Aggressiveness and mycotoxin production by Fusarium meridionale compared with F. graminearum on maize ears and stalks in the field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Jackson Machado ◽  
Aline Vieira Barros ◽  
Nicole McMaster ◽  
David Schmale ◽  
Lisa J. Vaillancourt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Disease Cycle ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
The Individual

Fusarium meridionale and F. graminearum both cause Gibberella ear (GER) and stalk rot (GSR) of maize in Brazil, but the former is much more common. Recent work with two isolates of each from maize suggested this dominance could be due to greater aggressiveness and competitiveness of F. meridionale on maize. We evaluated pathogenicity and toxigenicity of 16 isolates of F. graminearum and 24 isolates of F. meridionale recovered from both wheat and maize. Strains were individually inoculated into ears of four maize hybrids in field trials. GER severity varied significantly among isolates within each species. Although ranges overlapped, the average GER severity induced by F. meridionale (25.2%) was two times higher overall than F. graminearum (12.8%) for isolates obtained from maize, but similar for those isolated from wheat (19.9 and 21.4% respectively). In contrast, severity of GSR was slightly higher for F. graminearum (22.2%) versus F. meridionale (19.8%), with no effect of the host of origin. Deoxynivalenol and its acetylated form 15ADON were the main mycotoxins produced by F. graminearum (7/16 strains), while nivalenol toxin was produced by F. meridionale (17/24 strains). Six isolates of F. graminearum and three of F. meridionale also produced zearalenone. Results confirmed that F. meridionale from maize is, on average, more aggressive on maize, but also suggested greater complexity related to diversity among the individual isolates within each species and their interactions with different hybrids. Further studies involving other components of the disease cycle are needed to more fully explain observed patterns of host dominance

scholarly journals Gibberella ear and stalk rot caused by Fusarium meridionale and F. graminearum: aggressiveness and mycotoxin production in the field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Jackson Machado ◽  
Aline Vieira de Barros ◽  
Nicole McMaster ◽  
David G. Schmale ◽  
Lisa J. Vaillancourt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Disease Cycle ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Stalk Rot

Gibberella ear (GER) and stalk rot (GSR) of maize in Brazil are caused mainly by Fusarium meridionale, while F. graminearum is the more common cause of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) on wheat. Our previous study of two maize isolates of each species suggested that this pattern of dominance may be due to greater aggressiveness and competitiveness of F. meridionale on maize. Here we have evaluated pathogenicity and toxigenicity of 16 isolates of F. graminearum and 24 isolates of F. meridionale recovered from both wheat and maize. Strains were individually inoculated into ears of four maize hybrids in field trials. GER severity varied significantly among isolates within each species. Although ranges overlapped, average GER severity induced by F. meridionale (13.9%) was two times higher than F. graminearum (7.2%) for isolates obtained from maize, but similar for those isolated from wheat (11.8 and 10.6% respectively). In contrast, severity of GSR was slightly numerically higher for F. graminearum (18.4%) versus F. meridionale (16.1%), with no effect of host of origin. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated form 15ADON were the main mycotoxins produced by F. graminearum (7/16 strains), while nivalenol (NIV) was the only toxin produced by F. meridionale (17/24 strains). Six isolates of F. graminearum also produced zearalenone. Results confirm that F. meridionale from maize is, on average, more aggressive on maize, but suggest greater complexity related to diversity among individual isolates within each species. Further studies involving other components of the disease cycle may help to more fully explain the observed pattern of host dominance.

The Crisis of Becoming-Nature in Howard Barker’s Recent Dramas

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-114
Author(s):  
Karoline Gritzner
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
The Self ◽  
Love Relationships ◽  
Late Style ◽  
Life Force ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis article discusses how in Howard Barker’s recent work the idea of the subject’s crisis hinges on the introduction of an impersonal or transpersonal life force that persists beyond human agency. The article considers Barker’s metaphorical treatment of the images of land and stone and their interrelationship with the human body, where the notion of subjective crisis results from an awareness of objective forces that transcend the self. In “Immense Kiss” (2018) and “Critique of Pure Feeling” (2018), the idea of crisis, whilst still dominant, seems to lose its intermittent character of singular rupture and reveals itself as a permanent force of dissolution and reification. In these plays, the evocation of nonhuman nature in the love relationships between young men and elderly women affirms the existence of something that goes beyond the individual, which Barker approaches with a late-style poetic sensibility.

Two Models of Pluralism and Tolerance

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Kymlicka
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Group Rights ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Pluralism

AbstractIn his most recent work, John Rawls argues that political theory must recognize and accomodate the ‘fact of pluralism’, including the fact of religious diversity. He believes that the liberal commitment to individual rights provides the only feasible model for accomodating religious pluralism. In the paper, I discuss a second form of tolerance, based on group rights rather than individual rights. Drawing on historical examples, I argue that this is is also a feasible model for accomodating religious pluralism. While both models ensure tolerance between groups, only the former tolerates individual dissent within groups. To defend the individual rights model, therefore, liberals must appeal not only to the fact of social pluralism, but also to the value of individual autonomy. This may require abandoning Rawls’s belief that liberalism can and should be defended on purely ‘political’, rather than ‘comprehensive’ grounds.

scholarly journals The tolerogenic interplay(s) among HLA-G, myeloid APCs, and regulatory cells

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (25) ◽  
pp. 6499-6505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgardo D. Carosella ◽  
Silvia Gregori ◽  
Joel LeMaoult
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Regulatory Cells ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Abstract Myeloid antigen-presenting cells (APCs), regulatory cells, and the HLA-G molecule are involved in modulating immune responses and promoting tolerance. APCs are known to induce regulatory cells and to express HLA-G as well as 2 of its receptors; regulatory T cells can express and act through HLA-G; and HLA-G has been directly involved in the generation of regulatory cells. Thus, interplay(s) among HLA-G, APCs, and regulatory cells can be easily envisaged. However, despite a large body of evidence on the tolerogenic properties of HLA-G, APCs, and regulatory cells, little is known on how these tolerogenic players cooperate. In this review, we first focus on key aspects of the individual relationships between HLA-G, myeloid APCs, and regulatory cells. In its second part, we highlight recent work that gathers individual effects and demonstrates how intertwined the HLA-G/myeloid APCs/regulatory cell relationship is.

scholarly journals Characterization of Antagonistic Bacillus methylotrophicus Isolated From Rhizosphere and Its Biocontrol Effects on Maize Stalk Rot

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingkai Cheng ◽  
Xiaoxue Ji ◽  
Yanzhen Ge ◽  
Jingjing Li ◽  
Wenzhe Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Bacillus Methylotrophicus ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Potential Biocontrol Agent

Stalk rot is one of the most serious and widespread diseases in maize, and effective control measures are currently lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a new biological agent to manage this disease. An antagonistic bacterial strain, TA-1, was isolated from rhizosphere soil and identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus based on morphological and biochemical characterization and 16S ribosomal RNA and gyrB gene sequence analyses. TA-1 exhibited a strong antifungal effect on the growth of Fusarium graminearum mycelium, with 86.3% inhibition at a concentration of 108 CFU per ml. Transmission electron microscopy showed that TA-1 could disrupt the cellular structure of the fungus, induce necrosis, and degrade the cell wall. Greenhouse and field trials were performed to evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of TA-1 on maize stalk rot, and the results of greenhouse experiment revealed that the bacterium significantly reduced disease incidence and disease index. Seeds treated with a 108 CFU ml−1 cell suspension had the highest disease suppression at 86.8%. Results of field trials show that seed bacterization with TA-1 could not only reduce maize stalk rot incidence but also increase maize height, stem diameter, and grain yield. The lipopeptide antibiotics were isolated from the culture supernatants of TA-1 and identified as surfactins and iturins. Consequently, B. methylotrophicus TA-1 is a potential biocontrol agent against maize stalk rot.

scholarly journals One for All: Neural Joint Modeling of Entities and Events

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 6851-6858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trung Minh Nguyen ◽  
Thien Huu Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Joint Modeling ◽  
Event Extraction ◽  
Event Trigger ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Novel Model ◽  
Argument Roles

The previous work for event extraction has mainly focused on the predictions for event triggers and argument roles, treating entity mentions as being provided by human annotators. This is unrealistic as entity mentions are usually predicted by some existing toolkits whose errors might be propagated to the event trigger and argument role recognition. Few of the recent work has addressed this problem by jointly predicting entity mentions, event triggers and arguments. However, such work is limited to using discrete engineering features to represent contextual information for the individual tasks and their interactions. In this work, we propose a novel model to jointly perform predictions for entity mentions, event triggers and arguments based on the shared hidden representations from deep learning. The experiments demonstrate the benefits of the proposed method, leading to the state-of-the-art performance for event extraction.

scholarly journals Improving a pest management tool for scenario analysis of economic populations of Globodera pallida

Nematology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ann-Kristin Koehler ◽  
Christopher A. Bell ◽  
Matthew A. Back ◽  
Peter E. Urwin ◽  
Howard J. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Scenario Analysis ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Annual Decline

Summary Globodera pallida is the most damaging pest of potato in the UK. This work underpins enhancement of a well-established, web-based scenario analysis tool for its management by recommending additions and modifications of its required inputs and a change in the basis of yield loss estimates. The required annual decline rate of the dormant egg population is determined at the individual field sample level to help define the required rotation length by comparing the viable egg content of recovered cysts to that of newly formed cysts for the same projected area. The mean annual decline was 20.4 ± 1.4% but ranged from 4.0 to 39.7% annum−1 at the field level. Further changes were based on meta-analysis of previous field trials. Spring rainfall in the region where a field is located and cultivar tolerance influence yield loss. Tolerance has proved difficult to define for many UK potato cultivars in field trials but uncertainty can be avoided without detriment by replacing it with determinacy integers. They are already determined to support optimisation of nitrogen application rates. Multiple linear regression estimates that loss caused by pre-plant populations of up to 20 viable eggs (g soil)−1 varies from ca 0.2 to 2.0% (viable egg)−1 (g soil)−1 depending on cultivar determinacy and spring rainfall. Reliability of the outcomes from scenario analysis requires validation in field trials with population densities over which planting is advisable.

INVESTIGATION OF HORMETIC STIMULATION IN STRAWBERRY PLANTS USING IONIZING RADIATION

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1181-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. SHEPPARD ◽  
C. L. GIBB ◽  
J. L. HAWKINS ◽  
W. R. REMPHREY
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Stimulation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stimulation Of

Hormesis is the stimulation of growth by very low levels of inhibitors or stressors. This phenomenon may be useful in crops where the usual cultural factors have been optimized. The literature indicates that substantial stimulation of early growth of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) could be achieved by exposing transplants to low doses of ionizing radiation. Experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness and reliability of X rays as a hormetic agent. Plants of a day-neutral cultivar Hecker and of a June-bearing cultivar Glooscap were irradiated at 0.5–16 Gy and planted in pots. The plants were grown outdoors and growth was recorded each week. Significant stimulation above the controls in the number of trifoliate leaves occurred in the day-neutral cultivar. This effect persisted until the first phase of fruiting. No significant stimulatory effects were observed at any time in the June-bearing cultivar. Two field trials with a June-bearing cultivar Redcoat, irradiated at doses of 0.5 and 2 Gy, also revealed no significant stimulation. The dominant factor regulating early growth was the size of the individual transplants. Therefore, although hormetic stimulation may occur, it will be difficult to quantify and optimize and it will not likely be useful for practical application.Key words: X ray, transplant, day-neutral, June-bearing

2.4 Performance Monitoring of Animals, Using On-line Computers

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. B. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Animal Handling

Increasing importance is being put on quality control of livestock both from performance and marketing aspects. The breeding of superior stock relies heavily on progeny testing, first in small numbers and later in larger scale field trials. With commercial stock, emphasis is placed on the food conversion efficiency; health of the individual, flock or herd; the market requirement and the likely date of attaining market readiness. All these factors rely heavily on close monitoring of the performance of the stock. However, with increasing pressures for shorter working hours and greater responsibilities per employee, close monitoring is likely to diminish rather than increase, unless modern technology comes to the aid of the producer. Already, electronics have been making inroads in this area. The advantages of using electronics for animal weighing were first demonstrated in the early 70's (Smith and Turner, 1974). Interest has been slow to build up but now most farmers and manufacturers recognize the potential. However, despite using electronic weight indication, the process of animal weighing remains a manual operation involving at least one man, more often two or three. Despite advances in animal handling procedures, in most manual weighing exercises there is always a risk of injury to both stock and men. A system of weighing which removes this risk and reduces stress on the animal would be welcomed by the producer. Electronic aids for milk yield recording and egg production have also been under development for some years (Burgess, 1980; Anon., 1980) but will not be dealt with here. This paper will deal solely with the prospects for fully automatic weight recording of live animals and describe some of the results of work conducted by the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering at Silsoe.

Governmentality and Language

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Urla
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Language Ideologies ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Language Planning ◽  
Linguistic Anthropology ◽  
Communicative Practices ◽  
Neoliberal Governmentality ◽  
The Individual

This article reviews how the analytics of governmentality have been taken up by scholars in linguistic anthropology, sociolinguistics, and applied linguistics. It explores the distinctive logics of “linguistic governmentality” understood as techniques and forms of expertise that seek to govern, guide, and shape (rather than force) linguistic conduct and subjectivity at the level of the population or the individual. Governmentality brings new perspectives to the study of language ideologies and practices informing modernist and neoliberal language planning and policies, the technologies of knowledge they generate, and the contestations that surround them. Recent work in this vein is deepening our understanding of “language”—understood as an array of verbal and nonverbal communicative practices—as a medium through which neoliberal governmentality is exercised. The article concludes by considering how a critical sociolinguistics of governmentality can address some shortcomings in the study of governmentality and advance the study of language, power, and inequality.

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