scholarly journals Population Structure and Biodiversity of Pectobacterium parmentieri Isolated from Potato Fields in Temperate Climate

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Zoledowska ◽  
Agata Motyka ◽  
Dominika Zukowska ◽  
Wojciech Sledz ◽  
Ewa Lojkowska
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Seed Potato ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Reca Gene ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pectinolytic Bacteria

Pectobacterium parmentieri (formerly Pectobacterium wasabiae) is a newly established species of pectinolytic plant-pathogenic bacteria responsible for the symptoms of soft rot and blackleg on potato. In this work, we describe biodiversity and the population structure of P. parmentieri strains isolated during two consecutive growing seasons from the seed potato fields in Poland. About 450 samples of diseased potato tubers, potato plants, or accompanying weeds were collected throughout the country and tested for the presence of P. parmentieri by molecular identification methods. We found that P. parmentieri strains commonly occur in almost all regions of Poland. Furthermore, these isolates constituted significant fraction of pectinolytic bacteria from seed potato fields because 16% (2013) and 13% (2014) of the analyzed plant samples were infected with P. parmentieri. Subsequently, a detailed characterization of the obtained strains was conducted basing on repetitive sequences profiling, recA-gene-based phylogeny, and phenotypic features. By applying repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR), we revealed the presence of five distinct genomic profiles among P. parmentieri strains, with profile I being the most abundant (approximately 44%). The performed recA gene-based phylogenetic analysis divided P. parmentieri isolates into two distinct clades, although the strains originating from different years did not group separately. Evaluation of the phenotypic traits playing crucial roles for the virulence of pectinolytic bacteria (namely, pectinase, cellulase and protease activities, and siderophore production, in addition to potato tissue maceration, swimming, and swarming motility) indicated some differences among the characterized strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that describes biodiversity and the population structure of P. parmentieri isolated in two growing seasons under temperate climate conditions and, hence, illustrates high heterogeneity within this species.

scholarly journals Including Urban Heat Island in Bioclimatic Early-Design Phases: A Simplified Methodology and Sample Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5918
Author(s):  
Giacomo Chiesa ◽  
Yingyue Li
Keyword(s):  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Early Design ◽  
Correct Definition ◽  
Urban Heat

Urban heat island and urban-driven climate variations are recognized issues and may considerably affect the local climatic potential of free-running technologies. Nevertheless, green design and bioclimatic early-design analyses are generally based on typical rural climate data, without including urban effects. This paper aims to define a simple approach to considering urban shapes and expected effects on local bioclimatic potential indicators to support early-design choices. Furthermore, the proposed approach is based on simplifying urban shapes to simplify analyses in early-design phases. The proposed approach was applied to a sample location (Turin, temperate climate) and five other climate conditions representative of Eurasian climates. The results show that the inclusion of the urban climate dimension considerably reduced rural HDD (heating degree-days) from 10% to 30% and increased CDD (cooling degree-days) from 70% to 95%. The results reveal the importance of including the urban climate dimension in early-design phases, such as building programming in which specific design actions are not yet defined, to support the correct definition of early-design bioclimatic analyses.

Monitoring of seed potato plantations and surface waters for plant pathogenic bacteria from the genera Dickeya and Pectobacterium

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. S45
Author(s):  
Agata Motyka ◽  
Sabina Zoledowska ◽  
Wojciech Sledz ◽  
Marta Potrykus ◽  
Malgorzata Golanowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Potato ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

scholarly journals Codon usage bias and environmental adaptation in microbial organisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Arella ◽  
Maddalena Dilucca ◽  
Andrea Giansanti
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Codon Usage Bias ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Synonymous Codon ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Translational Efficiency ◽  
Microbial Organisms

AbstractIn each genome, synonymous codons are used with different frequencies; this general phenomenon is known as codon usage bias. It has been previously recognised that codon usage bias could affect the cellular fitness and might be associated with the ecology of microbial organisms. In this exploratory study, we investigated the relationship between codon usage bias, lifestyles (thermophiles vs. mesophiles; pathogenic vs. non-pathogenic; halophilic vs. non-halophilic; aerobic vs. anaerobic and facultative) and habitats (aquatic, terrestrial, host-associated, specialised, multiple) of 615 microbial organisms (544 bacteria and 71 archaea). Principal component analysis revealed that species with given phenotypic traits and living in similar environmental conditions have similar codon preferences, as represented by the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) index, and similar spectra of tRNA availability, as gauged by the tRNA gene copy number (tGCN). Moreover, by measuring the average tRNA adaptation index (tAI) for each genome, an index that can be associated with translational efficiency, we observed that organisms able to live in multiple habitats, including facultative organisms, mesophiles and pathogenic bacteria, are characterised by a reduced translational efficiency, consistently with their need to adapt to different environments. Our results show that synonymous codon choices might be under strong translational selection, which modulates the choice of the codons to differently match tRNA availability, depending on the organism’s lifestyle needs. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study that examines the role of codon bias and translational efficiency in the adaptation of microbial organisms to the environment in which they live.

scholarly journals Comparative Gene Genealogies Indicate that Two Clonal Lineages of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia Resemble Strains from Other Geographical Areas

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 1629-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Kidd ◽  
Hong Guo ◽  
Karen H. Bartlett ◽  
Jianping Xu ◽  
James W. Kronstad
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Molecular Type ◽  
Sequence Comparisons ◽  
The World ◽  
Clonal Population Structure

ABSTRACT Cryptococcus gattii has recently emerged as a pathogen of humans and animals in the temperate climate of Vancouver Island, British Columbia (B.C.). The majority (∼95%) of the isolates from the island belong to the VGII molecular type, and the remainder belong to the VGI molecular type. The goals of this study were to compare patterns of molecular variation among C. gattii isolates from B.C. with those from different areas of the world and to investigate the population structure using a comparative gene genealogy approach. Our results indicate that the C. gattii population in B.C. comprises at least two divergent lineages, corresponding to previously identified VGI and VGII molecular types. The genealogical analysis of strains suggested a predominantly clonal population structure among B.C. isolates, while there was evidence for sexual recombination between different molecular types on a global scale. We found no geographic pattern of strain relationships, and nucleotide sequence comparisons revealed that genotypes among isolates from B.C. were also present among isolates from other areas of the world, indicating extensive strain dispersal. The nucleotide sequence diversity among isolates from B.C. was similar to that among isolates from other areas of the world.

Improving sustainable cotton production through enhanced resilience to climate change using mutation breeding.

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-156
Author(s):  
Manzoor Hussain ◽  
Ljupcho Jankuloski ◽  
M. Habib-ur-Rahman ◽  
Massoud Malek ◽  
Md. Kamrul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
High Yields

Abstract Cotton, being a leading commercial fibre crop, is grown on 20.5 million hectares in three major cotton-producing countries: China, India and Pakistan. Wide differences in yield per hectare exist among these countries and these are being aggravated by changing climate conditions, i.e. higher temperatures and significant seasonal and regional fluctuation in rainfall. Pakistan is one of the countries most affected by climate change. The disastrous effects of extreme periods of heat stress in cotton were very prominent in Pakistan during the growing seasons 2013-2014 (40-50% fruit abortion) and 2016-2017 (33% shortfall), which posed an alarming threat to the cotton-based economy of Pakistan. Poor resilience of the most commonly grown cotton varieties against extreme periods of heat stress are considered to be major factors for this drastic downfall in cotton production in Pakistan. Using the approach of induced mutation breeding, the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan, has demonstrated its capabilities in developing cotton mutants that can tolerate the changed climatic conditions and sustain high yields under contrasting environments. The results of studies on the phenological and physiological traits conferring heat tolerance are presented here for thermo-tolerant cotton mutants (NIAB-878, NIAB-545, NIAB-1048, NIAB-444, NIAB-1089, NIAB-1064, NIAB-1042) relative to FH-142 and FH-Lalazar. NIAB-878 excelled in heat tolerance by maintaining the highest anther dehiscence (82%) and minimum cell injury percentage (39%) along with maximum stomatal conductance (27.7 mmol CO2/m2/s), transpiration rate (6.89 μmol H2O/m2/s), net photosynthetic rate (44.6 mmol CO2/m2/s) and physiological water use efficiency (6.81 mmol CO2/μmol H2O) under the prevailing high temperatures.

scholarly journals Landscape-scale water balance monitoring with an iGrav superconducting gravimeter in a field enclosure

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 3167-3182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Güntner ◽  
Marvin Reich ◽  
Michal Mikolaj ◽  
Benjamin Creutzfeldt ◽  
Stephan Schroeder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Superconducting Gravimeter ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Field Deployment

Abstract. In spite of the fundamental role of the landscape water balance for the Earth's water and energy cycles, monitoring the water balance and its components beyond the point scale is notoriously difficult due to the multitude of flow and storage processes and their spatial heterogeneity. Here, we present the first field deployment of an iGrav superconducting gravimeter (SG) in a minimized enclosure for long-term integrative monitoring of water storage changes. Results of the field SG on a grassland site under wet–temperate climate conditions were compared to data provided by a nearby SG located in the controlled environment of an observatory building. The field system proves to provide gravity time series that are similarly precise as those of the observatory SG. At the same time, the field SG is more sensitive to hydrological variations than the observatory SG. We demonstrate that the gravity variations observed by the field setup are almost independent of the depth below the terrain surface where water storage changes occur (contrary to SGs in buildings), and thus the field SG system directly observes the total water storage change, i.e., the water balance, in its surroundings in an integrative way. We provide a framework to single out the water balance components actual evapotranspiration and lateral subsurface discharge from the gravity time series on annual to daily timescales. With about 99 and 85 % of the gravity signal due to local water storage changes originating within a radius of 4000 and 200 m around the instrument, respectively, this setup paves the road towards gravimetry as a continuous hydrological field-monitoring technique at the landscape scale.

scholarly journals Experimental Efficiency Analysis of a Photovoltaic System with Different Module Technologies under Temperate Climate Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slawomir Gulkowski ◽  
Agata Zdyb ◽  
Piotr Dragan
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Technology System

This study presents a comparative analysis of energy production over the year 2015 by the grid connected experimental photovoltaic (PV) system composed by different technology modules, which operates under temperate climate meteorological conditions of Eastern Poland. Two thin film technologies have been taken into account: cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). Rated power of each system is approximately equal to 3.5 kWp. In addition, the performance of a polycrystalline silicon technology system has been analyzed in order to provide comprehensive comparison of the efficiency of thin film and crystalline technologies in the same environmental conditions. The total size of the pc-Si system is equal to 17 kWp. Adequate sensors have been installed at the location of the PV system to measure solar irradiance and temperature of the modules. In real external conditions all kinds of modules exhibit lower efficiency than the values provided by manufacturers. The study reveals that CIGS technology is characterized by the highest energy production and performance ratio. The observed temperature related losses are of the lowest degree in case of CIGS modules.

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