scholarly journals A Conserved Puccinia striiformis Protein Interacts with Wheat NPR1 and Reduces Induction of Pathogenesis-Related Genes in Response to Pathogens

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 977-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Wang ◽  
Baoju Yang ◽  
Kun Li ◽  
Zhensheng Kang ◽  
Dario Cantu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Pathogen Challenge ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Wheat Leaves

In Arabidopsis, NPR1 is a key transcriptional coregulator of systemic acquired resistance. Upon pathogen challenge, NPR1 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, in which it interacts with TGA-bZIP transcription factors to activate the expression of several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. In a screen of a yeast two-hybrid library from wheat leaves infected with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, we identified a conserved rust protein that interacts with wheat NPR1 and named it PNPi (for Puccinia NPR1 interactor). PNPi interacts with the NPR1/NIM1-like domain of NPR1 via its C-terminal DPBB_1 domain. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we detected the interaction between PNPi and wheat NPR1 in the nucleus of Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts. A yeast three-hybrid assay showed that PNPi interaction with NPR1 competes with the interaction between wheat NPR1 and TGA2.2. In barley transgenic lines overexpressing PNPi, we observed reduced induction of multiple PR genes in the region adjacent to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection. Based on these results, we hypothesize that PNPi has a role in manipulating wheat defense response via its interactions with NPR1.

scholarly journals Rust effector PNPi interacting with wheat TaPR1a attenuates plant defense response

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weishuai Bi ◽  
Shuqing Zhao ◽  
Jiaojie Zhao ◽  
Jun Su ◽  
Xiumei Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Exogenous Expression ◽  
Wheat Lines

Abstract NPR1 is a key regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plant species. In our previous study, we identified a conserved fungal effector PNPi from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) that can suppress acquired resistance in local leaf by directly targeting the wheat NPR1 protein. In this investigation, we identified and validated a novel protein interaction between PNPi and wheat pathogenesis-related TaPR1a in the apoplastic space. TaPR1a-overexpressing wheat lines exhibited enhanced resistance to both Pst and Puccinia triticina (Pt). We further determined that exogenous expression of PNPi RNA in transgenic wheat lines reduced the degree of acquired resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae isolate P131 in the region adjacent to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection area. Additionally, when PNPi was overexpressed, the expression levels of two plant defense responsive genes were suppressed upon P. syringae DC3000 infection in the local infiltration region. These findings established the mechanism of a single rust effector that can suppress multiple defense responses in wheat plants by targeting different components.

scholarly journals Systemic Acquired Resistance in Canola Is Linked with Pathogenesis-Related Gene Expression and Requires Salicylic Acid

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 794-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shobha D. Potlakayala ◽  
Darwin W. Reed ◽  
Patrick S. Covello ◽  
Pierre R. Fobert
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Pathogenesis Related

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an induced defense response that confers long-lasting protection against a broad range of microbial pathogens. Here we show that treatment of Brassica napus plants with the SAR-inducing chemical benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) significantly enhanced resistance against virulent strains of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola and the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. Localized preinoculation of plants with an avirulent strain of P. syringae pv. maculicola also enhanced resistance to these pathogens but was not as effective as BTH treatment. Single applications of either SAR-inducing pretreatment were effective against P. syringae pv. maculicola, even when given more than 3 weeks prior to the secondary challenge. The pretreatments also led to the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, including BnPR-1 and BnPR-2, with higher levels of transcripts observed in the BTH-treatment material. B. napus plants expressing a bacterial salicylate hydroxylase transgene (NahG) that metabolizes salicylic acid to catechol were substantially compromised in SAR and accumulated reduced levels of PR gene transcripts when compared with untransformed controls. Thus, SAR in B. napus displays many of the hallmarks of classical SAR including long lasting and broad host range resistance, association with PR gene activation, and a requirement for salicylic acid.

scholarly journals WRKY Transcription Factors Shared by BTH-Induced Resistance and NPR1-Mediated Acquired Resistance Improve Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanpeng Li ◽  
Jiaojiao Wu ◽  
Xiaofeng Shang ◽  
Miaomiao Geng ◽  
Jing Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factors ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Transgenic Lines

In Arabidopsis, both pathogen invasion and benzothiadiazole (BTH) treatment activate the nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1)-mediated systemic acquired resistance, which provides broad-spectrum disease resistance to secondary pathogen infection. However, the BTH-induced resistance in Triticeae crops of wheat and barley seems to be accomplished through an NPR1-independent pathway. In the current investigation, we applied transcriptome analysis on barley transgenic lines overexpressing wheat wNPR1 (wNPR1-OE) and knocking down barley HvNPR1 (HvNPR1-Kd) to reveal the role of NPR1 during the BTH-induced resistance. Most of the previously designated barley chemical-induced (BCI) genes were upregulated in an NPR1-independent manner, whereas the expression levels of several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes were elevated upon BTH treatment only in wNPR1-OE. Two barley WRKY transcription factors, HvWRKY6 and HvWRKY70, were predicted and further validated as key regulators shared by the BTH-induced resistance and the NPR1-mediated acquired resistance. Wheat transgenic lines overexpressing HvWRKY6 and HvWRKY70 showed different degrees of enhanced resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotype CYR32 and Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici pathotype E20. In conclusion, the transcriptional changes of BTH-induced resistance in barley were initially profiled, and the identified key regulators would be valuable resources for the genetic improvement of broad-spectrum disease resistance in wheat. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals Comparison of Methods of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl Application for Post-Infection Fire Blight Suppression in Pear and Apple

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth B. Johnson ◽  
Todd N. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Treatment Timing ◽  
Guide Field ◽  
Pathogenesis Related

Greenhouse-grown, 1-year-old potted ‘Bosc’ pear and apple rootstock cultivars ‘M.9’ and ‘M.26’ were inoculated with the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, and subjected to trunk paint, root drench, or foliar spray treatments with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM, 4 to 30 mg a.i./tree) to induce systemic acquired resistance. Each method of ASM treatment suppressed fire blight canker expansion by 22 to 25%. Furthermore, ASM application method and ASM treatment timing (at or ±3 weeks relative to inoculation) interacted significantly (P ≤ 0.02) in each experiment. A root drench was most effective when applied 3 weeks before inoculation (36% suppression) whereas trunk paints and foliar sprays were more effective at inoculation (43 and 34%, suppression, respectively). Sizes of fire blight cankers in potted apple rootstocks M.9 and M.26 (under scions ‘Gala’ or ‘Cameo’) inoculated directly with the pathogen were reduced by 82 and 87% after two pretreatments of ASM applied as a trunk paint or root drench, respectively. Expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-1 and -2 in apple leaves sampled after an ASM trunk paint were elevated significantly (P ≤ 0.05) relative to control trees for at least 9 weeks after treatment. Results of this study are being used to guide field research on postinfection therapy with ASM in 1- to 10-year-old pear and apple trees where fire blight has proven difficult to manage with therapeutic pruning only.

scholarly journals Methyl Esterase 1 (StMES1) Is Required for Systemic Acquired Resistance in Potato

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1151-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Manosalva ◽  
Sang-Wook Park ◽  
Farhad Forouhar ◽  
Liang Tong ◽  
William E. Fry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Synthetic Analog ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Signaling Components

Whether salicylic acid (SA) plays a role in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) signaling in potato is currently unclear because potato, unlike tobacco and Arabidopsis, contains highly elevated levels of endogenous SA. Recent studies have indicated that the SA derivative methyl salicylate (MeSA) serves as a long-distance phloem-mobile SAR signal in tobacco and Arabidopsis. Once in the distal, uninfected tissue of these plant species, MeSA must be converted into biologically active SA by the esterase activity of SA-binding protein 2 (SABP2) in tobacco or members of the AtMES family in Arabidopsis. In this study, we have identified the potato ortholog of tobacco SABP2 (StMES1) and shown that the recombinant protein converts MeSA to SA; this MeSA esterase activity is feedback inhibited by SA or its synthetic analog, 2, 2, 2, 2′-tetra-fluoroacetophenone (tetraFA). Potato plants (cv. Désirée) in which StMES1 activity was suppressed, due to either tetraFA treatment or silencing of StMES1 expression, were compromised for arachidonic acid (AA)-induced SAR development against Phytophthora infestans. Presumably due to the inability of these plants to convert MeSA to SA, the SAR-defective phenotype correlated with elevated levels of MeSA and reduced expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in the untreated distal tissue. Together, these results strongly suggest that SAR signaling in potato requires StMES1, its corresponding MeSA esterase activity, and MeSA. Furthermore, the similarities between SAR signaling in potato, tobacco, and Arabidopsis suggest that at least certain SAR signaling components are conserved among plants, regardless of endogenous SA levels.

scholarly journals Differential Induction of Systemic Resistance in Arabidopsis by Biocontrol Bacteria

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia C. M. Van Wees ◽  
Corné M. J. Pieterse ◽  
Annemiek Trijssenaar ◽  
Yvonne A. M. Van 't Westende ◽  
Femke Hartog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Induced Systemic Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Biocontrol Bacteria ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Gene ◽  
Related Plant

Selected nonpathogenic, root-colonizing bacteria are able to elicit induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this type of systemic resistance, an Arabidopsis-based model system was developed in which Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani were used as challenging pathogens. In Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Columbia and Landsberg erecta, colonization of the rhizosphere by P. fluorescens strain WCS417r induced systemic resistance against both pathogens. In contrast, ecotype RLD did not respond to WCS417r treatment, whereas all three ecotypes expressed systemic acquired resistance upon treatment with salicylic acid (SA). P. fluorescens strain WCS374r, previously shown to induce ISR in radish, did not elicit ISR in Arabidopsis. The opposite was found for P. putida strain WCS358r, which induced ISR in Arabidopsis but not in radish. These results demonstrate that rhizosphere pseudomonads are differentially active in eliciting ISR in related plant species. The outer membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of WCS417r is the main ISR-inducing determinant in radish and carnation, and LPS-containing cell walls also elicit ISR in Arabidopsis. However, mutant WCS417rOA¯, lacking the O-antigenic side chain of the LPS, induced levels of protection similar to those induced by wild-type WCS417r. This indicates that ISR-inducing bacteria produce more than a single factor that trigger ISR in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, WCS417r and WCS358r induced protection in both wildtype Arabidopsis and SA-nonaccumulating NahG plants without activating pathogenesis-related gene expression. This suggests that elicitation of an SA-independent signaling pathway is a characteristic feature of ISR-inducing biocontrol bacteria.

scholarly journals Broad-Spectrum Acquired Resistance in Barley Induced by the Pseudomonas Pathosystem Shares Transcriptional Components with Arabidopsis Systemic Acquired Resistance

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 658-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Colebrook ◽  
G. Creissen ◽  
G. R. D. McGrann ◽  
R. Dreos ◽  
C. Lamb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Pathogen Challenge ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Barley Leaf ◽  
Biological Inducer

Inducible resistance responses play a central role in the defense of plants against pathogen attack. Acquired resistance (AR) is induced alongside defense toward primary attack, providing broad-spectrum protection against subsequent pathogen challenge. The localization and molecular basis of AR in cereals is poorly understood, in contrast with the well-characterized systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response in Arabidopsis. Here, we use Pseudomonas syringae as a biological inducer of AR in barley, providing a clear frame of reference to the Arabidopsis–P. syringae pathosystem. Inoculation of barley leaf tissue with the nonadapted P. syringae pv. tomato avrRpm1 (PstavrRpm1) induced an active local defense response. Furthermore, inoculation of barley with PstavrRpm1 resulted in the induction of broad-spectrum AR at a distance from the local lesion, “adjacent” AR, effective against compatible isolates of P. syringae and Magnaporthe oryzae. Global transcriptional profiling of this adjacent AR revealed similarities with the transcriptional profile of SAR in Arabidopsis, as well as transcripts previously associated with chemically induced AR in cereals, suggesting that AR in barley and SAR in Arabidopsis may be mediated by analogous pathways.

Isolation and Characterization of Broad-Spectrum Disease-Resistant Arabidopsis Mutants

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 160 (4) ◽  
pp. 1661-1671
Author(s):  
Klaus Maleck ◽  
Urs Neuenschwander ◽  
Rebecca M Cade ◽  
Robert A Dietrich ◽  
Jeffery L Dangl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Firefly Luciferase ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Arabidopsis Mutants ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Firefly Luciferase Gene

Abstract To identify Arabidopsis mutants that constitutively express systemic acquired resistance (SAR), we constructed reporter lines expressing the firefly luciferase gene under the control of the SAR-inducible PR-1 promoter (PR-1/luc). After EMS mutagenesis of a well-characterized transgenic line, we screened 250,000 M2 plants for constitutive expression of the reporter gene in vivo. From a mutant collection containing several hundred putative mutants, we concentrated on 16 mutants lacking spontaneous hypersensitive response (HR) cell death. We mapped 4 of these constitutive immunity (cim) mutants to chromosome arms. Constitutive expression of disease resistance was established by analyzing responses to virulent Peronospora parasitica and Pseudomonas syringae strains, by RNA blot analysis for endogenous marker genes, and by determination of salicylic acid levels in the mutants. The variety of the cim phenotypes allowed us to define distinct steps in both the canonical SAR signaling pathway and a separate pathway for resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum, active in only a subset of the mutants.

The roles of methyl jasmonate to stress in plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaxia Yu ◽  
Wenjin Zhang ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Xiaojia Zhang ◽  
Duoyong Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Heavy Metal Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Plants are constantly exposed to various stresses, which can degrade their health. The stresses can be alleviated by the application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which is a hormone involved in plant signalling. MeJA induces synthesis of defensive compounds and initiates the expression of pathogenesis-related genes involved in systemic acquired resistance and local resistance. Thus, MeJA may be used against pathogens, salt stress, drought stress, low temperature, heavy metal stress and toxicities of other elements. The application of MeJA improves growth, induces the accumulation of active compounds, and affects endogenous hormones levels, and other physiological and biochemical characteristics in stressed plants. Furthermore, MeJA antagonises the adverse effects of osmotic stress by regulating inorganic penetrating ions or organic penetrants to suppress the absorption of toxic ions. MeJA also mitigates oxidative stress by activating antioxidant systems to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in stressed plants. For these reasons, we reviewed the use of exogenous MeJA in alleviating biotic (pathogens and insects) and abiotic stresses in plants.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification, evolution, and expression analysis of the NPR1-like gene family in pears

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12617
Author(s):  
Yarui Wei ◽  
Shuliang Zhao ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
Yuxing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Genome Level

The NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) plays a master regulatory role in the salicylic acid (SA) signal transduction pathway and plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Members of the NPR1-like gene family have been reported to the associated with biotic/abiotic stress in many plants, however the genome-wide characterization of NPR1-like genes has not been carried out in Chinese pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Reld). In this study, a systematic analysis was conducted on the characteristics of the NPR1-like genes in P. bretschneideri Reld at the whole-genome level. A total nine NPR1-like genes were detected which eight genes were located on six chromosomes and one gene was mapped to scaffold. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the nine PbrNPR1-like proteins were divided into three clades (Clades I–III) had similar gene structure, domain and conserved motifs. We sorted the cis-acting elements into three clades, including plant growth and development, stress responses, and hormone responses in the promoter regions of PbrNPR1-like genes. The result of qPCR analysis showed that expression diversity of PbrNPR1-like genes in various tissues. All the genes were up-regulated after SA treatment in leaves except for Pbrgene8896. PbrNPR1-like genes showed circadian rhythm and significantly different expression levels after inoculation with Alternaria alternata. These findings provide a solid insight for understanding the functions and evolution of PbrNPR1-like genes in Chinese pear.

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