by the CPH. These results indicate that edge populations (Ramped North, Ramped South, Abundant Edge) exhibit greater genetic variability than central populations amongst marine taxa from New Zealand, but that most taxa do not conform to any model (~78% of all tests were not statistically significant). For the seascape genetics multi-species analysis (comprising 498 individual tests), the FST-ΦST estimates (genetic distance estimates between pairs of populations) were mostly affected by four factors related to sea surface temperature. For genetic diversity indices the most significant predictors were latitude and longitude. Whilst different factors (e.g., physical oceanography, food availability, life-history traits and harvesting), either acting alone or acting synergistically, are likely to be important in explaining patterns of genetic diversity in New Zealand’s marine coastal species, my results indicate that variables including SST and to a lesser extent the geospatial variables (latitude and longitude) explain much of the variation in the genetic indices tested here.</p>

scholarly journals A Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Protein from Grapevine Reduces the Symptoms of the Endopolygalacturonase BcPG2 from Botrytis cinerea in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves Without Any Evidence for In Vitro Interaction

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk A. Joubert ◽  
Ilona Kars ◽  
Lia Wagemakers ◽  
Carl Bergmann ◽  
Gabré Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Polygalacturonase Inhibiting Protein ◽  
Inhibiting Protein

Six endopolygalacturonases from Botrytis cinerea (BcPG1 to BcPG6) as well as mutated forms of BcPG1 and BcPG2 were expressed transiently in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana using agroinfiltration. Expression of BcPG1, BcPG2, BcPG4, BcPG5, and mutant BcPG1-D203A caused symptoms, whereas BcPG3, BcPG6, and mutant BcPG2-D192A caused no symptoms. Expression of BcPG2 caused the most severe symptoms, including wilting and necrosis. BcPG2 previously has been shown to be essential for B. cinerea virulence. The in vivo effect of this enzyme and the inhibition by a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) was examined by coexpressing Bcpg2 and the Vvpgip1 gene from Vitis vinifera in N. benthamiana. Coinfiltration resulted in a substantial reduction of the symptoms inflicted by the activity of BcPG2 in planta, as evidenced by quantifying the variable chlorophyll fluorescence yield. In vitro, however, no interaction between pure VvPGIP1 and pure BcPG2 was detected. Specifically, VvPGIP1 neither inhibited BcPG2 activity nor altered the degradation profile of polygalacturonic acid by BcPG2. Furthermore, using surface plasmon resonance technology, no physical interaction between VvPGIP1 and BcPG2 was detected in vitro. The data suggest that the in planta environment provided a context to support the interaction between BcPG2 and VvPGIP1, leading to a reduction in symptom development, whereas neither of the in vitro assays detected any interaction between these proteins.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Variation May Compensate for Decreased Genetic Variation with Introductions: A Case Study Using House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) on Two Continents

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron W. Schrey ◽  
Courtney A. C. Coon ◽  
Michael T. Grispo ◽  
Mohammed Awad ◽  
Titus Imboma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Epigenetic Variation ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Introduction History ◽  
Outlier Loci

Epigenetic mechanisms impact several phenotypic traits and may be important for ecology and evolution. The introduced house sparrow (Passer domesticus) exhibits extensive phenotypic variation among and within populations. We screened methylation in populations from Kenya and Florida to determine if methylation varied among populations, varied with introduction history (Kenyan invasion <50 years old, Florida invasion ~150 years old), and could potentially compensate for decrease genetic variation with introductions. While recent literature has speculated on the importance of epigenetic effects for biological invasions, this is the first such study among wild vertebrates. Methylation was more frequent in Nairobi, and outlier loci suggest that populations may be differentiated. Methylation diversity was similar between populations, in spite of known lower genetic diversity in Nairobi, which suggests that epigenetic variation may compensate for decreased genetic diversity as a source of phenotypic variation during introduction. Our results suggest that methylation differences may be common among house sparrows, but research is needed to discern whether methylation impacts phenotypic variation.

scholarly journals Towards Biological Control of Aspergillus carbonarius and Botrytis cinerea in Grapevine Berries and Transcriptomic Changes of Genes Encoding Pathogenesis-Related (PR) Proteins

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 970
Author(s):  
Danai Gkizi ◽  
Eirini G. Poulaki ◽  
Sotirios E. Tjamos
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Genes Encoding

Grapevine bunch rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea and Aspergillus carbonarius, causes important economic losses every year in grape production. In the present study, we examined the plant protective activity of the biological control agents, Paenibacillus alvei K165, Blastobotrys sp. FP12 and Arthrobacter sp. FP15 against B. cinerea and A. carbonarius on grapes. The in vitro experiments showed that strain K165 significantly reduced the growth of both fungi, while FP15 restricted the growth of A. carbonarius and FP12 was ineffective. Following the in vitro experiments, we conducted in planta experiments on grape berries. It was shown that K165, FP12 and FP15 reduced A. carbonarius rot severity by 81%, 57% and 37%, respectively, compared to the control, whereas, in the case of B. cinerea, the only protective treatment was that with K165, which reduced rot by 75%. The transcriptomic analysis of the genes encoding the pathogenesis-related proteins PR2, PR3, PR4 and PR5 indicates the activation of multiple defense responses involved in the biocontrol activity of the examined biocontrol agents.

scholarly journals Heritability and selection on body size in a natural population of Drosophila buzzatii.

Genetics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
A Leibowitz ◽  
M Santos ◽  
A Fontdevila
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Drosophila Buzzatii ◽  
Average Development

Abstract An attempt was made to assess whether the phenotypic differences in body size (as measured by wing length) between wild-caught mating and single Drosophila buzzatii males could be attributed to genetic differences between the samples. Mating males were found to be larger and less variable than a random sample of the population. The progeny of the mating males (produced by crossing to a random female from a stock derived from the same population) were on average larger than those of the single males, but not significantly so (P = 0.063), and less phenotypically variable. This difference in variance between the samples suggests that there are indeed genetic differences between the paternal samples but tests for significant differences in the additive genetic component of variance proved inconclusive. For both samples it was found that while the ratio of additive genetic variation in the laboratory to phenotypic variation in the field yielded estimates of ĥs2(N) congruent to 10% the regression of offspring reared in the laboratory on parents from the wild was not significantly different from zero. In addition, it was found that the average development time of the progeny of the mating males is shorter than that of the random sample.

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