scholarly journals Shoot Blight of Lodgepole Pine Seedlings in Nebraska Caused by Sphaeropsis sapinea

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Stanosz ◽  
D. L. Kimbler
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
State College ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Sphaeropsis Sapinea

Shoot blight was observed on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loud.) seedlings in fall 1994 at the USDA Forest Service Bessey Tree Nursery, Halsey, NE. Shoots were stunted, cankered, and sometimes curled at the tips, and bore brown needles that often had been killed before full elongation. Pycnidia were present on necrotic needles and stems. Conidia from these pycnidia produced pure cultures of Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko & Sutton in Sutton. The fungus was identified based on cultural, pycnidial, and conidial characteristics and comparison with known isolates. Also, random amplified polymorphic DNA markers of isolates were consistent with those of the A morphotype of S. sapinea (1). The ability of each of the two recognized morphotypes of S. sapinea to cause shoot blight of lodgepole pine was tested by inoculation of potted, 2-year-old seedlings in a greenhouse. Elongating terminal shoots were wounded by removing a needle pair approximately 1 cm below the shoot apex. A plug cut from an actively growing culture on water agar (WA) was placed fungus-side-down on the wound. The two isolates used (128, A morphotype; and 124, B morphotype) are representative of larger collections of these two morphotypes for which aggressiveness has been compared (2). Noncolonized WA plugs were placed on similarly wounded control seedlings. Nonwounded control seedlings also were used. Parafilm was wrapped around the shoots to hold the agar plugs in place and was removed 1 week later. Each treatment was applied to 10 seedlings in each of five completely randomized replicates. After 4 weeks, the condition (living or dead) of shoot tips was recorded, and the length of necrotic stem (canker) below the point of inoculation was measured to the nearest 0.25 cm. Segments of shoots were harvested, surface sterilized, and incubated to determine the presence of the pathogen. Analyses of variance were performed with Minitab for Windows version 10.1 software (Minitab Inc., State College, PA). Seedlings inoculated with either morphotype developed symptoms resembling those observed in the nursery. Neither incidence of shoot tip death nor severity (as indicated by canker length) differed greatly according to isolate morphotype. The means for number of shoot tips killed by the A and B isolates were 8.8 and 6.4 (out of 10), respectively (P = 0.07). The means for lengths of cankers produced by the A and B isolates were 4.9 and 3.8 cm, respectively (P = 0.10). Among controls, only one wounded seedling developed any symptoms. The pathogen was identified on incubated shoot segments from inoculated seedlings, but not those of control seedlings. This is the first report of S. sapinea as a cause of shoot blight of lodgepole pine in the U.S., and it associates the A morphotype with damage observed in the Bessey nursery. Further, the ability of the B morphotype to cause disease of lodgepole pine is established. Results of inoculations contrast with those obtained with red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton) seedlings, on which the B morphotype was not aggressive (2). Susceptibility of lodgepole pine seedlings to both A and B morphotypes of S. sapinea, however, is similar to that exhibited by the related species, jack pine (P. banksiana Lamb.) (2). These species are classified in subsection “contortae” of the genus Pinus. Both morphotypes of S. sapinea should be considered as potential causes of shoot blight encountered on lodgepole pine. References: (1) G. R. Stanosz et al. Plant Dis. 80:1175, 1996. (2) J. T. Blodgett and G. R. Stanosz. Plant Dis. 81:143, 1997.

Soil nitrogen and lodgepole pine seedling responses to five years of legume cover

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Kranabetter ◽  
R. Trowbridge
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Total N ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Key Words Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Key Words Nitrogen

Legumes were tested for their ability to increase soil N content and improve growth of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) seedlings in west-central British Columbia. A trial with alsike clover at varying densities were tested at one site, while three legume species (alsike clover, birdsfoot trefoil, and white clover) were tested on a second site. After five years of legume cover, mineralizable N mass of the forest floor were 0.5 to 4.5 times those of controls. Total N of the forest floor more than doubled in the seeding density study compared with controls, but was insignificant in the multiple species study. Despite observed increases in soil nitrogen, lodgepole pine growth was not enhanced by the legume treatments. Factors such as N immobilization, root distribution, low S levels, and competition for B may have limited the response of lodgepole pine seedlings to additions of biologically fixed-N. Key words: nitrogen-fixation, legumes, lodgepole pine, soil nitrogen

Biotrophic associations between lodgepole pine seedlings and postfire ascomycetes (Pezizales) in monoxenic culture

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2719-2725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith N. Egger ◽  
J. W. Paden
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Vascular Cylinder ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Monoxenic Culture ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Sphaerosporella Brunnea ◽  
Pathogenic Infection

Twenty-two species of postfire ascomycetes belonging to the order Pezizales were screened for biotrophic interactions with roots of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.). Biotrophic associations ranged from pathogenicity to mycorrhizal symbiosis, but most species tested did not show any affinity for roots. Pyropyxis rubra (Peck) Egger and Rhizina undulata Fr. were aggressive pathogens that infected the vascular cylinder and killed the seedlings. Tricharina praecox (Karst.) Dennis var. intermedia Egger, Yang & Korf also had some ability to infect the vascular cylinder, but usually did not kill the seedlings. Geopyxis carbonaria (A. & S.) Sacc. and Trichophaea hemisphaerioides (Mont.) Graddon invaded the cortex, forming complex intracellular structures, but did not penetrate the vascular cylinder. They may form mutualistic associations under certain conditions. The only confirmed mutualistic species was Sphaerosporella brunnea (A. & S.) Svrcek & Kubicka, which formed ectendomycorrhizae. Anthracobia maurilabra (Cooke) Boud. and A. tristis (Bomm., Rouss. & Sacc.) Boud. appear to be primarily root-surface inhabitants with limited capacity to infect cortical tissues through breaks in the epidermis. Gyromitra infula (Schaef.) Quél. penetrated the epidermis but was unable to overcome host defences against pathogenic infection.

scholarly journals Interaction Between Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata in Red and Jack Pine Seedlings

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Santamaría ◽  
D. R. Smith ◽  
G. R. Stanosz
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Inoculation Site ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Sphaeropsis Sapinea ◽  
Stem Cankers

Sphaeropsis sapinea sensu lato is a conifer fungal pathogen that causes shoot blight and stem cankers. Recently, the former S. sapinea has been divided into two species, Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata. The aims of the study were to determine the contribution of each species in disease development on red and jack pines by means of co-inoculations and molecular identifications, and to evaluate how the presence of each species affects the development and aggressiveness of the other. Symptom severity (distance below the inoculation site at which necrotic needles were observed) and identification length (the maximum distance from inoculation site from which either D. pinea or D. scrobiculata was identified using molecular methods) were recorded 4 weeks after inoculating wounded seedlings with agar plugs colonized by these pathogens. The results suggested that D. pinea was much more aggressive on both hosts than D. scrobiculata. When a seedling was co-inoculated with these pathogens, the symptom development appeared to be mainly due to D. pinea. The presence of D. pinea also interfered with the establishment of D. scrobiculata in the plant tissue. However, D. scrobiculata showed antagonism toward D. pinea. When both pathogens co-occurred in a single seedling, symptom severity caused by D. pinea was less than when D. pinea alone was present.

Root growth of containerized lodgepole pine seedlings in response to Ascophyllum nodosum extract application during nursery culture

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne E. MacDonald ◽  
Jen Hacking ◽  
Yuhui Weng ◽  
Jeff Norrie
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Marine Alga ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Ascophyllum Nodosum ◽  
Control Applications ◽  
Nursery Culture ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Spring Planting

MacDonald, J. E., Hacking, J., Weng, Y. and Norrie, J. 2012. Root growth of containerized lodgepole pine seedlings in response to Ascophyllum nodosum extract application during nursery culture. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1207–1212. Vigorous root growth immediately after spring planting is crucial to ensure a well-developed root system before the occurrence of drought events associated with climate change. The objective of this study was to enhance spring root growth of containerized lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) seedlings. Seedling culture began in April. In September, seedlings were root drenched with an extract of the brown marine alga Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis in finisher fertilizer at rates of 1:750, 1:500, and 1:250. Finisher fertilizer alone served as control. Applications were made three or six times. Seedling culture continued until lifting in December, and then seedlings were freezer stored. Frequency of application had no effect on root growth, whereas rate of application had a significant effect. Compared with control, the 1:750, 1:500, and 1:250 rates significantly reduced total length of the root system in mid October. After overwintering and growing under favorable environmental conditions for 21 d, the 1:500 rate significantly increased the total number of white roots, as well as the number of both short and long white roots. These results suggest that application of Ascophyllum nodosum extract may be a valuable nursery practice to increase spring root growth, thereby enhancing drought resistance.

scholarly journals Lodgepole Pine and White Spruce Establishment After Glyphosate and Fertilizer Treatments of Grassy Cutover Forest Land.

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Blackmore ◽  
Wm. G. Corns
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Calamagrostis Canadensis ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
One Year ◽  
Spring Planting

Perennial herbaceous vegetation, mainly marsh reed grass, (Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx) Beauv.), was sprayed with glyphosate on the day before planting one-year-old plugs of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) on cutover forest land north of Edson, Alberta. Spraying at 4.5 kg ai/ha, included spot and strip applications in June 1976, compared with unsprayed scalps and controls. At the same time, all treatments were repeated plus a 9 g, 22-8-2 fertilizer tablet for each seedling. Another experiment at the same site, begun on August 1, 1976, compared scalp, unfertilized control and glyphosate strip treatments, followed by planting of pine seedlings the day after spraying 4.5 kg ai/ha glyphosate. An adjacent experiment, also commenced on August 1, included dosages of 1.1 to 5.6 kg ai/ha with planting of pine seedlings in 4.5 kg/ha and in control plots in May 1977. August application of 2.2 kg/ha provided excellent initial vegetation control, as effective as the larger amounts applied at that time, and was superior during the first 12 months to 4.5 kg/ha applied in June. Twenty-six months after the spring planting new shoot growth of fertilized pine in the glyphosate strips was statistically significantly greater than that for all other treatments and growth in fertilized scalps was also very good. At the same time leader growth of spruce in fertilized scalps was significantly greater than that for other treatments but growth in glyphosate strips did not exceed that of unfertilized controls. Contrary to results of spring planting, there was marked injury and mortality of pine planted in August in glyphosate plots which had been sprayed on the preceding day. Seedlings planted in glyphosate-treated strips nine months after the August spraying exceeded the growth of control plants but not until the year after they were planted.

RHIZOSPHERE EFFECT OF HEALTHY AND DISEASED LODGEPOLE PINE SEEDLINGS

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Timonin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Rhizosphere Effect ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Comparative studies of the rhizosphere of healthy and diseased lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) seedlings revealed a definite rhizosphere effect. Higher counts of bacteria and fungi were found in the rhizosphere of diseased seedlings whereas the incidence of sporeforming bacteria antagonistic to Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Sm.) Sacc. and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn was nearly six times greater in the rhizosphere of healthy seedlings than in that of diseased seedlings. Species of Aspergillus, Phoma, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Rhizopus were isolated only from the rhizosphere of diseased seedlings; Alternaria, Cephalosporium, Metarrhizium, Spicaria, and Tilachlidium were isolated only from the rhizosphere of healthy seedlings. Aspergillus restrictus, A. fumigatus, Cylindrocarpon olidum, and Botryosporium sp. proved to be pathogenic to lodgepole pine seedlings. These results are discussed in relation to the microbial population in the rhizosphere of a variety of cultivated plants resistant and susceptible to soil-borne pathogens.

scholarly journals SUGARS, RELATIVE WATER CONTENT, AND GROWTH AFTER PLANTING OF DORMANT LODGEPOLE PINE SEEDLINGS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAROLD M. ETTER ◽  
L. W. CARLSON
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Sugar Transport ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Relative Water

Dormant 3-yr-old lodgepole pine seedlings (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) were stored for 3–4 mo in air-tight plastic bags at 2 ± 1 C in the dark. Groups of 40–50 seedlings were removed from storage and grown in a greenhouse for 5 wk. Needle and root samples were taken at the time of planting and 5 wk later to determine their relative water content (RWC) and sugar contents. The upper needles had a 3–10% higher RWC than the lower needles. Comparisons between actively growing versus nonactive classes of seedlings demonstrated that new root growth after planting was not related to the hydration of the needles at the time of planting. Contents of free sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, stachyose, raffinose, galactose, and xylose), starch, and pectic sugars (arabinose, galactose, xylose, and mannose) were all reduced during the 5-wk growth period. Differences in subsequent root activity were not related to differences in root sugar contents at planting; however, sucrose content in actively growing root systems was significantly higher than in roots with no new growth 5 wk after planting. The supply of sucrose from the shoot after planting appeared to be associated with the occurrence of new root growth in stored lodgepole pine seedlings. Damage during storage to photosynthetic or sugar transport systems in the shoot may have caused inadequate export of sucrose to the root system after planting, which in turn reduced the root regeneration capacity.

Ectomycorrhizas of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) seedlings originating from seed in southwestern Alberta cut blocks

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Fungal Associates ◽  
One Year

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) seedlings, originating from seed in three southwestern Alberta cut blocks, were sampled to identify their ectomycorrhizal associates. Fourteen ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified, 10 were common to all three cut blocks, and 12 to two cut blocks. Individual seedlings were colonized by two fungal associates on average and never had more than six fungal associates at one sampling time. Total percent colonization of seedling roots was greater than 50% one year after seed germination and greater than 90% two years after seed germination. Species richness increased throughout the course of the study; however, all but two ectomycorrhizal taxa were found in mature forests nearby. Typical late-stage ectomycorrhizal fungi colonized regenerating lodgepole pine seedlings in the absence of refuge host plants; therefore, either these fungi remained viable in situ between harvesting and regeneration or they migrated back into the cut block once revegetation was initiated.Key words: lodgepole pine seedlings, ectomycorrhiza, percent relative abundance, Alberta cut blocks.

scholarly journals Shoot Blight Caused by Diplodia pinea on Afghan and Austrian Pines in Texas

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 1056-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ong ◽  
S. Hill ◽  
D. R. Smith ◽  
G. R. Stanosz
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Specific Pcr Assay ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Hyphal Tip

Shoot blight was observed on ornamental Afghan (Pinus eldarica) and Austrian pines (P. nigra) at several sites in metropolitan Dallas, TX in the summer of 2005. Shoots were stunted, cankered, often resinous, sometimes curled or crooked at the tips, and bore brown needles that often had been killed before full elongation. Pycnidia on necrotic needles, stems, and cones of each host species yielded conidia characteristic of the fungus Diplodia pinea. Individual conidia and hyphal tip transfers produced pure cultures confirmed as D. pinea using a species-specific PCR assay (1), which allows differentiation from the similar pine shoot blight pathogen D. scrobiculata. Five isolates (three from Afghan pine and two from Austrian pine) were tested for pathogenicity by inoculation of potted 1-year-old Afghan pine seedlings obtained from the Texas Forest Service Nursery. Elongating terminal shoots were wounded by removing a needle pair approximately 2 cm below the shoot apex. A 4-mm-diameter plug cut from an actively growing culture on water agar (WA) was placed fungus side down on the wound. Noncolonized WA plugs were placed on similarly wounded control seedlings. Nonwounded control seedlings also were used. Parafilm was wrapped around the shoots to hold the agar plugs in place and was removed 2 weeks later. Each treatment was applied to four seedlings. Five weeks after inoculation, 9 of the 20 inoculated seedlings (including at least one inoculated with each isolate) exhibited dieback of shoot tips. One wounded control seedling exhibited slight tip dieback, no other nonwounded or wounded control seedlings developed symptoms. Segments of shoots were harvested, surface disinfested, and incubated on WA to determine the presence of the pathogen. The pathogen was reisolated from 11 of the 20 inoculated seedlings but not from any control seedlings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. pinea as a cause of shoot blight of Afghan pine and the first substantiated report of the occurrence of D. pinea in Texas. Although widely distributed in much of eastern North America, reports of the presence of D. pinea in the other southern gulf coast states of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, as well as the western states of Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, are lacking. Reference: (1) D. R. Smith and G. R. Stanosz. Plant Dis. 90:307, 2006.

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