scholarly journals Effect of Wheat Cultivar on the Concentration of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat Stems

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 2539-2544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette ◽  
Frederic L. Kolb ◽  
Keith A. Ames ◽  
Carl A. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxin ◽  
Fhb Resistance ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Selection Of

Effective control of Fusarium-mycotoxin accumulation in grain affected by Fusarium head blight (FHB) (caused by Fusarium graminearum) begins with selecting moderately resistant wheat cultivars; however, little is known about how this resistance affects mycotoxin levels in the stem. A study was conducted from 2011 to 2014 in a mist-irrigated FHB nursery in Urbana, IL to determine whether the FHB resistance class of a cultivar (very susceptible, susceptible, moderately susceptible, and moderately resistant) affects the concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins in the stem. FHB incidence, FHB severity, and Fusarium-damaged kernel ratings were collected and used to calculate FHB index; incidence, severity, and kernel damage (ISK) index; and deoxynivalenol (DON), incidence, severity, and kernel damage (DISK) index. Grain was assayed for levels of DON, and the bottom 25 cm of plant stems was collected from each plot and assayed for DON, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON), and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15ADON). Significant differences in DON concentration in the grain were detected among cultivars (P = 0.0001) and for the concentration of all DON (P = 0.003), 3ADON (P = 0.03), and 15ADON (P < 0.0001) in the stem. Significant differences among resistance classes were observed for FHB index value (P < 0.0001), ISK index (P = 0.006), and DISK index (P = 0.004). In all years of this study, the concentration of DON in the grain and the concentrations of all mycotoxins in the stem were consistently lower in the moderately resistant cultivars. All three indices were poor indicators of mycotoxin concentrations in the stem. Overall, the selection of a moderately resistant cultivar provides effective control of DON accumulation in the grain and mycotoxin accumulation in the stem.

scholarly journals Fusarium graminearum Infection and Deoxynivalenol Concentrations During Development of Wheat Spikes

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Cowger ◽  
Consuelo Arellano
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxin ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Fhb Resistance ◽  
Animal Bedding ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Fusarium head blight (FHB) affects whole spikes of small grain plants, yet little is known about how FHB develops following infection, or about the concentration or progression of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in non-grain spike tissues. Fusarium mycotoxin levels in whole small-grain spikes are of concern to producers of whole-crop silage, as well as users of straw containing chaff for animal bedding or winter livestock rations. A 2-year field experiment was performed in Kinston, NC to reveal the time course of FHB development. Eight winter wheat cultivars with varying levels of FHB resistance were used in the 2006 experiment, and four of them were used in 2007. Plots were spray-inoculated with Fusarium graminearum macroconidia at mid-anthesis. Four durations of post-anthesis mist were applied: 0, 10, 20, or 30 days. Spike samples were collected and bulked by plot at 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 days after anthesis (daa); samples were separated into grain, glume, and rachis fractions. Increasing durations of post-anthesis moisture elevated grain DON and reduced the effect of cultivar on DON, presumably by affecting the expression of resistance, in all spike tissues. Fusarium-damaged kernels increased from early kernel-hard to harvest-ripe in both years. Percent infected kernels increased from medium-milk to harvest-ripe. During grainfill, DON concentrations declined in grain but increased in rachises and glumes, peaking at early kernel-hard, before declining. Higher mean and maximum DON levels were observed in rachises and glumes than in grain. Estimated whole-spike DON peaked at early kernel-hard. In a high-FHB year, whole-plant harvest for forage should be conducted as early as possible. Straw that may be consumed by livestock could contain significant amounts of DON in chaff, and DON can be minimized if straw is sourced from low-symptom crops. Cultivar FHB resistance ratings and disease data should be useful in predicting whole-spike DON levels. Overall, associations between grain DON levels in harvest-ripe and prior samples were stronger the later the prior samples were collected, suggesting limits to the possibility of predicting harvest-ripe grain DON from earlier levels.

Screening of an EMS mutagenized population of a wheat cultivar susceptible to Fusarium head blight identifies resistant variants

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavit Chhabra ◽  
Lovepreet Singh ◽  
Sydney Wallace ◽  
Adam Schoen ◽  
Yanhong Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
Fhb Resistance ◽  
Mutant Lines

Fusarium head blight (FHB) primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum is a key disease of small grains. Diseased spikes show symptoms of premature bleaching shortly after infection and have aborted or shriveled seeds, resulting in reduced yields. The fungus also deteriorates quality and safety of the grain due to production of mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol (DON), which can result in grain being docked or rejected at the point of sale. Genetic host resistance to FHB is quantitative and no complete genetic resistance against this devastating disease is available. Alternative approaches to develop new sources of FHB resistance are needed. In this study, we performed extensive forward genetic screening of the M4 generation of an EMS induced mutagenized population of cultivar Jagger to isolate variants with FHB resistance. In field testing, 74 mutant lines were found to have resistance against FHB spread and 30 lines out of these also had low DON content. Subsequent testing over two years in controlled greenhouse conditions revealed ten M6 lines showing significantly lower FHB spread. Seven and six lines out of those 10 lines also had reduced DON content and lower FDKs, respectively. Future endeavors will include identification of the mutations that led to resistance in these variants.

scholarly journals Characterization of QTL and eQTL controlling early Fusarium graminearum infection and deoxynivalenol levels in a Wuhan 1 x Nyubai doubled haploid wheat population

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
François Fauteux ◽  
Yunli Wang ◽  
Hélène Rocheleau ◽  
Ziying Liu ◽  
Youlian Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Doubled Haploid ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Doubled Haploid Population ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Wheat Population ◽  
Fhb Resistance ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Abstract Background Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major disease of cereal crops, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum and related species. Breeding wheat for FHB resistance contributes to increase yields and grain quality and to reduce the use of fungicides. The identification of genes and markers for FHB resistance in different wheat genotypes has nevertheless proven challenging. Results In this study, early infection by F. graminearum was analyzed in a doubled haploid population derived from the cross of the moderately resistant wheat genotypes Wuhan 1 and Nyubai. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified: 1AL was associated with lower deoxynivalenol content, and 4BS and 5A were associated with reduced F. graminearum infection at 2 days post inoculation. Early resistance alleles were inherited from Wuhan 1 for QTL 1AL and 4BS and inherited from Nyubai for the 5A QTL. Cis and trans expression QTL (eQTL) were identified using RNA-seq data from infected head samples. Hotspots for trans eQTL were identified in the vicinity of the 1AL and 4BS QTL peaks. Among differentially expressed genes with cis eQTL within the QTL support intervals, nine genes had higher expression associated with FHB early resistance, and four genes had higher expression associated with FHB early susceptibility. Conclusions Our analysis of genotype and gene expression data of wheat infected by F. graminearum identified three QTL associated with FHB early resistance, and linked genes with eQTL and differential expression patterns to those QTL. These findings may have applications in breeding wheat for early resistance to FHB.

scholarly journals The Spread of a Released Clone of Gibberella zeae from Different Amounts of Infested Corn Residue

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1458-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa D. Keller ◽  
Wade E. Thomason ◽  
David G. Schmale
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Inoculum Sources ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Corn residue is a significant source of inoculum for epidemics of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and barley, but little is known about the influence of different amounts of corn residue on FHB. We monitored the spread of a released clone of Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum), causal agent of FHB, from small 0.84-m-diameter research plots containing 45, 200, or 410 g of infested corn stalk pieces in winter wheat and barley fields in Virginia over 3 years (2008 to 2010). The fungus was recaptured through the collection of wheat and barley spikes at 0 and 3 m from the source and the released clone was identified in heterogeneous background populations using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Results showed a slightly greater intensity of recovery of the clone at a greater distance when more infested residue was present. Plots containing larger amounts of inoculum (410 g) generally resulted in a smaller decline of recovery of the clone at 3 m from the source, indicating a greater spread from the larger inoculum source. The clone was also recovered at distances ≥18 m from inoculum sources. Larger amounts of corn residue generally had less influence on clone recovery in plots containing a moderately resistant wheat cultivar than those containing a susceptible wheat cultivar.

Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in various wheat cultivars grown in Jiangsu province, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Dong ◽  
S. Wang ◽  
M. Yu ◽  
Y. Sun ◽  
J. Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Concentration ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Epidemic Area ◽  
Fhb Resistance ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Growing Region ◽  
Fusarium Fungi

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major mycotoxin found in wheat infected with Fusarium fungi. DON can be converted by plant detoxification into a form of ‘masked mycotoxin’ termed deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G). To recommend appropriate wheat cultivars for planting in order to reduce DON contamination in Jiangsu province, where a traditional Fusarium head blight (FHB) epidemic area is located in the lower reaches of Yangtze-Huaihe, we evaluated the capacity of various wheat cultivars to transform DON into DON-3G under field conditions. We collected and evaluated samples from 11 major wheat cultivars grown in 63 experimental stations in Jiangsu province in 2015 and 2016. All samples were contaminated with DON, with an average concentration of 2,087±112 and 2,601±126 µg/kg in 2015 and 2016, respectively. DON-3G was detected in 425 (96%) and 405 (97%) samples in 2015 and 2016, with an average concentration of 545±28 and 819±44 µg/kg, respectively. The DON-3G/DON ratio ranged from 5 to 84% (average, 30%) in 2015 and from 0 to 71% (average, 31%) in 2016. DON levels were highly correlated with DON-3G concentrations (P<0.01), and the FHB resistance of the wheat cultivars was proportional to their capacity to convert DON to DON-3G. Importantly, region, cultivar, and region × cultivar interaction all significantly affected DON and DON-3G concentrations and DON-3G/DON ratios. In general, FHB-resistant cultivars, such as Sumai 188 and Ningmai 13, had lower levels of DON and DON-3G than the others. However, additional factors, including the growing region and environmental variables, were important for wheat management when other wheat cultivars were evaluated.

Fusarium head blight development and trichothecene accumulation in point inoculated Fusarium infected wheat heads

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gautam ◽  
R. Dill-Macky
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Dough Stage ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Important Disease

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein) Petch] is the predominant causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), an economically important disease of wheat, in North America. Warm and humid environments at and shortly after anthesis favour FHB. FHB results in yield losses and quality losses in infected grain due to the accumulation of mycotoxins produced by the invading fungus. The objective of this study was to characterise the influence of different F. graminearum isolates and host resistance on FHB development and mycotoxin accumulation. A series of two greenhouse experiments were established where five single isolates of F. graminearum were tested. Three wheat cultivars were examined: Alsen (moderately resistant), 2375 (moderately susceptible) and Wheaton (susceptible). In the point-inoculation experiments, ca. 1000 conidia were placed into a central spikelet of spikes at anthesis. Point-inoculated spikelets were sampled at different growth stages up to soft dough stage. Samples from both experiment series were analysed for mycotoxins. The susceptible cultivar Wheaton had both the highest FHB severity and mycotoxin accumulation. The spread of symptoms both below and above the inoculated central spikelet was significantly higher in 2375 and Wheaton than Alsen. Though deoxynivalenol (DON) did not peak and decline in all experiments, when a peak in the DON content was present it was earlier in 2375 (early milk) than in either Alsen (early dough) or Wheaton (late milk). Though the isolates did not rank similarly in all experiments and in all cultivars, generally isolates Butte86Ada-11 and B63A were more aggressive and isolates 49-3 and B45A were less aggressive in terms of disease severity and mycotoxin accumulation.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Studies Reveal Increased Aggressiveness of Emergent Canadian Fusarium graminearum Chemotypes in Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 1271-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Foroud ◽  
S. P. McCormick ◽  
T. MacMillan ◽  
A. Badea ◽  
D. F. Kendra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Double Haploid ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Fhb Resistance ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Different Levels

The role of Fusarium graminearum trichothecene-chemotypes in disease outcomes was evaluated by point inoculation in a series of wheat lines with different levels of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB). Four inocula, each consisting of a composite of four strains with either 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (ADON) chemotypes from “traditional” or emergent populations, a 3-ADON chemotype, or a nivalenol (NIV) chemotype, were compared. The evaluated wheat included Canadian lines with different levels of FHB resistance/susceptibility and double haploid lines developed from crosses of these lines. Highly resistant lines were resistant to infection by all of the F. graminearum chemotypes evaluated. In the moderately susceptible/resistant wheat lines, the 3-ADON producers and the emergent 15-ADON population were, in some instances, more aggressive and resulted in higher Fusarium damaged kernel scores and levels of trichothecene accumulation. The data presented in this study demonstrate the importance of growing highly resistant wheat cultivars in the current climate of an evolving F. graminearum population, and suggest that moderate levels of FHB resistance may not be sufficient to minimize trichothecene contamination of grain from F. graminearum–infected wheat.

scholarly journals Molecular Mapping of QTLs Conferring Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Chinese Wheat Cultivar Jingzhou 66

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Qing Xu ◽  
Fuchao Xu ◽  
Dandan Qin ◽  
Meifang Li ◽  
George Fedak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Molecular Mapping ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Dh Population ◽  
Fhb Resistance ◽  
Chinese Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Chinese Wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), which not only significantly reduces grain yield, but also affects end-use quality. Breeding wheat cultivars with high FHB resistance is the most effective way to control the disease. The Chinese wheat cultivar Jingzhou 66 (JZ66) shows moderately high FHB resistance; however, the genetic basis of its resistance is unknown. A doubled haploid (DH) population consisting 209 lines was developed from a cross of JZ66 and Aikang 58 (AK58), a FHB susceptible wheat cultivar, to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that contribute to the FHB resistance. Five field experiments were established across two consecutive crop seasons (2018 and 2019) to evaluate the DH lines and parents for FHB response. The parents and DH population were genotyped with the wheat 55K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay. Six QTLs associated with FHB resistance in JZ66 were mapped on chromosome 2DS, 3AS, 3AL, 3DL, 4DS, and 5DL, respectively. Four of the QTL (QFhb.hbaas-2DS, QFhb.hbaas-3AL, QFhb.hbaas-4DS, and QFhb.hbaas-5DL) were detected in at least two environments, and the QTL on 3AL and 5DL might be new. The QTL with major effects, QFhb.hbaas-2DS and QFhb.hbaas-4DS, explained up to 36.2% and 17.6% of the phenotypic variance, and were co-localized with the plant semi-dwarfing loci Rht8 and Rht-D1. The dwarfing Rht8 allele significantly increased spike compactness (SC) and FHB susceptibility causing a larger effect on FHB response than Rht-D1 observed in this study. PCR–based SNP markers for QFhb.hbaas-2DS, QFhb.hbaas-3AL, QFhb.hbaas-4DS, and QFhb.hbaas-5DL, were developed to facilitate their use in breeding for FHB resistance by marker-assisted selection.

scholarly journals In Vitro Quantitative Resistance Components in Wheat Plants to Fusarium Head Blight

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nachaat Sakr
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Fhb Resistance

Background: In vitro tools have proved to be very useful in identifying quantitative resistance in wheat to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) infection. However, there is a need to understand how the different in vitro and in planta tests correlate to describe the level of wheat resistance to FHB infection. Objective and Methods: We evaluated the correlation between in vitro symptom assessment using nine quantitative resistance criteria and in planta disease severity for Type II resistance assessment using a set of 16 FHB isolates across two widely grown Syrian wheat cultivars: Cham1 (durum) and Cham6 (bread). Results: Cultivar differences after inoculation with fungal isolates in seedlings and adult plants relative to the controls were detected. There were significant differences in the resistance of two wheat cultivars as measured by adult FHB resistance, Latent Period (LP) of detached leaf inoculation and standardized Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPCstandard) of modified Petri-dish inoculation. Correlation coefficients between FHB severity and the two in vitro components LP and AUDPCstandard were significant (r=0.545 with p<0.05, and r=0.659 with p<0.01, respectively). No significant differences in the resistance of Cham6 and Cham1 were indicated for the other seven in vitro components: incubation period and lesion length of detached leaf inoculation, germination rate reduction and coleoptile length reduction of modified Petri-dish inoculation and lesion length of clip-dipping inoculation and percentage of infected seedlings of foliar-spraying and pin-point inoculations. Results from these seven components were not correlated with adult FHB resistance. Longer latent period and less AUDPCstandard were related to greater FHB disease-type II resistance. Conclusion: LP and AUDPCstandard are indicators of mechanisms of resistance occurring in the whole plant during FHB infection. Therefore, the idea of using in vitro components is based on their predictive ability of in planta adult FHB resistance.

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