scholarly journals Soybean Disease Loss Estimates for the Top 10 Soybean Producing Countries in 1994

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Wrather ◽  
T. R. Anderson ◽  
D. M. Arsyad ◽  
J. Gai ◽  
L. D. Ploper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Staff Research ◽  
Field Workers ◽  
Soybean Diseases

Soybean disease loss estimates were compiled for the 1994 harvested crop from the 10 countries with the greatest soybean production. The objective was to document the major soybean disease problems in these countries and any recent changes in the severity of individual soybean diseases. Total yield losses caused by Heterodera glycines in these 10 countries were greater than those caused by any other disease. Next in order of importance were stem canker, brown spot, and charcoal rot. The total yield loss due to disease during 1994 in these countries was 14.99 million metric tons, valued at $3.31 billion. Methods used to estimate soybean disease losses were field surveys, plant disease diagnostic clinic samples, variety trial data, information from field workers and university extension staff, research plots, grower demonstrations, and private crop consultant reports. Yield loss estimates due to a particular disease varied by country. For example, yield losses due to rust were reported from China and Indonesia, but no losses due to this disease were reported from any of the remaining eight countries. Soybean disease control research and extension efforts are needed to provide more effective preventive and therapeutic disease management strategies and systems to producers.

scholarly journals Research Priorities for Rice Pest Management in Tropical Asia: A Simulation Analysis of Yield Losses and Management Efficiencies

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 672-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laetitia Willocquet ◽  
Francisco A. Elazegui ◽  
Nancy Castilla ◽  
Luzviminda Fernandez ◽  
Kenneth S. Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Leaf Blast ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Neck Blast ◽  
Rice Pest

A simulation study was conducted to assess the current and prospective efficiency of rice pest management and develop research priorities for lowland production situations in tropical Asia. Simulation modeling with the RICEPEST model provided the flexibility required to address varying production situations and diverse pest profiles (bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight, brown spot, leaf blast, neck blast, sheath rot, white heads, dead hearts, brown plant-hoppers, insect defoliators, and weeds). Operational definitions for management efficacy (injury reduction) and management efficiency (yield gain) were developed. This approach enabled the modeling of scenarios pertaining to different pest management strategies within the agroecological contexts of rice production and their associated pest injuries. Rice pests could be classified into two broad research priority-setting categories with respect to simulated yield losses and management efficiencies. One group, including weeds, sheath blight, and brown spot, consists of pests for which effective pest management tools need to be developed. The second group consists of leaf blast, neck blast, bacterial leaf blight, and brown plant-hoppers, for which the efficiency of current management methods is to be maintained. Simulated yield losses in future production situations indicated that a new type of rice plant with high-harvest index and high-biomass production (“New Plant Type”) was more vulnerable to pests than hybrid rice. Simulations also indicated that the impact of deployment of host resistance (e.g., through genetic engineering) was much larger when targeted against sheath blight than when targeted against stem borers. Simulated yield losses for combinations of production situations and injury profiles that dominate current lowland rice production in tropical Asia ranged from 140 to 230 g m-2. For these combinations, the simulated efficiency of current pest management methods, expressed in terms of relative yield gains, ranged from 0.38 to 0.74. Overall, the analyses indicated that 120 to 200 × 106 tons of grain yield are lost yearly to pests over the 87 × 106 ha of lowland rice in tropical Asia. This also amounts to the potential gain that future pest management strategies could achieve, if deployed.

Identification of Sources of Resistance and Yield Loss Assessment for Aerial Blight and Anthracnose/Pod Blight Diseases in Soybean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawan K. Amrate ◽  
M.K. Shrivastava ◽  
Gyanendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Pressure Field ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Yield Loss Assessment ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Cent Disease ◽  
Disease Pressure ◽  
Soybean Diseases

Background: Aerial blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) and Anthracnose/pod blight (Colletotrichum truncatum) are important soybean diseases, affect most of the present varieties with varying intensity, in India. There are also few reports of resistance against both the diseases. Methods: To identify resistance, a set of 121 diverse soybean genotypes including six susceptible checks i.e. JS 93-05, JS 335, JS 72-280, Punjab 1, RKS 18 and VLS 58 were evaluated under high disease pressure field conditions during 2017, 2018 and 2019. Moreover, assessment of yield losses due to these diseases were also worked out in highly infected plants of susceptible checks.Result: It was observed that aerial blight (0.0-46.8 per cent) and anthracnose/pod blight (0.0-56.2 per cent) were affected soybean genotypes from R1 to R7 and V3 to R7 stages, respectively. The genotypes responded differently and showed absolute resistance to susceptible reaction. Out of 121 genotypes, only five genotypes i.e. JS 20-57, JSM 222, MACS 1407, PS 1611 and Cat 2126 B were found to be highly resistant against both the diseases. Per cent pod and yield losses were significantly correlated with varying severity of aerial blight (0.966** and 0.995**) and anthracnose/pod blight (0.957** and 0.995**), respectively. However, the highest yield loss of 41.0 and 64.8 per cent were recorded on 55.6 and 75.2 per cent disease index (at 90 days) of aerial blight and anthracnose/pod blight, respectively.

scholarly journals Impact of Brown Spot Caused by Septoria glycines on Soybean in Ohio

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 820-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian D. Cruz ◽  
Dennis Mills ◽  
Pierce A. Paul ◽  
Anne E. Dorrance
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
Term Management ◽  
Different Levels

Brown spot, caused by Septoria glycines, is the most common foliar disease of soybean in Ohio, but its economic impact has not been assessed on modern cultivars. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effect of S. glycines on soybean yield and (ii) evaluate the efficacy of strobilurin- and triazole-based fungicides on the control of brown spot. Yield loss associated with S. glycines was determined using weekly applications of chlorothalonil. The efficacy of azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and flutriafol alone and in combinations were also assessed using applications at the R3 and R5 growth stages at two locations over 3 years. Significantly different levels of brown spot developed following applications of chlorothalonil, with mean yield differences between treated and nontreated plots ranging from 196 to 293 kg/ha. Pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin applied at the R3 growth stage significantly reduced final levels of brown spot; however, significant increases in yield occurred in only three of the six location-years. Triazoles, flutriafol and tebuconazole, applied at R3 or R5 did not significantly decrease levels of brown spot or impact yield. More data on the accurate timing of fungicides are still required to establish a long-term management program for this disease, and resistance to brown spot should be monitored in soybean cultivar development to prevent future yield losses.

scholarly journals Soybean Yield Loss Estimates Due to Diseases in the United States and Ontario, Canada, from 2010 to 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W. Allen ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Adam J. Sisson ◽  
Emmanuel Byamukama ◽  
Martin I. Chilvers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Diseases

Annual decreases in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) yield caused by diseases were estimated by surveying university-affiliated plant pathologists in 28 soybean-producing states in the United States and in Ontario, Canada, from 2010 through 2014. Estimated yield losses from each disease varied greatly by state or province and year. Over the duration of this survey, soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) was estimated to have caused more than twice as much yield loss than any other disease. Seedling diseases (caused by various pathogens), charcoal rot (caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid), and sudden death syndrome (SDS) (caused by Fusarium virguliforme O’Donnell & T. Aoki) caused the next greatest estimated yield losses, in descending order. The estimated mean economic loss due to all soybean diseases, averaged across U.S. states and Ontario from 2010 to 2014, was $60.66 USD per acre. Results from this survey will provide scientists, breeders, governments, and educators with soybean yield-loss estimates to help inform and prioritize research, policy, and educational efforts in soybean pathology and disease management.

RESPONSE OF SOYBEAN TO LOWER-CANOPY DEFOLIATION DURING SEEDFILL

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. VASILAS ◽  
J. FUHRMANN ◽  
L. E. GRAY
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Pod Number

One of the effects of Septoria brown spot on soybean is accelerated lower-canopy defoliation. Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the response of soybean yield and yield components to progressive lower-canopy defoliation during seedfill. Soybean cultivar Williams 82 was machine planted in rows 76 cm wide and hand thinned to a uniform stand of 23 plants m−1. Three treatments were used: controls; defoliated, starting at R5 (beginning seed stage; DEF1), and defoliated, starting 7 d past R5 (DEF2). Defoliation treatments were applied by removing the leaflets and petioles from the lowest three or four leaf-bearing nodes four times at 4-d intervals so that only three or four nodes at the top of the plant remained leaf-bearing when defoliation ceased. Yield and yield components were determined for upper, lower and total nodes. Although the two growing seasons were very different, yield responses to defoliation were similar in both years. On the average, DEF1 reduced seed yield by 18% which is similar to losses that occur when brown spot is induced by inoculation; DEF2 reduced yields by 9% which is similar to yield losses reported for naturally occurring brown spot. Yields of DEF2 exceeded yields of DEF1 because of differences in pod number in 1986 and seeds/pod in 1987. Controls out-yielded DEF2 because of differences in seeds/pod in 1986 and seed size in 1987. The proportion of the total yield contributed by pods found on the upper nodes averaged 76% and was not affected by defoliation.Key words: Glycine max, Septoria glycines, brown spot, leaf loss

Effect of Diseases on Soybean Yield in the Top Eight Producing Countries in 2006

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wrather ◽  
G. Shannon ◽  
R. Balardin ◽  
L. Carregal ◽  
R. Escobar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Systematic Field

The objective of this project was to compile estimates of yield loss in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] to diseases in the top eight soybean-producing countries in 2006. The purpose was to provide information needed by local and world agencies to allocate funds for research and to help scientists focus and coordinate research efforts. Methods used by plant pathologists to estimate yield loss to diseases in these countries included systematic field surveys, cultivar trials, diagnostic clinic records, personal observations, and questionnaires sent to crop consultants and extension staff. The 2006 harvest of soybeans in the top eight soybean-producing countries was reduced an estimated 59.9 million metric tonnes (t) by diseases according to results of the current study. Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, reduced yield in all these countries except Canada in 2006, and the total was more than any other. Next in decreasing order of total yield loss were soybean cyst nematode, brown spot, seedling diseases, anthracnose, and charcoal rot. Accepted for publication 27 October 2009. Published 25 January 2010.

scholarly journals Biotic Yield Losses in the Southern Amazon, Brazil: Making Use of Smartphone-Assisted Plant Disease Diagnosis Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna C. Hampf ◽  
Claas Nendel ◽  
Simone Strey ◽  
Robert Strey
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Automated Recognition ◽  
Study Results

Pathogens and animal pests (P&A) are a major threat to global food security as they directly affect the quantity and quality of food. The Southern Amazon, Brazil’s largest domestic region for soybean, maize and cotton production, is particularly vulnerable to the outbreak of P&A due to its (sub)tropical climate and intensive farming systems. However, little is known about the spatial distribution of P&A and the related yield losses. Machine learning approaches for the automated recognition of plant diseases can help to overcome this research gap. The main objectives of this study are to (1) evaluate the performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) in classifying P&A, (2) map the spatial distribution of P&A in the Southern Amazon, and (3) quantify perceived yield and economic losses for the main soybean and maize P&A. The objectives were addressed by making use of data collected with the smartphone application Plantix. The core of the app’s functioning is the automated recognition of plant diseases via ConvNets. Data on expected yield losses were gathered through a short survey included in an “expert” version of the application, which was distributed among agronomists. Between 2016 and 2020, Plantix users collected approximately 78,000 georeferenced P&A images in the Southern Amazon. The study results indicate a high performance of the trained ConvNets in classifying 420 different crop-disease combinations. Spatial distribution maps and expert-based yield loss estimates indicate that maize rust, bacterial stalk rot and the fall armyworm are among the most severe maize P&A, whereas soybean is mainly affected by P&A like anthracnose, downy mildew, frogeye leaf spot, stink bugs and brown spot. Perceived soybean and maize yield losses amount to 12 and 16%, respectively, resulting in annual yield losses of approximately 3.75 million tonnes for each crop and economic losses of US$2 billion for both crops together. The high level of accuracy of the trained ConvNets, when paired with widespread use from following a citizen-science approach, results in a data source that will shed new light on yield loss estimates, e.g., for the analysis of yield gaps and the development of measures to minimise them.

scholarly journals Pre-harvest field application of enhanced freshness formulation reduces yield loss in orange

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaspa Samwel ◽  
Theodosy Msogoya ◽  
Abdul Kudra ◽  
Hosea Dunstan Mtui ◽  
Anna Baltazari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Factorial Experiments ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Abstract Background Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) production in Tanzania is constrained by several pre-harvest factors that include pests. Hexanal, sprayed as Enhanced Freshness Formulation (EFF) is a relatively new technology that has been reported to reduce pre-harvest loss in fruits. However, the effects of hexanal on pre-harvest yield loss of orange are not known. We studied the effects of hexanal as EFF on yield losses of three sweet orange cultivars namely, Early Valencia, Jaffa, and Late Valencia. Factorial experiments tested the effects of EFF concentration, variety, and time of EFF application on number of dropped fruit, percentage of non-marketable fruit and incidence of pest damage. Results Results showed significant negative correlation (p < 0.001) between EFF and the percentage of dropped fruit, non-marketable yield, and incidence of pest damage. An increase in hexanal concentration by 1%, is expected to reduce number of dropped fruit by 50, percentage of non-marketable by 35.6, and incidences of pest damage by 36.5% keeping other factors constant. Results also show significant association (p < 0.001) between time of hexanal application and non-marketable yield. Percentage of dropped fruit is expected to increase by 1 for each day away from harvest, keeping other factors constant. Conclusion Pre-harvest application of hexanal as EFF can significantly reduce number of dropped fruits, percentage of non-marketable fruit and incidence of pest damage.

scholarly journals The impact of cultivar resistance and fungicide treatment on mycotoxin content in grain and yield losses caused by Fusarium head blight in wheat

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Šíp ◽  
J. Chrpová ◽  
O. Veškrna ◽  
L. Bobková
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Cultivar Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungicide Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Reactions to artificial infection with Fusarium graminearum isolates and a new fungicide Swing Top were studied in nine winter wheat cultivars evaluated in field experiments at two sites for three years for expression of symptoms, deoxynivalenol (DON) content in grain and grain yield. The results demonstrate a pronounced and relatively stable effect of cultivar resistance on reducing head blight, grain yield losses and contamination of grain by the mycotoxin DON. It is advantageous that the moderate level of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) was detected also in two commonly grown Czech cultivars Sakura and Simila. Average fungicide efficacy for DON was 49.5% and 63.9% for a reduction in yield loss, however, it was found highly variable in different years and sites. The joint effect of cultivar resistance and fungicide treatment was 86.5% for DON and even 95.4% for reducing the yield loss. A very high risk was documented for susceptible cultivars and also the effects of medium responsive cultivars were found to be highly variable in different environments and therefore not guaranteeing sufficient protection against FHB under different conditions.

scholarly journals Modeling the Competitive Effect of Euphorbia dracunculoides and Astragalus sp. in Zero Input Rainfed Chickpea

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. IKRAM ◽  
A. TANVEER ◽  
R. MAQBOOL ◽  
M.A. NADEEN
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Protein ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Seed Protein Content ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Competition Period ◽  
Crop Competition ◽  
Weed Removal

ABSTRACT: Brown chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the two chickpea types grown in Pakistan and other countries. The critical period for weed removal in a rainfed chickpea system is an important consideration in devising weed management strategies. Field experiments were conducted in the winter season of 2011 and 2012 to determine the extent of yield loss with different periods of weed crop competition. Seven weed crop competition periods (0, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 160 days after sowing - DAS) were used to identify the critical period for weed removal in rainfed chickpea. Experimental plots were naturally infested with Euphorbia dracunculoides and Astragalus sp. in both years. Individual, composite density and dry weights of E. dracunculoides and Astragalussp. increased significantly with an increase in the competition period. However, yield and yield-contributing traits of chickpea significantly decreased with an increase in the competition period. Chickpea seed yield loss was 11-53% in different weed crop competition periods. Euphorbia dracunculoides and Astragalus sp. removed 39.9 and 36.9 kg ha-1 of N, 9.61 and 7.27 kg ha-1 of P and 38.3 and 36.9 kg ha-1 of K, respectively. Season long weed competition (160 days after sowing) resulted in 19.5% seed protein content compared with 24.5% seed protein content in weed-free chickpea. A Logistic equation was fitted to yield data in response to increasing periods of weed crop competition. The critical timing of weed removal at 5 and 10% acceptable yield losses were 26 and 39 DAS, respectively. The observed critical period suggests that in rainfed chickpea, a carefully timed weed removal could prevent grain yield losses.

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