scholarly journals Mechanized Method to Inoculate Field Soil to Evaluate Fusarium Crown Rot of Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 2857-2864
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Fusarium Crown Rot ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Starter Fertilizer ◽  
Millet Seed ◽  
Made In

Assessments of Fusarium crown rot are often made in field trials inoculated with Fusarium pseudograminearum or F. culmorum. Factors affecting the efficiency of two inoculation procedures were evaluated. Pulverized Fusarium-colonized wheat plus oat grain inoculum mixed with the wheat seed caused more seedling damping-off compared with equal rates of colonized whole millet seeds placed 2 cm above the wheat seed. Both inoculation systems increased the incidence and severity of crown rot. The efficiency of F. pseudograminearum-colonized millet seed inoculum was not reduced when wheat seed was treated with difenoconazole. Crown rot in inoculated plots became greater when starter fertilizer was applied with or below the wheat seed and when soil below the wheat seed was disrupted by a seed drill with an opener that creates a groove or trench directly below the seed. No biologically important associations were detected between whiteheads and other measures of crown rot, grain yield, or grain test weight. The millet seed inoculation system was the most efficient for wheat production systems in the semiarid U.S. Pacific Northwest.

scholarly journals Genetic Variance for Fusarium Crown Rot Tolerance in Durum Wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gururaj Kadkol ◽  
Jess Meza ◽  
Steven Simpfendorfer ◽  
Steve Harden ◽  
Brian Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Fusarium Crown Rot ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Good Repeatability ◽  
Tolerance Indices

AbstractTolerance to the cereal disease Fusarium crown rot (FCR) was investigated in a set of 34 durum wheat genotypes, with Suntop, (bread wheat) and EGA Bellaroi (durum) as tolerant and intolerant checks, in a series of replicated field trials over four years with inoculated (FCR-i) and non-inoculated (FCR-n) plots of the genotypes. The genotypes included conventional durum lines and lines derived from crossing durum with 2-49, a bread wheat line with the highest level of partial resistance to FCR. A split plot trial design was chosen to optimize the efficiency for the prediction of FCR tolerance for each genotype. A multi-environment trial (MET) analysis was undertaken which indicated that there was good repeatability of FCR tolerance across years. Based on an FCR tolerance index, Suntop was the most tolerant genotype and EGA Bellaroi was very intolerant, but many durum wheats had FCR tolerance indices which were comparable to Suntop. These included some conventional durum lines, V101030, TD1702, V11TD013*3X-63 and DBA Bindaroi, as well as genotypes from crosses with 2-49 (V114916 and V114942). The correlation between FCR tolerance and FCR-n yield predictions was moderately negative indicating it could be somewhat difficult to develop high yielding FCR-tolerant genotypes. However, FCR tolerance showed a positive correlation with FCR-i yield predictions in seasons of high disease expression indicating it could be possible to screen for FCR tolerance using only FCR-i treatments. These results are the first demonstration of genetic diversity in durum germplasm for FCR tolerance and they provide a basis for breeding for this trait.

scholarly journals Genetic variation for fusarium crown rot tolerance in durum wheat

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0240766
Author(s):  
Gururaj Pralhad Kadkol ◽  
Jess Meza ◽  
Steven Simpfendorfer ◽  
Steve Harden ◽  
Brian Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Fusarium Crown Rot ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Good Repeatability ◽  
Tolerance Indices ◽  
Disease Pressure

Tolerance to the cereal disease Fusarium crown rot (FCR) was investigated in a set of 34 durum wheat genotypes, with Suntop, (bread wheat) and EGA Bellaroi (durum) as tolerant and intolerant controls, in a series of replicated field trials over four years with inoculated (FCR-i) and non-inoculated (FCR-n) plots of the genotypes. The genotypes included conventional durum lines and lines derived from crossing durum with 2–49, a bread wheat genotype with the highest level of partial resistance to FCR. A split plot trial design was chosen to optimize the efficiency for the prediction of FCR tolerance for each genotype. A multi-environment trial (MET) analysis was undertaken which indicated that there was good repeatability of FCR tolerance across years. Based on an FCR tolerance index, Suntop was the most tolerant genotype and EGA Bellaroi was very intolerant, but some durum wheats had FCR tolerance indices which were comparable to Suntop. These included some conventional durum genotypes, V101030, TD1702, V11TD013*3X-63 and DBA Bindaroi, as well as genotypes from crosses with 2–49 (V114916 and V114942). The correlation between FCR tolerance and FCR-n yield predictions was moderately negative indicating it could be somewhat difficult to develop FCR-tolerant genotypes that are high yielding under low disease pressure. However, FCR tolerance showed a positive correlation with FCR-i yield predictions in seasons of high disease expression indicating it could be possible to screen for FCR tolerance using only FCR-i treatments. These results are the first demonstration of genetic diversity in durum germplasm for FCR tolerance and they provide a basis for breeding for this trait.

scholarly journals Fusarium Crown Rot Whitehead Symptom as Influenced by Wheat Crop Management and Sampling Date

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 2612-2623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Fusarium Crown Rot ◽  
Crown Tissue

Symptoms of Fusarium crown rot of wheat include premature death of inflorescens (whiteheads), lesions on subcrown internodes, and rotting of crown tissue and lower stem internodes. Each symptom type is influenced by a different set of environmental conditions. Whiteheads are the easiest symptom to quantify and are frequently reported in the Pacific Northwest U.S.A. The objective of this research was to examine factors associated with whitehead expression and relationships with wheat yield and test weight. Incidence of whiteheads differed for inoculations with different isolates of F. pseudograminearum and F. culmorum, and over years due to weather factors. Whiteheads became less as planting dates for winter wheat were delayed until after September, and incidence was increased with increasing nitrogen application rate. Dates of initial and greatest expression of whiteheads differed among cultivars, which was associated in part with the cultivar heading date. Whiteheads were not correlated with subcrown internode lesions or browning of crown tissue. Whiteheads were also not correlated with grain test weight. Whiteheads were sometimes negatively associated with grain yield, but that relationship was variable and could not be considered a reliable, recurrent, or accurate measure of crown rot severity. These results indicate the need for caution in reporting whiteheads as a sole indicator of cultivar susceptibility to Fusarium crown rot.

scholarly journals Comparing transcriptional responses to Fusarium crown rot in wheat and barley identified an important relationship between disease resistance and drought tolerance

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Su ◽  
J. J. Powell ◽  
S. Gao ◽  
M. Zhou ◽  
C. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Fusarium Crown Rot ◽  
Important Relationship ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is a chronic disease in cereal production worldwide. The impact of this disease is highly environmentally dependant and significant yield losses occur mainly in drought-affected crops. Results In the study reported here, we evaluated possible relationships between genes conferring FCR resistance and drought tolerance using two approaches. The first approach studied FCR induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) targeting two barley and one wheat loci against a panel of genes curated from the literature based on known functions in drought tolerance. Of the 149 curated genes, 61.0% were responsive to FCR infection across the three loci. The second approach was a comparison of the global DEGs induced by FCR infection with the global transcriptomic responses under drought in wheat. This analysis found that approximately 48.0% of the DEGs detected one week following drought treatment and 74.4% of the DEGs detected three weeks following drought treatment were also differentially expressed between the susceptible and resistant isolines under FCR infection at one or more timepoints. As for the results from the first approach, the vast majority of common DEGs were downregulated under drought and expressed more highly in the resistant isoline than the sensitive isoline under FCR infection. Conclusions Results from this study suggest that the resistant isoline in wheat was experiencing less drought stress, which could contribute to the stronger defence response than the sensitive isoline. However, most of the genes induced by drought stress in barley were more highly expressed in the susceptible isolines than the resistant isolines under infection, indicating that genes conferring drought tolerance and FCR resistance may interact differently between these two crop species. Nevertheless, the strong relationship between FCR resistance and drought responsiveness provides further evidence indicating the possibility to enhance FCR resistance by manipulating genes conferring drought tolerance.

scholarly journals Colonization of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) Culms Exhibiting Premature Senescence (Dead Heads) Associated with Fusarium pseudograminearum Crown Rot

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. 1788-1794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel L. Knight ◽  
Bethany Macdonald ◽  
Mark W. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fusarium Crown Rot ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Significant Disease

Fusarium crown rot is a significant disease of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), which exhibits high levels of disease susceptibility. The most extreme symptom of crown rot is a prematurely senescing culm that typically fails to set grain. Individual crown rot-affected durum wheat plants displaying both nonsenescent and prematurely senescent culms were harvested to compare visual discoloration, Fusarium pseudograminearum biomass, and vascular colonization in culm sections sampled at three different heights above the crown. Field samples of EGA Bellaroi were collected at Wellcamp, QLD, in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014, and of Hyperno at Narrabri, NSW, in 2014. Prematurely senescent culms exhibited greater visual discoloration, F. pseudograminearum biomass, and vascular colonization than nonsenescent culms in each year they were examined. The extent of these differences varied between environments and timing of collection in each year. Vascular colonization initially occurred in xylem vessels and spread into phloem tissues as disease severity increased. The increased presence of hyphae in vascular bundles of prematurely senescing culms provides strong evidence for the hypothesis that restriction of water and nutrient movement in a diseased culm is a key factor in crown rot severity.

Chemical control of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.), in Rhodesia

1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret E. Richardson ◽  
D. J. W. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Phthorimaea Operculella ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Control Field ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Made In

An account is given of the history of chemical control Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) in potato fields in Rhodesia since the introduction of DDt prior to 1952. The failure of DDT and endrin, in routine spraying, to control field infestations is reproted, and some evidence that this is due to insecticide resistance is given. The results of critical field trials made in 1961, 1964 and 1965 to evaluate a range of insecticides for control of P. operculella and for their effects on populations of Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thos.) are presented, together with the results of some laboratory tests. Good control of P. operculella in the field was obtained with sprays of azinphos-methyl at the rate of 0.5 lb active ingredient in 20 gal. water per acre, and two new compounds, methidathion and chlorfenvinphos, showed promise for the future.

Biological activity of Pyraclostrobin against Coniella granati causing pomegranate crown rot

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Yang ◽  
Chun-Yan Gu ◽  
Yang Bai ◽  
Jia-Zhi Sun ◽  
Hao-Yu Zang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Germination Inhibition ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Intracellular Organelle ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Conidium Germination

Pomegranate crown rot caused by Coniellagranati is one of the most severe diseases of pomegranate. To date, no fungicides have been registered for controlling this disease in China. Pyraclostrobin, belonging to strobilurin fungicides, has a broad spectrum of activity against many phytopathogens. In this study, based on the mycelial growth and conidial germination inhibition methods, we investigated the biological activity of pyraclostrobin against C. granati at the presence of 50 μg/mL SHAM using 80 isolates collected from different orchards in China during 2012-2018. The EC50 (50% effective concentration) values ranged from 0.040-0.613 μg/mL for mycelial growth and 0.013-0.110 μg/mL for conidium germination, respectively. Treated with pyraclostrobin, the hyphae morphology changed and conidial production of C. granati decreased significantly. The result of transmission electron microscope showed that treatment of pyraclostrobin could make the cell wall thinner, and lead to ruptured cell membrane and formation of intracellular organelle autophagosomes. The pyraclostrobin showed good protective and curative activities against C. granati on detached pomegranate fruits. In field trials, pyraclostrobin showed excellent control efficacy against this disease in which the treatment of 25% pyraclostrobin EC 1000× provided 92.25% and 92.58% control efficacy in 2019 and 2020, respectively, significantly higher than that of other treatments. Therefore, pyraclostrobin could be a candidate fungicide for the control of pomegranate crown rot.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Students’ Choice for MBA Program in Kuwait Universities

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah AL-Mutairi ◽  
Muna Saeid
Keyword(s):  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Mba Programs ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
University Websites ◽  
Mba Program ◽  
Campus Visit ◽  
Admission Requirements ◽  
Structured Questionnaire ◽  
Made In

The attempt is made in this study to identify students’ motives and reasons behind enrolling in a MBA program offered by universities operating in Kuwait. It also explores criterion used to select the program. To achieve these objectives, data were collected through a well-designed and structured questionnaire and pre-testing was carried out to examine the efficiency of the instrument. The study showed that the main reasons behind selecting the MBA program by students are to satisfy their personal concerns and improve their knowledge and skills. Moreover, the students used program alumni and campus visit as main sources of information followed by friends’ suggestions and university websites. When evaluating the MBA programs, the students cited overseas accreditation as the most used criteria followed by faculty reputation, institution reputation and admission requirements.

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