Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Species on Heterodera glycines

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is a widely occurring pest and the leading cause of soybean yield losses in the U.S.A. There is a need to find additional SCN management strategies as sources of SCN resistance have become less effective in managing SCN populations. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic relationships with roots of most plants including soybean. Research has shown that AMF can reduce disease severity in plants caused by pathogens and pests, including plant parasitic nematodes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of AMF on SCN cyst production, SCN juveniles in roots, and SCN egg hatching. In one experiment, all five AMF species tested (Claroideoglomus claroideum, Diversispora eburnean, Dentiscutata heterogama, Funneliformis mosseae, and Rhizophagus intraradices) reduced (P < 0.05) the number of cysts on soybean roots by 59 to 81%, compared with soybean roots not inoculated with AMF. Inoculation with F. mosseae reduced SCN J2–J3 stage juveniles in soybean roots by 60% at 7 days post inoculation. A separate experiment showed that egg hatch was reduced (P < 0.05) in the presence of F. mosseae spores and their exudates by 27% and 62%, respectively. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential usefulness of AMF in field conditions and to determine the usefulness and potential of the exudates associated with SCN hatching suppression by F. mosseae. Making AMF a more effective biological control agent would provide another management tool to reduce the negative impact of SCN on soybean production.

Download Full-text

Tillage, Glyphosate and Beneficial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Optimising Crop Management for Plant–Fungal Symbiosis

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10110520 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 520 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas I. Wilkes ◽

Douglas J. Warner ◽

Keith G. Davies ◽

Veronica Edmonds-Brown

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Fungal Biomass ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Soil Microbiome ◽

Epsp Synthase ◽

The Impact

Zero till cropping systems typically apply broad-spectrum herbicides such as glyphosate as an alternative weed control strategy to the physical inversion of the soil provided by cultivation. Glyphosate targets 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase in plants. There is growing evidence that this may have a detrimental impact on non-target organisms such as those present in the soil microbiome. Species of commercial importance, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots are an important example. This study investigates the impact of soil cultivation and glyphosate application associated with conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) respectively on AM fungi populations under field and glasshouse conditions. Topsoil (<10 cm) was extracted from CT and ZT fields cropped with winter wheat, plus non-cropped control plots within the same field boundary, throughout the cropping year. Glyphosate was applied in glasshouse experiments at rates between 0 and 350 g L−1. Ergosterol, an indicator of fungal biomass, was measured using high performance liquid chromatography before and after glyphosate application. Fungal root arbuscules, an indicator of AM fungi–root symbiosis, were quantified from the roots of wheat plants. Under glasshouse conditions root arbuscules were consistently higher in wheat grown in ZT field extracted soils (P = 0.01) compared to CT. Glyphosate application however inhibited fungal biomass in both the ZT (P < 0.00001) and CT (P < 0.001) treatments. In the absence of glyphosate, the number of stained root arbuscules increased significantly. Ergosterol levels, used as a proxy for fungal biomass, remained lower in the soil post glyphosate application. The results suggest that CT has a greater negative impact on AM fungal growth than ZT and glyphosate, but that glyphosate is also detrimental to AM fungal growth and hinders subsequent population recovery.

Download Full-text

Impact of anthracene on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus lipid metabolism

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2013-0094 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 173-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. Calonne ◽

J. Fontaine ◽

D. Debiane ◽

F. Laruelle ◽

A. Grandmougin-Ferjani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Organic Pollutant ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Membrane Lipid ◽

Acetate Incorporation ◽

The Impact

Anthracene, a low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) originating mainly from anthropogenic activities, represents one of the major persistent organic pollutants frequently detected in polluted soils. A few studies have reported the negative effect of PAH on the main steps of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) life cycle resulting from lipid peroxidation; however, little is known regarding the impact of anthracene on extraradical AMF lipid metabolism. Radiolabelling experiments showed significant decreases of [1-14C]acetate incorporation into the sterol precursors (4,4-dimethylsterols and 4α-methylsterols) and in the total phospholipids (PL) of Rhizophagus irregularis (Blaszk., Wubet, Renker & Buscot) extraradical mycelium when grown in the presence of anthracene. These findings suggested a slowing down of the sterol and total PL biosynthesis pathways in AMF treated with anthracene. The negative impact of the organic pollutant on AMF membrane lipid biosynthesis may explain the growth inhibition of the fungus after PAH exposure. This study increases the understanding of the biochemical mechanisms involved in PAH ecotoxicity on AMF.

Download Full-text

Enhancement of Colonisation of Soybean Roots by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Using Vermicompost and Biochar

Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries ◽

10.11648/j.aff.20160503.17 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Njunge Leah Wathira

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Soybean Roots

Download Full-text

Mycorrhizal fungi and microalgae modulate antioxidant capacity of basil plants

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.1515/jppr-2017-0057 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marieta Hristozkova ◽

Liliana Gigova ◽

Maria Geneva ◽

Ira Stancheva ◽

Ivanina Vasileva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Green Algae ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Frap Assay ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽

The Impact

Abstract Mycorrhizal fungi, algae and cyanobacteria are some of the most important soil microorganisms and major components of a sustainable soil-plant system. This study presents for the first time evidence of the impact of green alga and cyanobacterium solely and in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant-antioxidant capacity. In order to provide a better understanding of the impact of AMF and soil microalgae on Ocimum basilicum L. performance, changes in the pattern and activity of the main antioxidant enzymes (AOEs), esterases and non-enzymatic antioxidants including phenols, flavonoids, ascorbate, and α-tocopherols were evaluated. The targeted inoculation of O. basilicum with AMF or algae (alone and in combination) enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the plants and the degree of stimulation varied depending on the treatment. Plants in symbiosis with AMF exhibited the highest antioxidant potential as was indicated by the enhanced functions of all studied leaf AOEs: 1.5-, 2- and more than 10-fold rises of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), respectively. The greatest increase in the total esterase activity and concentration of phenols, flavonoids and ascorbate was marked in the plants with simultaneous inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi and the green algae. 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycril-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay proved the increased plant antioxidant capacity after co-colonization of green algae and mycorrhizae.

Download Full-text

Sunflower response to inoculation with single and mixed species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Agronomic characteristics

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.14720/aas.2019.113.2.13 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 113 (2) ◽

pp. 321

Author(s):

Mazen IBRAHIM

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Glomus Intraradices ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Agricultural Field ◽

Mycorrhizal Dependency ◽

Agronomic Characteristics ◽

The Impact

The impact of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on agronomic characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was evaluated in a pot experiment. The indigenous AMF, including Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, and Glomus viscosum, were isolated from an agricultural field in which cotton and sunflower plants were grown. The most abundant species (G. viscosum) was multiplied in a monospecific culture. Sunflower plants were inoculated with the mixture of three selected AMF species or solely with G. viscosum. The number of leaves, shoot length, head diameter, above ground biomass, and seeds mass were significantly higher in the plant inoculated with AMF mixture followed by individual inoculation with G. viscosum followed by the control. AMF mixture outperformed the G. viscosumby increasing mycorrhizal dependency and mycorrhizal inoculation effect of sunflower. The results indicate that AMF mixture could be considered as a good inoculum for improving growth and yield of sunflower in sustainable agriculture.

Download Full-text

Community of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soybean Roots after Cultivation with Different Cropping Systems

Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly JARQ ◽

10.6090/jarq.48.279 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 279-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tomoko KOJIMA ◽

Norikuni OKA ◽

Toshihiko KARASAWA ◽

Keiki OKAZAKI ◽

Shotaro ANDO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Soybean Roots

Download Full-text

Detection of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Roots of Strawberry Plants Fertilized with Organic Bioproducts

Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin ◽

10.2478/v10032-012-0012-3 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 17-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna Lisek ◽

Lidia Sas Paszt ◽

Beata Sumorok

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Nested Pcr ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Universal Primers ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Reaction Products ◽

The Impact

Summary In organic farming, mineral fertilizers are replaced by various preparations to stimulate plant growth and development. Introduction of new biopreparations into horticultural production requires an assessment of their effects on the growth and yielding of plants. Among the important indicators of the impact on plants of beneficial microorganisms contained in bioproducts is determination of their effectiveness in stimulating the growth and yielding of plants. Moreover, confirmation of the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the roots and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the rhizosphere is also necessary. In addition to conventional methods, molecular biology techniques are increasingly used to allow detection and identification of AM fungi in plant roots. The aim of this study was identification and initial taxonomic classification of AM fungi in the roots of ‘Elkat’ strawberry plants fertilized with various biopreparations using the technique of nested PCR. Tests were performed on DNA obtained from the roots of ‘Elkat’ strawberry plants: not fertilized, treated with 10 different biopreparations, or fertilized with NPK. Amplification of the large subunit of ribosomal gene (LSU rDNA) was carried out using universal primers, and then, in the nested PCR reaction, primers specific for the fungi of the genera Glomus, Acaulospora, and Scutellospora were used. Colonization of strawberry roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was determined on the basis of the presence of DNA fragments of a size corresponding to the types of the fungi tested for. As a result of the analyses, the most reaction products characterizing AM fungi were found in the roots of plants treated with the preparation Florovit Eko. The least fragments characteristic of AM fungi were detected in the roots of plants fertilized with NPK, which confirms the negative impact of mineral fertilizers on the occurrence of mycorrhizal fungi in the roots of strawberry plants. The roots of plants fertilized with Tytanit differed from the control plants by the presence of one of the clusters of fungi of the genus Glomus and by the absence of a cluster of fungi of the genus Scutellospora. In the roots of plants treated with other biopreparations there were reaction products indicating the presence of fungi of the genera Glomus, Scutellospora and Acaulospora, like in the roots of the control plants. The results will be used to assess the suitability of microbiologically enriched biopreparations in horticultural production.

Download Full-text

Induction of salt stress tolerance in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr.v38i5.5933 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hashem Abeer ◽

E. F. Abd_Allah ◽

A. A. Alqarawi ◽

Dilfuza Egamberdieva

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Vigna Unguiculata ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Mineral Elements ◽

Relative Water ◽

Efficient Protection

The aim of present study was to examine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity and some key physio-biochemical attributes in cowpea (<italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic> [L.] Walp.) subjected to salt stress. Salt stress (200 mM NaCl) reduced growth, biomass, relative water content and chlorophyll pigment content in cowpea leaves. AMF ameliorated the negative impact of salinity on the growth parameters studied. The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione reductase (GR) enhanced under salt stress and AMF inoculation further enhanced their activity, thus strengthening the plant’s defense system. Proline content increased in salt stressed plants as well as AMF-inoculated plants providing efficient protection against salt stress. Besides this AMF also increased uptake of mineral elements which have direct impact on the osmoregulation of the plants. The present study shows that AMF possesses the potential to enhance salt tolerance of cowpea.

Download Full-text