scholarly journals First Report of Rhizoctonia solani on Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) Sprouts in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 831-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. O'Brien ◽  
K. Perez ◽  
R. M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
First Report ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Moist Paper Towel ◽  
Bean Sprouts

In March 2007, mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts produced in an indoor sprouting facility in northern California developed brown lesions beginning 5 days after germination. Dark brown-to-reddish brown lesions with distinct margins developed on the stem, hypocotyl, and first true leaves of affected sprouts. Although all seed is routinely soaked in 20,000 mg Ca(OCl)2/liter of water for 15 min before germination, approximately 5 to 10% of the bean sprouts in several growing baskets (1.5 × 1.5 m) were affected and had to be discarded. Each basket contained approximately 1 t of sprouts. To isolate the causal organism, symptomatic stems were surface disinfested for 1 min in 0.5% NaOCl and incubated on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C. Cultures were identified as Rhizoctonia solani on the basis of morphological features including right-angled branching of brown hyphae and the presence of sclerotia. PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region was performed with primers RS1 and RS4 (2). Sequences were identical to R. solani AG4-HG-II in GenBank (Accession No. AF354074). To conduct pathogenicity tests, a 5-mm2-diameter disk from the margin of a culture of the fungus on PDA was placed in the center of 25 5-day-old germinated sprouts placed in a plastic box (15 × 10 × 5 cm) held at 25°C. Two isolates of R. solani cultured from different lots of sprouts were included in the assays. Controls received noncolonized agar. Treatments were replicated four times and each experiment was repeated three times. A moist paper towel was included in each box to maintain humidity. After 3 days, symptoms developed in the inoculated boxes but not in the noninoculated boxes. The fungus was reisolated from lesions, completing Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solani on mung bean sprouts in a commercial sprouting facility. However, R. solani has been associated with root rot of mung bean plants in the field (1). References: (1) T. R. Anderson. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 65:1, 1985. (2) C. Guillemaut et al. Can. J. Microbiol. 49:556, 2003.

Scanning electron microscopy of native biofilms on mung bean sprouts

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F Fett ◽  
Peter H Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Fibrillar Material ◽  
Mung Bean Sprouts ◽  
Native Microflora ◽  
Bean Sprouts ◽  
Scanning Electron

Native biofilms present on the adaxial surface of cotyledons of mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata) were studied by use of scanning electron microscopy. Biofilms were abundant on the cotyledon surfaces and were comprised of rod-shaped bacteria, cocci-shaped bacteria, or yeasts, often with one type of microbe predominant. In contrast to our earlier study of biofilms on green sprouts (alfalfa, clover, broccoli, and sunflower), yeast and cocci were abundant on mung bean. Filamentous fungi were not observed. Sheet-like or fibrillar material (presumably composed of secreted microbial polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) fully or partially covered the biofilms. Biofilms up to 5 mm in length were observed, and some biofilms were comprised of more than just a monolayer of microbial cells. Native biofilms on sprout surfaces undoubtedly play an important role in the ecology of plant epiphytic microbes and may also afford protected sites for plant and human bacterial pathogens.Key words: mung bean sprouts, biofilms, native microflora, scanning electron microscopy, food safety.

Energy regulated enzyme and non-enzyme-based antioxidant properties of harvested organic mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata)

LWT ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 228-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Chen ◽  
Jue Tong Glenna Tan ◽  
Xue Zhao ◽  
Dongying Yang ◽  
Hongshun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Mung Bean Sprouts ◽  
Bean Sprouts

Assessment of photo-modulation, nutrient-use efficiency and toxicity of iron nanoparticles in Vigna radiata

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 2544-2552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saheli Pradhan ◽  
Samarendra Barik ◽  
Arunava Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Iron Nanoparticles ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Use Efficiency

Iron nanoparticles modulate photosynthesis without disturbing anti-oxidative profiling in mung bean plants; hence they could be used as a plant micronutrient.

CALCIUM RETARDS PHYSIOLOGICAL COLLAPSE AND SUBSEQUENT MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF MUNG BEAN (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) SPROUTS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. LIPTAY ◽  
P. VANDIERENDONCK
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Mung Bean Sprouts ◽  
Bean Sprouts ◽  
Scanning Electron

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) sprouts, when germinated in water with no added calcium, were prone to physiological collapse of the cell walls below the cotyledonary hook. Growth of the collapsing hypocotyls gradually decreased until it stopped completely as the collapsed area extended cross-sectionally. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that extensive microbial degradation of the collapsed area of the low-calcium hypocotyl ensued by day 4 of germination. In contrast, at the same stage of germination, bacteria were essentially absent on sprouts germinated with calcium added to the water either as CaCl2, or Ca(NO3)2. Even by day 7 the calcium-treated hypocotyls remained intact and without any visual microbial degradation although bacteria were present on the surface of the seedlings. It is concluded that mung bean sprouts are very sensitive to physiological collapse with subsequent microbial degradation of the hypocotyl especially at temperatures above 20 °C. Therefore, it is recommended that water used for germinating the sprouts has sufficient calcium added (e.g. 5 × 10−3 M CaCl2) to maintain the integrity of the hypocotyls and reduce the microbial flora on the sprouts.Key words: Hypocotyl, growth, deterioration, mineral supplement

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA INFECTING MUNG BEAN SEEDLINGS USED IN ROOTING BIOASSAYS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1097e-1097
Author(s):  
Robert R. Tripepi ◽  
Mary W. George
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
First Report ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
Physiological Tests ◽  
Disease Free

Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz.) cuttings are used in rooting bioassays, and nonexperimental variability must be rigorously controlled to obtain meaningful results. This study was conducted to document bacterial disease problems of mung bean and identify the causal organisms. `Berken' seeds were surfaced sterilized and aerated 24 hr before sowing. Nine-day-old seedlings were used in rooting bioassays. Up to 10% of the seedlings and 17% of the cuttings had collapsed stems or wilted leaves. A white and two yellow (Y1 and Y2) bacteria were isolated from diseased cuttings and used in subsequent pathogenicity tests. The Y2 isolate was nonpathogenic. Stems of healthy mung beans inoculated with the white isolate turned brown and collapsed 2 days after inoculation, whereas leaves of plants inoculated with the yellow isolate wilted after 7 days. Standard biochemical and physiological tests revealed that the white isolate was Pseudomonas syringue pv. syringae van Hall and the yellow isolate was Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens subsp. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins and Jones. This research is the first report of a disease in mung bean caused by P.s. pv. syringae. These results demonstrate the need or disease-free seeds being used in bioassays since both pathogens were seed-borne.

scholarly journals First Report of Podosphaera xanthii Causing Powdery Mildew on Mungbean (Vigna radiata) in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zong-ming Sheu ◽  
Ming-hsueh Chiu ◽  
Lawrence Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
First Report ◽  
Powdery Mildew Pathogen

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is routinely grown in the experimental fields at the headquarters of the World Vegetable Center (23°6'30.88"N, 120°17'51.31"E) for breeding, research and germplasm multiplication. In a spring 2016 mungbean trial, about 50% of the plants were affected with powdery mildew. The white, powdery-like patches first appeared on the upper leaf surfaces, and soon developed to grey patches on both sides of the leaves. Purple to brown discoloration appeared on the underside of the infected leaf. Microscopy examination revealed that the causal organism was not Erysiphe polygoni, which had previously been documented as the powdery mildew pathogen on mungbean in Taiwan (Hartman et al. 1993). The fungus produced typical structures of the powdery mildew Euoidium, anamorph of the genus Podosphaera. The mycelium consisted of septate, flexuous hyphae with indistinct appressoria. The erect conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae varied from straight or slightly curved to curled. Three to ten conidia were borne in long chains with crenate edges. Foot-cells were straight, cylindrical and measured 30 to 52 µm long. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid-ovoid to barrel-shaped, with fibrosin bodies, and measured 27 to 33 (mean = 30.4) × 15 to 20 (mean = 16.6) µm. Germ tubes were clavate and occasionally forked, and were produced from the lateral sites of the conidia. No chasmothecia were found in the samples. The morphological characteristics were consistent with P. xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff (Braun & Cook 2012). To confirm the identity, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and partialβ-tubulin gene (TUB2) for the isolate MG3 were amplified with the primers ITS4/ITS5 (White et al. 1990) and BtuF5/BtuR7a (Ellingham et al. 2019), respectively. BLASTn analysis revealed the ITS sequence (MN833717) was 100% identical to many records of P. xanthii whereas the TUB2 sequence (MW363957) was 100% identical to a record of P. fusca (syn. P. xanthii; KC333362) in NCBI GenBank. A pathogenicity test was conducted by dusting conidia from an infected leaf onto six healthy four-week-old mungbean plants (cv ‘Tainan No. 3’). Another three plants were not inoculated and were used as control. All the plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25 to 28°C. All inoculated plants developed powdery mildew symptoms after 10 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. xanthii causing disease on mungbean in Taiwan. P. xanthii also has been reported on mungbean in Thailand (Meeboon et al. 2016), while other records referring to E. polygoni infecting Vigna spp. are from Brazil and Fiji (Farr & Rossman 2020). Although both P. xanthii and E. polygoni have now been reported as causing powdery mildew on mungbean in Taiwan, which species predominates or is more important remains unclear. A comprehensive survey with accurate species identification is required to develop effective management of the disease, particularly for resistance breeding.

scholarly journals Gibberellins Target Shoot-Root Growth, Morpho-Physiological and Molecular Pathways to Induce Cadmium Tolerance in Vigna radiata L.

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 896
Author(s):  
Haroon Rashid Hakla ◽  
Shubham Sharma ◽  
Mohammad Urfan ◽  
Narendra Singh Yadav ◽  
Prakriti Rajput ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Chloroplast Ultrastructure ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Bean Plants

Cadmium (Cd) inhibits plant growth, perturbs nutrient uptake, and affects chloroplast ultrastructure. The role of Cd stress in affecting growth and physiology and ameliorative effects of gibberellins (GAs) in Cd-induced toxicity in mung bean are lesser-known. This study comprehensively investigated Cd stress (CdCl2, IC50—500 µM L−1) with or without GA3 on mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Var. SML-668). In our methodology, a total of 80 mung bean plants (15 days old of uniform height) were divided into four groups, and each group (n = 20) was subjected to four different treatments (Control, CdCl2, GA3, CdCl2+GA3) twice during the entire life cycle of mung bean plants (until harvest 85–90 days). Results revealed negative impacts of Cd stress on shoot morphometry (plant height, leaf surface area, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight, number of leaves, number of pods, length, and diameter of pods), root morphometry (root length, root surface area, root dry weight, nodule number and nodule diameter), photosynthetic pigments, and agronomic traits. GA3 application ameliorated Cd stress by modulating shoot and root growth, improving overall plant metabolism, photosynthetic pigments, and shoot and root morphometry and transcript abundance of VrPCS1, VrIRT1, VrIRT2 and VrCD29. Thus, we propose GA3 application for the effective management of Cd-induced phytotoxicity in mung bean plants.

scholarly journals First Report of Southern Blight Caused by Sclerotium delphinii on Euonymus fortunei in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronghua Sun ◽  
Guangliang Lu ◽  
Yuezhong Li ◽  
Qingquan Luo
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
First Report ◽  
5.8S Rdna ◽  
Southern Blight ◽  
Euonymus Fortunei ◽  
Sclerotium Delphinii

Euonymus fortunei is an evergreen shrub-vine in the family Celastraceae, widely used as a groundcover or a vine to climb walls, or traditional herbal medicine in China. In August 2019, typical southern blight symptoms that included basal stem rot and the presence of sclerotia in rotted tissue were observed on E. fortunei in Kunshan city, Jiangsu province, China. Disease incidence was estimated at approximately 15 to 20%; meanwhile, approximately 30 to 40% of diseased plants died. The infected plants showed brown to dark stem necrosis near the base, leaf yellowing and wilting. White mycelia and white to dark reddish-brown sclerotia were observed at the base of the stem and rotten tissue. To isolate the causal organism, infected stem tissue and sclerotia collected from diseased plants in a median strip in Kunshan (31°23'40"N, 120°54'57"E) were disinfected with 70% ethanol for 2 to 3 sec, followed by 2 min in 5% NaClO, rinsed three times with sterile water, then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and incubated at 25°C. Isolated colonies were subcultured by needle tip transfer 3 days later. Isolates had white mycelia on PDA, with a radial growth rate of 15.2 to 18.7 mm/day. White and orange sclerotia were developed after 5 to 8 days and eventually turned dark reddish-brown. The sclerotia were globoid or irregular with surface markings (1.4 to 4.3 mm diam.; mean = 2.59 mm; n = 50) on PDA, and the average number of sclerotia produced per Petri dish ranged from 35 to 85 (mean = 52; n = 10). Microscopic observations found septal hyphae and clamp connections. These morphological features were identical to the description of Sclerotium delphinii (syn. Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphinii) (Mukherjee et al. 2015; Punja and Damiani 1996; Stevens 1931). A representative isolate YKY2020.01 was stored in the Key laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Ecological Landscaping of challenging Urban Sites in Shanghai. For molecular identification, DNA of the isolate YKY2020.01 was extracted using the Fungal DNA Kit (OMEGA bio-tek, China). The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS fragment including ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 region) was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), and then sequenced by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). BLAST analysis in NCBI found the ITS sequence of YKY2020.01 (MW916955) was 99.84% similar to S. delphinii strain CBS272.30 (MH855140). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood (ML) method placed isolate YKY2020.01 in the same clade as S. delphinii. To evaluate pathogenicity, hyphal blocks (0.7 cm diam.) were placed at the base of the stem of healthy E. fortunei (n = 5 plants). Five healthy plants were inoculated by uncolonized agar blocks as controls. All plants were kept in a greenhouse with a temperature range from 21 to 25.6°C (mean = 24.9°C) and relative humidity of 50%. Inoculated plants were symptomatic after 3 days and wilted after 12 days. Symptoms in inoculated plants were similar to those observed under natural conditions, whereas the control group remained asymptomatic. The fungal pathogen was reisolated from symptomatic tissue and confirmed as S. delphinii. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of S. delphinii causing southern blight on E. fortunei in China and worldwide. This finding provides concise and practical information on the newly emerged disease of E. fortunei, which is beneficial for future disease management. References: Mukherjee, A. K., et al. 2015. J. Plant Pathol. 97:303. Punja, Z. K. and Damiani, A. 1996. Mycologia 88:694. Stevens, F. L. 1931. Mycologia 23:204. White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Funding: This work was supported by the Key Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (19DZ1204102).

Effects of Salinity on Ion Uptake and Growth of Mung Bean Plants (Vigna radiata L.)

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Salim ◽  
MG Pitman
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Ion Uptake ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Bean Plants

Effects were compared of different concentrations in nutrient culture solutions of KCl alone and its mixture with NaCl on the growth of mung beans. At the same concentrations of Cl, growth was more reduced in KCl solutions alone than in mixtures of NaCl and KCl. Growth reduction in KCl solutions seemed to be related to higher (K + Na) and Cl contents of the shoots due to higher rates of net transport from roots to shoots.

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