scholarly journals Contrasting Patterns of Colonization with Verticillium longisporum in Winter- and Spring-Type Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) in the Field and Greenhouse and the Role of Soil Temperature

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 2090-2099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Zheng ◽  
Annette Pfordt ◽  
Laxman Khatri ◽  
Alice Bisola Eseola ◽  
Antonia Wilch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Winter Type ◽  
Spring Type

Oilseed rape, an important source of vegetable plant oil, is threatened by Verticillium longisporum, a soil-borne vascular fungal pathogen so far occurring in oilseed rape growing regions in Europe and Canada. Despite intensive research into V. longisporum in the last decades in controlled conditions, basic knowledge is still lacking about the time course of infection, temporal pattern of colonization, and disease development on field-grown plants. In this study, colonization of roots, stem bases, and stems with V. longisporum was followed by real-time PCR from the seedling until mature plant stages in 2-year field experiments with microsclerotia-infested plots and either spring-type or autumn-sown (winter-type) oilseed rape cultivars. The temporal pattern of plant colonization differed between greenhouse and field-grown oilseed rape and between spring- and winter-type plants in the field. Within 28 to 35 days, a continuous systemic colonization with V. longisporum was detected in roots and shoots of young plants in the greenhouse associated with significant stunting. In contrast, real-time PCR analysis of V. longisporum in field-grown winter oilseed rape plants displayed a strongly discontinuous colonization pattern with low fungal growth in roots during juvenile growth stages until flowering, whereas in spring oilseed rape, no root colonization was observed until early flowering stages. Hence, stem colonization with the pathogen required 6 months in winter oilseed rape and 1 month in spring oilseed rape from the time of initial root infection. The different patterns of stem colonization were related to soil temperature. Average soil temperatures in 5-cm depth during 7 days before sampling time points from 2 years of field experiments displayed a significant relationship with fungal colonization in the root. A climate chamber inoculation trial with soil temperature levels that varied from 6 to 18°C revealed a threshold temperature of >12°C in the soil to enable root invasion. This soil condition is reached in winter-type oilseed rape in the field in Germany either until the eight-leaf stage in early autumn or after pod stage in spring, whereas in spring-sown oilseed rape early root infection is delayed owing to the cool conditions during juvenile growth stages. The delay of stem colonization in field-grown oilseed rape may explain the lack of stunting as observed in the greenhouse and the previously reported inconsistent effects of V. longisporum on yield levels and seed quality, which were confirmed in this study.

Segregation of Triazine-Resistant Chloroplasts after Introduction into Winter Type Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) by Protoplast Fusion

1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 478-481
Author(s):  
R. Hain ◽  
J. E. Thomzik
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Protoplast Fusion ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Spring Type

Abstract Triazine-resistant chloroplasts of the Canadian spring oilseed rape variety OAC Triton were transferred into four German winter oilseed rape lines and two cultivars of double-low quality by means of protoplast fusion. X-irradiation has been used to reduce the amount of nuclear D N A of the spring type cultivar and to promote cybrid formation. RFLP-analysis showed that some regenerants and their progeny carried both types of chloroplasts. In some instances regenerants and progeny containing mixtures of both chloroplasts not kept under selective conditions lost their triazine-resistant chloroplasts completely during further plant growth. Preliminary results of greenhouse and field experiments indicate that volunteer plants can be eliminated by application of 150-300 g/ha metribuzin (SencorR, Bayer AG) in a stand of triazine-resistant oilseed rape of double-low quality.

scholarly journals Enlarging the genetic diversity of winter oilseed rape (WOSR) by crossing with spring oilseed rape (SOSR)

OCL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Alice Gourrion ◽  
Clara Simon ◽  
Patrick Vallée ◽  
Régine Delourme ◽  
Sébastien Chatre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
National Research Institute ◽  
Winter Type ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Spring Type

From 1970 to nowadays, breeders have improved oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in many ways: creation of double low varieties (free of erucic acid and with a low content in glucosinolates), increase of the seed yield and quality of seeds and improvement of resistance to diseases. All this work helped oilseed rape to become one of the most produced oilseed crop in the world. However, this intensive breeding on quality has reduced the genetic diversity of winter oilseed rape. In this study, a group of four breeding companies (RAGT, Limagrain, Syngenta, Euralis) called “GIE Colza” has been working with INRAE (National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, France) on the FSRSO project “Printiver”. This project aimed at enlarging the genetic variability available in winter-type oilseed rape through crossing with spring-type materials to create lines with a winter-type behavior (need of vernalization) and a genetic background that has introgressed spring-type genetic diversity. Two pools have been created and selected for their need of vernalization, date of flowering, yield and other agronomic traits. The Group tested these two pools in multilocal trials. The results show interesting per se value and combining ability.

scholarly journals Potential for Seed Transmission of Verticillium longisporum in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus)

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 1843-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Zheng ◽  
Daniel Teshome Lopisso ◽  
Alice Bisola Eseola ◽  
Birger Koopmann ◽  
Andreas von Tiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Field Inoculation ◽  
Verticillium Longisporum ◽  
Winter Type ◽  
Spring Type

Verticillium longisporum is a soilborne vascular fungal pathogen that has spread throughout the European oilseed rape cultivation area since the 1980s and was detected in canola fields in Canada in 2014. In a series of greenhouse and field inoculation experiments using V. longisporum-resistant and susceptible cultivars of winter and spring types of oilseed rape, the present study investigated the potential of V. longisporum dissemination by seeds of Brassica napus. Greenhouse inoculation studies with a DsRed-labeled isolate of V. longisporum confirmed the systemic growth of the pathogen from roots to seeds. Further monitoring of plant colonization in the greenhouse with a species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction assay verified the pathogen growth from roots to stem bases, pods, and seeds in root-inoculated plants. The frequency of recovery of viable colonies of V. longisporum from seeds harvested from greenhouse-grown inoculated plants ranged from 0.08 to 13.3%. The frequency of seed transmission in the greenhouse differed in oilseed rape cultivars varying in susceptibility to V. longisporum. Subsequent studies on transmission of the disease into the offspring revealed that only 1.7 to 2.3% of plants showed disease symptoms as confirmed by the formation of microsclerotia in the stems. Results from field-grown plants differed from the greenhouse studies. The degree of seed transmission in the field was dependent on the crop type. Although only low concentrations of DNA of V. longisporum were detectable in seeds harvested from severely infected winter oilseed rape, significantly greater concentrations of fungal DNA were found in seeds of spring-type oilseed rape, at similar soil conditions and inoculum densities. Correspondingly, plating seeds that were harvested from infected plants on agar yielded viable V. longisporum colonies only from seeds of the spring-type but not of the winter-type plants. Lack of seed infection in the winter-type crop was confirmed in two seasons. Equally, none of the offspring grown from seeds from severely diseased winter oilseed rape plants developed symptoms of Verticillium stem striping. The results suggest that the rate of seed transmission of V. longisporum depends on the degree of plant colonization, which is significantly faster under greenhouse than field conditions and in a spring-sown crop compared with an autumn-sown oilseed rape crop. According to our studies, disease transmission by seeds from European winter oilseed rape production cannot be confirmed.

scholarly journals A novel deletion in FLOWERING LOCUS T modulates flowering time in winter oilseed rape

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Vollrath ◽  
Harmeet S. Chawla ◽  
Sarah V. Schiessl ◽  
Iulian Gabur ◽  
HueyTyng Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Mapping ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Structural Variants ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Winter Type ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Flowering Locus

Abstract Key message A novel structural variant was discovered in the FLOWERING LOCUS T orthologue BnaFT.A02 by long-read sequencing. Nested association mapping in an elite winter oilseed rape population revealed that this 288 bp deletion associates with early flowering, putatively by modification of binding-sites for important flowering regulation genes. Abstract Perfect timing of flowering is crucial for optimal pollination and high seed yield. Extensive previous studies of flowering behavior in Brassica napus (canola, rapeseed) identified mutations in key flowering regulators which differentiate winter, semi-winter and spring ecotypes. However, because these are generally fixed in locally adapted genotypes, they have only limited relevance for fine adjustment of flowering time in elite cultivar gene pools. In crosses between ecotypes, the ecotype-specific major-effect mutations mask minor-effect loci of interest for breeding. Here, we investigated flowering time in a multiparental mapping population derived from seven elite winter oilseed rape cultivars which are fixed for major-effect mutations separating winter-type rapeseed from other ecotypes. Association mapping revealed eight genomic regions on chromosomes A02, C02 and C03 associating with fine modulation of flowering time. Long-read genomic resequencing of the seven parental lines identified seven structural variants coinciding with candidate genes for flowering time within chromosome regions associated with flowering time. Segregation patterns for these variants in the elite multiparental population and a diversity set of winter types using locus-specific assays revealed significant associations with flowering time for three deletions on chromosome A02. One of these was a previously undescribed 288 bp deletion within the second intron of FLOWERING LOCUS T on chromosome A02, emphasizing the advantage of long-read sequencing for detection of structural variants in this size range. Detailed analysis revealed the impact of this specific deletion on flowering-time modulation under extreme environments and varying day lengths in elite, winter-type oilseed rape.

Greenhouse and field experiments with winter oilseed rape cultivars resistant to Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 60-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Řičařová ◽  
Jan Kazda ◽  
Petr Baranyk ◽  
Pavel Ryšánek
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape

scholarly journals Influence of meteorological parameters on wheat yield under different sowing conditions

MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-172
Author(s):  
ANANTA VASHISTH ◽  
DEBASISH ROY ◽  
AVINASH GOYAL ◽  
P. KRISHNAN
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Growth Stages

Field experiments were conducted on the research farm of IARI, New Delhi during Rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18. Three varieties of wheat (PBW-723, HD-2967 and HD-3086) were sown on three different dates for generating different weather condition during various phenological stages of crop. Results showed that during early crop growth stages soil moisture had higher value and soil temperature had lower value and with progress of crop growth stage, the moisture in the upper layer decreased and soil temperature increased significantly as compared to the bottom layers. During tillering and jointing stage, air temperature within canopy was more and relative humidity was less while during flowering and grain filling stage, air temperature within canopy was less and relative humidity was more in timely sown crop as compared to late and very late sown crop. Radiation use efficiency and relative leaf water content had significantly higher value while leaf water potential had lower value in timely sown crop followed by late and very late sown crop. Yield had higher value in HD-3086 followed by HD-2967 and PBW-723 in all weather conditions. Canopy air temperature difference had positive value in very late sown crop particularly during flowering and grain-filling stages. This reflects in the yield. Yield was more in timely sown crop as compared to late and very late sown crop.  

scholarly journals In-Field Observation of Root Growth and Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency of Winter Oilseed Rape

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Julien Louvieaux ◽  
Antoine Leclercq ◽  
Loïc Haelterman ◽  
Christian Hermans
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
N Concentration

Field trials were conducted with two nitrogen applications (0 or 240 kg N ha−1) and three modern cultivars of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) previously selected from a root morphology screen at a young developmental stage. The purpose is to examine the relationship between root morphology and Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency (NUpE) and to test the predictiveness of some canopy optical indices for seed quality and yield. A tube-rhizotron system was used to incorporate below-ground root growth information. Practically, clear tubes of one meter in length were installed in soil at an angle of 45°. The root development was followed with a camera at key growth stages in autumn (leaf development) and spring (stem elongation and flowering). Autumn was a critical time window to observe the root development, and exploration in deeper horizons (36–48 cm) was faster without any fertilization treatment. Analysis of the rhizotron images was challenging and it was not possible to clearly discriminate between cultivars. Canopy reflectance and leaf optical indices were measured with proximal sensors. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was a positive indicator of biomass and seed yield while the Nitrogen Balance Index (NBI) was a positive indicator of above-ground biomass N concentration at flowering and seed N concentration at harvest.

scholarly journals Effect of Site Specific Nitrogen Management on Seed Nitrogen—A Driving Factor of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Yield

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Łukowiak ◽  
Witold Grzebisz
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Site Diversity ◽  
Rate Interaction ◽  
N Pool

It has been assumed that the management of both soil and fertilizer N in winter oilseed rape (WOSR) is crucial for N accumulation in seeds (Nse) and yield. This hypothesis was evaluated based on field experiments conducted in 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11 seasons, each year at two sites, differing in soil fertility, including indigenous N (Ni) supply. The experimental factors consisted of two N fertilizers: N and NS, and four Nf rates: 0, 80, 120, 160 kg ha−1. Yield, as governed by site × Nf rate interaction, responded linearly to Nse at harvest. The maximum Nse (Nsemax), as evaluated by N input (Nin = Ni + Nf) to WOSR at spring regrowth, varied from 95 to 153 kg ha−1, and determined 80% of yield variability. The basic reason of site diversity in Nsemax was Ni efficiency, ranging from 46% to 70%, respectively. The second cause of Nse variability was a shortage of N supply from + 9.5 soil to −8.8 kg ha−1 to the growing seeds during the seed filling period (SFP). This N pool supports the N concentration in seeds, resulting in both seed density and a seed weight increase, finally leading to a yield increase.

scholarly journals Productive and Environmental Consequences of Sixteen Years of Unbalanced Fertilization with Nitrogen and Phosphorus—Trials in Poland with Oilseed Rape, Wheat, Maize and Barley

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1747
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rutkowska ◽  
Piotr Skowron
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
The Baltic

Two factorial field experiments were carried out between 2003 and 2018 in the Experimental Stations in Eastern and Western Poland using four crop rotations with winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, maize and spring barley. The initial value of phosphorus (P) in Grabów soil was 69.8 mg P·kg−1 soil and in Baborówko soil it was 111.3 mg P·kg−1 soil (Egner-Riehm Double-Lactate DL). P fertilizer was added annually at 39 kg P·ha−1 under winter oilseed rape, 35 kg P·ha−1 under maize and 31 kg P·ha−1 under wheat and barley using superphosphate and nitrogen (N), which was added at five levels (30–250 kg N·ha−1) per year as ammonium nitrate in addition to controls with no added fertilizer. Through the several years of the experiment, P fertilizer had no effect on crop N use efficiency (NUE) nor crop productivity. There was significant soil P mining particularly in the high-N fertilizer trials causing a reduction in the content of available soil P by up to 35%. This work recommends that, based on soil P analysis, P fertilizer should not be added to high-P soils. This practice may continue uninterrupted for several years (16 in this case) until the excess soil P has been reduced. This mechanism of removal of “legacy” P from soil has major implications in reducing runoff P into the Baltic Sea drainage area and other water bodies.

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