scholarly journals Towards Biological Control of Aspergillus carbonarius and Botrytis cinerea in Grapevine Berries and Transcriptomic Changes of Genes Encoding Pathogenesis-Related (PR) Proteins

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 970
Author(s):  
Danai Gkizi ◽  
Eirini G. Poulaki ◽  
Sotirios E. Tjamos
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Genes Encoding

Grapevine bunch rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea and Aspergillus carbonarius, causes important economic losses every year in grape production. In the present study, we examined the plant protective activity of the biological control agents, Paenibacillus alvei K165, Blastobotrys sp. FP12 and Arthrobacter sp. FP15 against B. cinerea and A. carbonarius on grapes. The in vitro experiments showed that strain K165 significantly reduced the growth of both fungi, while FP15 restricted the growth of A. carbonarius and FP12 was ineffective. Following the in vitro experiments, we conducted in planta experiments on grape berries. It was shown that K165, FP12 and FP15 reduced A. carbonarius rot severity by 81%, 57% and 37%, respectively, compared to the control, whereas, in the case of B. cinerea, the only protective treatment was that with K165, which reduced rot by 75%. The transcriptomic analysis of the genes encoding the pathogenesis-related proteins PR2, PR3, PR4 and PR5 indicates the activation of multiple defense responses involved in the biocontrol activity of the examined biocontrol agents.

scholarly journals Production of DAPG and HCN by Pseudomonas sp. LBUM300 Contributes to the Biological Control of Bacterial Canker of Tomato

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 967-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Lanteigne ◽  
Vijay J. Gadkar ◽  
Thérèse Wallon ◽  
Amy Novinscak ◽  
Martin Filion
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Bacterial Canker Of Tomato

Bacterial canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is known to cause significant economic losses to tomato production worldwide. Biological control has been proposed as an alternative to current chemical containment methods, which are often inefficient and may leave adverse effects on the environment. However, only little headway has so far been made in developing biocontrol strategies against C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the antagonistic capacity of PCA, produced by Pseudomonas sp. LBUM223, and DAPG and HCN, both produced by Pseudomonas sp. LBUM300, on C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis under in vitro and in planta conditions. Nonsynthesizing isogenic mutants of the producer strains were also developed to further dissect the role of each individual metabolite on C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis biological control. Novel specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction TaqMan assays allowed quantification of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in tomato plants and rhizospheric soil. Pseudomonas spp. LBUM223 and LBUM300 significantly repressed C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis growth in vitro, while their respective nonproducing mutants showed less or no significant antagonistic activity. In planta, only Pseudomonas sp. LBUM300 was capable of significantly reducing disease development and C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis rhizospheric population, suggesting that the production of both DAPG and HCN was involved. In summary, simultaneous DAPG/HCN production by Pseudomonas sp. LBUM300 shows great potential for controlling bacterial canker of tomato.

scholarly journals A peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway contributes to the formation of C6–C1 aromatic volatiles in poplar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie D Lackus ◽  
Axel Schmidt ◽  
Jonathan Gershenzon ◽  
Tobias G Köllner
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Oxidative Pathway

AbstractBenzenoids (C6–C1 aromatic compounds) play important roles in plant defense and are often produced upon herbivory. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) produces a variety of volatile and nonvolatile benzenoids involved in various defense responses. However, their biosynthesis in poplar is mainly unresolved. We showed feeding of the poplar leaf beetle (Chrysomela populi) on P. trichocarpa leaves led to increased emission of the benzenoid volatiles benzaldehyde, benzylalcohol, and benzyl benzoate. The accumulation of salicinoids, a group of nonvolatile phenolic defense glycosides composed in part of benzenoid units, was hardly affected by beetle herbivory. In planta labeling experiments revealed that volatile and nonvolatile poplar benzenoids are produced from cinnamic acid (C6–C3). The biosynthesis of C6–C1 aromatic compounds from cinnamic acid has been described in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers where the pathway includes a peroxisomal-localized chain shortening sequence, involving cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL), cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/dehydrogenase (CHD), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis enabled the identification of small CNL, CHD, and KAT gene families in P. trichocarpa. Heterologous expression of the candidate genes in Escherichia coli and characterization of purified proteins in vitro revealed enzymatic activities similar to those described in petunia flowers. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the CNL subfamily in gray poplar (Populus x canescens) resulted in decreased emission of C6–C1 aromatic volatiles upon herbivory, while constitutively accumulating salicinoids were not affected. This indicates the peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway participates in the formation of volatile benzenoids. The chain shortening steps for salicinoids, however, likely employ an alternative pathway.

scholarly journals The Yeast Signal Sequence Trap Identifies Secreted Proteins of the Hemibiotrophic Corn Pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1325-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorrit-Jan Krijger ◽  
Ralf Horbach ◽  
Michael Behr ◽  
Patrick Schweizer ◽  
Holger B. Deising ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The hemibiotroph Colletotrichum graminicola is the causal agent of stem rot and leaf anthracnose on Zea mays. Following penetration of epidermal cells, the fungus enters a short biotrophic phase, followed by a destructive necrotrophic phase of pathogenesis. During both phases, secreted fungal proteins are supposed to determine progress and success of the infection. To identify genes encoding such proteins, we constructed a yeast signal sequence trap (YSST) cDNA-library from RNA extracted from mycelium grown in vitro on corn cell walls and leaf extract. Of the 103 identified unigenes, 50 showed significant similarities to genes with a reported function, 25 sequences were similar to genes without a known function, and 28 sequences showed no similarity to entries in the databases. Macroarray hybridization and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction confirmed that most genes identified by the YSST screen are expressed in planta. Other than some genes that were constantly expressed, a larger set showed peaks of transcript abundances at specific phases of pathogenesis. Another set exhibited biphasic expression with peaks at the biotrophic and necrotrophic phase. Transcript analyses of in vitro-grown cultures revealed that several of the genes identified by the YSST screen were induced by the addition of corn leaf components, indicating that host-derived factors may have mimicked the host milieu.

scholarly journals Molecular Insights into Defense Responses of Vietnamese Maize Varieties to Fusarium verticillioides Isolates

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 724
Author(s):  
Trang Minh Tran ◽  
Maarten Ameye ◽  
Sofie Landschoot ◽  
Frank Devlieghere ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Related Proteins

Fusarium ear rot (FER) caused by Fusarium verticillioides is one of the main fungal diseases in maize worldwide. To develop a pathogen-tailored FER resistant maize line for local implementation, insights into the virulence variability of a residing F. verticillioides population are crucial for developing customized maize varieties, but remain unexplored. Moreover, little information is currently available on the involvement of the archetypal defense pathways in the F. verticillioides–maize interaction using local isolates and germplasm, respectively. Therefore, this study aims to fill these knowledge gaps. We used a collection of 12 F. verticillioides isolates randomly gathered from diseased maize fields in the Vietnamese central highlands. To assess the plant’s defense responses against the pathogens, two of the most important maize hybrid genotypes grown in this agro-ecological zone, lines CP888 and Bt/GT NK7328, were used. Based on two assays, a germination and an in-planta assay, we found that line CP888 was more susceptible to the F. verticillioides isolates when compared to line Bt/GT NK7328. Using the most aggressive isolate, we monitored disease severity and gene expression profiles related to biosynthesis pathways of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), benzoxazinoids (BXs), and pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). As a result, a stronger induction of SA, JA, ABA, BXs, and PRs synthesizing genes might be linked to the higher resistance of line Bt/GT NK7328 compared to the susceptible line CP888. All these findings could supply valuable knowledge in the selection of suitable FER resistant lines against the local F. verticllioides population and in the development of new FER resistant germplasms.

scholarly journals SELEÇÃO IN VITRO DE FUNGOS ENDOFÍTICOS PARA O CONTROLE BIOLÓGICO DE Botrytis cinerea EM Eucalyptus benthamii

FLORESTA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Sbravatti Junior ◽  
Celso Garcia Auer ◽  
Ida Chapaval Pimentel ◽  
Álvaro Figueredo dos Santos ◽  
Bruno Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Foliar Pathogens

   O Eucalyptus benthamii é uma das principais espécies de eucalipto plantadas na região Sul do Brasil, por sua resistência a geadas e por seu uso na produção florestal de madeira para fins energéticos. Na produção de mudas, uma das principais doenças ocorrentes em viveiros é o mofo-cinzento, causado pelo fungo Botrytis cinerea. Uma das alternativas para o controle dessa doença é o controle biológico com fungos endofíticos, os quais podem competir com os patógenos foliares de mudas de eucalipto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar os fungos endofíticos provenientes de mudas de E. benthamii, identificá-los e selecioná-los para o controle de B. cinerea. Eles foram isolados do interior de tecidos vegetais desinfectados, identificados de acordo com critérios macro e micromorfológicos e classificados a partir de testes de controle biológico in vitro. Os resultados evidenciaram o potencial antagonista dos fungos Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. e Trichoderma sp. Nenhum desses fungos causou lesões em mudas de E. benthamii.Palavras-chave: Mofo-cinzento; eucalipto; viveiro.AbstractIn vitro selection of endophytes for biological control of Botrytis cinerea in Eucalyptus benthamii. Eucalyptus benthamii is one of the main eucalypt species planted in Southern Brazil, due to its resistance to frost and its use in the production of forest wood for energy purposes. During the production of seedlings, the main disease occurring in forest nurseries is gray-mold caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. One alternative for control this disease is biological control with fungal endophytes, which can compete with the foliar pathogens of eucalypt seedlings. The objective of this study was to isolate endophytic fungi from seedlings of Eucalyptus benthamii, identify and select them for B. cinerea control. These were isolated from the interior of disinfected plant tissues, identified according to macro and micromorphological criteria, and based on tests of biological control in vitro. The results revealed the potential antagonist of Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp. No fungi caused lesions in E. benthamii seedlings.Keywords: Gray-mold; eucalypt; nursery.    

scholarly journals Biochemical characteristics of AtFAR2, a fatty acid reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana that reduces fatty acyl-CoA and -ACP substrates into fatty alcohols

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thuy T. P. Doan ◽  
Anders S. Carlsson ◽  
Sten Stymne ◽  
Per Hofvander
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Fatty Alcohols ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Alcohol Production ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
In Vitro Data

Fatty alcohols and derivatives are important for proper deposition of a functional pollen wall. Mutations in specific genes encoding fatty acid reductases (FAR) responsible for fatty alcohol production cause abnormal development of pollen. A disrupted AtFAR2 (MS2) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana results in pollen developing an abnormal exine layer and a reduced fertility phenotype. AtFAR2 has been shown to be targeted to chloroplasts and in a purified form to be specific for acyl-ACP substrates. Here, we present data on the in vitro and in planta characterizations of AtFAR2 from A. thaliana and show that this enzyme has the ability to use both, C16:0-ACP and C16:0-CoA, as substrates to produce C16:0-alcohol. Our results further show that AtFAR2 is highly similar in properties and substrate specificity to AtFAR6 for which in vitro data has been published, and which is also a chloroplast localized enzyme. This suggests that although AtFAR2 is the major enzyme responsible for exine layer functionality, AtFAR6 might provide functional redundancy to AtFAR2.

scholarly journals Priming of Defense Systems and Upregulation of MYC2 and JAZ1 Genes after Botrytis cinerea Inoculation in Methyl Jasmonate-Treated Strawberry Fruits

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Valenzuela-Riffo ◽  
Paz E. Zúñiga ◽  
Luis Morales-Quintana ◽  
Mauricio Lolas ◽  
Marcela Cáceres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
The Past ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Meja Treatment ◽  
Fruit Development And Ripening ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
And Control

Several attempts have been made to study the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on plants in the past years. However, the comparative effects of the number and phenological time of MeJA applications on the activation of defense systems is currently unknown in strawberries. In the present research, we performed three field treatments during strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa ‘Camarosa’) fruit development and ripening which consisted of differential MeJA applications at flowering (M3), and the large green (M2 and M3) and red ripe (M1, M2, and M3) fruit stages. We also checked changes in gene expression related to plant defense against Botrytis cinerea inoculation post-harvest. In M3 treatment, we observed an upregulation of the anthocyanin and lignin contents and the defense-related genes, encoding for chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases and polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins, after harvest (0 hpi), along with the jasmonate signaling-related genes FaMYC2 and FaJAZ1 at 48 h after B. cinerea inoculation (48 hpi) during postharvest storage. Although we did not find differences in gray mold incidence between the MeJA treatments and control, these results suggest that preharvest MeJA treatment from the flowering stage onwards (M3) primes defense responses mediated by the upregulation of different defense-related genes and retains the upregulation of MYC2 and JAZ1 at 48 hpi.

An aspartic proteinase gene family in the filamentous fungus Botrytis cinerea contains members with novel features

Microbiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 150 (7) ◽  
pp. 2475-2489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjen ten Have ◽  
Ester Dekkers ◽  
John Kay ◽  
Lowri H. Phylip ◽  
Jan A. L. van Kan
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Aspartic Proteinase ◽  
Proteinase Activity ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Wheat Germ Extract ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogen ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Metalloproteinase Activity

Botrytis cinerea, an important fungal plant pathogen, secretes aspartic proteinase (AP) activity in axenic cultures. No cysteine, serine or metalloproteinase activity could be detected. Proteinase activity was higher in culture medium containing BSA or wheat germ extract, as compared to minimal medium. A proportion of the enzyme activity remained in the extracellular glucan sheath. AP was also the only type of proteinase activity in fluid obtained from B. cinerea-infected tissue of apple, pepper, tomato and zucchini. Five B. cinerea genes encoding an AP were cloned and denoted Bcap1–5. Features of the encoded proteins are discussed. BcAP1, especially, has novel characteristics. A phylogenetic analysis was performed comprising sequences originating from different kingdoms. BcAP1 and BcAP5 did not cluster in a bootstrap-supported clade. BcAP2 clusters with vacuolar APs. BcAP3 and BcAP4 cluster with secreted APs in a clade that also contains glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteinases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. All five Bcap genes are expressed in liquid cultures. Transcript levels of Bcap1, Bcap2, Bcap3 and Bcap4 are subject to glucose and peptone repression. Transcripts from all five Bcap genes were detected in infected plant tissue, indicating that at least part of the AP activity in planta originates from the pathogen.

scholarly journals Generation of strong casein kinase 1 inhibitor of Arabidopsis thaliana

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ami N Saito ◽  
Hiromi Matsuo ◽  
Keiko Kuwata ◽  
Azusa Ono ◽  
Toshinori Kinoshita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bromine Atom ◽  
Casein Kinase ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Casein Kinase 1 ◽  
Yeast Fungi ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Period Lengthening

AbstractCasein kinase 1 (CK1) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase among eukaryotes. Studies on yeast, fungi, and animals have revealed that CK1 plays roles in divergent biological processes. By contrast, the collective knowledge regarding the biological roles of plant CK1 lags was behind those of animal CK1. One of reasons for this is that plants have more multiple genes encoding CK1 than animals. To accelerate the research for plant CK1, a strong CK1 inhibitor that efficiently inhibits multiple members of CK1 proteins in vivo (in planta) is required. Here, we report a novel strong CK1 inhibitor of Arabidopsis (AMI-331). Using a circadian period-lengthening activity as estimation of the CK1 inhibitor effect in vivo, we performed a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of PHA767491 (1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-(4-pyridinyl)-4H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one hydrochloride), a potent CK1 inhibitor of Arabidopsis, and found that PHA767491 analogues bearing a propargyl group at the pyrrole nitrogen atom (AMI-212) or a bromine atom at the pyrrole C3 position (AMI-23) enhance the period-lengthening activity. The period lengthening activity of a hybrid molecule of AMI-212 and AMI-23 (AMI-331) is about 100-fold stronger than that of PHA767491. An in vitro assay indicated a strong inhibitory activity of CK1 kinase by AMI-331. Also, affinity proteomics using an AMI-331 probe showed that targets of AMI-331 are mostly CK1 proteins. As such, AMI-331 is a strong potent CK1 inhibitor that shows promise in the research of CK1 in plants.

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