scholarly journals Plant Virus Metagenomics: Advances in Virus Discovery

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn J. Roossinck ◽  
Darren P. Martin ◽  
Philippe Roumagnac
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Deep Sequencing ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Virus Discovery ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Virus Like Particles

In recent years plant viruses have been detected from many environments, including domestic and wild plants and interfaces between these systems—aquatic sources, feces of various animals, and insects. A variety of methods have been employed to study plant virus biodiversity, including enrichment for virus-like particles or virus-specific RNA or DNA, or the extraction of total nucleic acids, followed by next-generation deep sequencing and bioinformatic analyses. All of the methods have some shortcomings, but taken together these studies reveal our surprising lack of knowledge about plant viruses and point to the need for more comprehensive studies. In addition, many new viruses have been discovered, with most virus infections in wild plants appearing asymptomatic, suggesting that virus disease may be a byproduct of domestication. For plant pathologists these studies are providing useful tools to detect viruses, and perhaps to predict future problems that could threaten cultivated plants.

scholarly journals Detection of Viruses in Sweetpotato from Honduras and Guatemala Augmented by Deep-Sequencing of Small-RNAs

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 1430-1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kashif ◽  
S. Pietilä ◽  
K. Artola ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
A. K. Tugume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Virus Strain ◽  
Deep Sequencing ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Potato Leaf ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Virus C ◽  
Small Rna Deep Sequencing

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) plants become infected with over 30 RNA or DNA viruses in different parts of the world but little is known about viruses infecting sweetpotato crops in Central America, the center of sweetpotato domestication. Small-RNA deep-sequencing (SRDS) analysis was used to detect viruses in sweetpotato in Honduras and Guatemala, which detected Sweet potato feathery mottle virus strain RC and Sweet potato virus C (Potyvirus spp.), Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus strain WA (SPCSV-WA; Crinivirus sp.), Sweet potato leaf curl Georgia virus (Begomovirus sp.), and Sweet potato pakakuy virus strain B (synonym: Sweet potato badnavirus B). Results were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the amplicons. Four viruses were detected in a sweetpotato sample from the Galapagos Islands. Serological assays available to two of the five viruses gave results consistent with those obtained by SRDS, and were negative for six additional sweetpotato viruses tested. Plants coinfected with SPCSV-WA and one to two other viruses displayed severe foliar symptoms of epinasty and leaf malformation, purpling, vein banding, or chlorosis. The results suggest that SRDS is suitable for use as a universal, robust, and reliable method for detection of plant viruses, and especially useful for determining virus infections in crops infected with a wide range of unrelated viruses.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Use of Plant Virus-Like Particles as Vaccines

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Balke ◽  
Andris Zeltins
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anticancer Vaccines ◽  
Effective Public Health ◽  
Near Future

Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions of the 20th century. All vaccines can be classified into different types, such as vaccines against infectious diseases, anticancer vaccines and vaccines against autoimmune diseases. In recent decades, recombinant technologies have enabled the design of experimental vaccines against a wide range of diseases using plant viruses and virus-like particles as central elements to stimulate protective and long-lasting immune responses. The analysis of recent publications shows that at least 97 experimental vaccines have been constructed based on plant viruses, including 71 vaccines against infectious agents, 16 anticancer vaccines and 10 therapeutic vaccines against autoimmune disorders. Several plant viruses have already been used for the development of vaccine platforms and have been tested in human and veterinary studies, suggesting that plant virus-based vaccines will be introduced into clinical and veterinary practice in the near future.

Life on the Edge: Geminiviruses at the Interface Between Crops and Wild Plant Hosts

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 411-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando García-Arenal ◽  
Francisco Murilo Zerbini
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Virus Emergence

Viruses constitute the largest group of emerging pathogens, and geminiviruses (plant viruses with circular, single-stranded DNA genomes) are the major group of emerging plant viruses. With their high potential for genetic variation due to mutation and recombination, their efficient spread by vectors, and their wide host range as a group, including both wild and cultivated hosts, geminiviruses are attractive models for the study of the evolutionary and ecological factors driving virus emergence. Studies on the epidemiological features of geminivirus diseases have traditionally focused primarily on crop plants. Nevertheless, knowledge of geminivirus infection in wild plants, and especially at the interface between wild and cultivated plants, is necessary to provide a complete view of their ecology, evolution, and emergence. In this review, we address the most relevant aspects of geminivirus variability and evolution in wild and crop plants and geminiviruses’ potential to emerge in crops.

scholarly journals Plant Virus Epidemiology: Applications and Prospects for Mathematical Modeling and Analysis to Improve Understanding and Disease Control

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 837-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Jeger ◽  
L. V. Madden ◽  
F. van den Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Disease Epidemics

In recent years, mathematical modeling has increasingly been used to complement experimental and observational studies of biological phenomena across different levels of organization. In this article, we consider the contribution of mathematical models developed using a wide range of techniques and uses to the study of plant virus disease epidemics. Our emphasis is on the extent to which models have contributed to answering biological questions and indeed raised questions related to the epidemiology and ecology of plant viruses and the diseases caused. In some cases, models have led to direct applications in disease control, but arguably their impact is better judged through their influence in guiding research direction and improving understanding across the characteristic spatiotemporal scales of plant virus epidemics. We restrict this article to plant virus diseases for reasons of length and to maintain focus even though we recognize that modeling has played a major and perhaps greater part in the epidemiology of other plant pathogen taxa, including vector-borne bacteria and phytoplasmas.

scholarly journals The Epidemiology of Plant Virus Disease: Towards a New Synthesis

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1768
Author(s):  
Michael J. Jeger
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Virus Research

Epidemiology is the science of how disease develops in populations, with applications in human, animal and plant diseases. For plant diseases, epidemiology has developed as a quantitative science with the aims of describing, understanding and predicting epidemics, and intervening to mitigate their consequences in plant populations. Although the central focus of epidemiology is at the population level, it is often necessary to recognise the system hierarchies present by scaling down to the individual plant/cellular level and scaling up to the community/landscape level. This is particularly important for diseases caused by plant viruses, which in most cases are transmitted by arthropod vectors. This leads to range of virus-plant, virus-vector and vector-plant interactions giving a distinctive character to plant virus epidemiology (whilst recognising that some fungal, oomycete and bacterial pathogens are also vector-borne). These interactions have epidemiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences with implications for agronomic practices, pest and disease management, host resistance deployment, and the health of wild plant communities. Over the last two decades, there have been attempts to bring together these differing standpoints into a new synthesis, although this is more apparent for evolutionary and ecological approaches, perhaps reflecting the greater emphasis on shorter often annual time scales in epidemiological studies. It is argued here that incorporating an epidemiological perspective, specifically quantitative, into this developing synthesis will lead to new directions in plant virus research and disease management. This synthesis can serve to further consolidate and transform epidemiology as a key element in plant virus research.

scholarly journals Turnip crinkle virus targets host ATG8 proteins to attenuate antiviral autophagy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aayushi Shukla ◽  
Gesa Hoffmann ◽  
Daniel Hofius ◽  
Anders Hafren
Keyword(s):  
Viral Protein ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Turnip Crinkle Virus ◽  
Specific Adaptation ◽  
Autophagy Pathway ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Plant Virus Disease

Autophagy has emerged as a central player in plant virus disease and resistance. In this study we have addressed potential roles of autophagy in Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) infection. We find that compromised autophagy results in severe disease upon TCV infection, a phenomenon observed earlier for several other viruses as well. We also identified that autophagy provides resistance against TCV by limiting virus accumulation, but the exact mechanism driving this is currently unclear. However, as a viral counter-mechanism, our results reveal that the viral protein P38 can suppress autophagy, likely by sequestering ATG8s. This is a novel strategy for plant viruses, while it has been identified for other pathogen classes. Together, these results broaden our understanding of autophagy in plant virus disease, and strengthens our view of virus-specific adaptation to the autophagy pathway.

scholarly journals Field Application of Nanoliposomes Delivered Quercetin by Inhibiting Specific hsp70 Gene Expression Against Plant Virus Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Kaiqiang Hao ◽  
Fangfei Yu ◽  
Lili Shen ◽  
Fenglong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Stability Limit ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Control Efficiency

Abstract The annual economic loss caused by plant viruses exceeds 10 billion dollars due to the lack of ideal control measures. Quercetin is a flavonol compound that exerts a control effect on plant virus diseases, but its poor solubility and stability limit the control efficiency. Fortunately, the development of nanopesticides has led to new ideas. In this study, 117 nm quercetin nanoliposomes with excellent stability were prepared from biomaterials, and few surfactants and stabilizers were added to optimize the formula. Nbhsp70er-1 and Nbhsp70c-A were found to be the target genes of quercetin, through abiotic and biotic stress, and the nanoliposomes improved the inhibitory effect at the gene and protein levels by 33.6% and 42%, respectively. Finally, the results of field experiment showed that the control efficiency was 38% higher than that of the conventional quercetin formulation and higher than those of other antiviral agents. This research is the first to report the combination of biological antiviral agents and nanotechnology to control plant virus diseases, and it significantly improved the control efficiency and reduced the use of traditional chemical pesticides.

The importance of wild plants in the ecology of nematode-transmitted plant viruses

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Murant
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Soil Organism ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Free Living Nematode

The first convincing evidence implicating a specific soil organism in the transmission of a plant virus was not obtained until 1958. The vector concerned was a free-living nematode. Since then a number of soil-borne viruses have been shown to be transmitted by nematodes. Host plants, particularly wild plants, play an important part in the ecology of these viruses and their vectors.

scholarly journals Field application of nanoliposomes delivered quercetin by inhibiting specific hsp70 gene expression against plant virus disease

2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Kaiqiang Hao ◽  
Fangfei Yu ◽  
Lili Shen ◽  
Fenglong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Stability Limit ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Control Efficiency

Abstract Background The annual economic loss caused by plant viruses exceeds 10 billion dollars due to the lack of ideal control measures. Quercetin is a flavonol compound that exerts a control effect on plant virus diseases, but its poor solubility and stability limit the control efficiency. Fortunately, the development of nanopesticides has led to new ideas. Results In this study, 117 nm quercetin nanoliposomes with excellent stability were prepared from biomaterials, and few surfactants and stabilizers were added to optimize the formula. Nbhsp70er-1 and Nbhsp70c-A were found to be the target genes of quercetin, through abiotic and biotic stress, and the nanoliposomes improved the inhibitory effect at the gene and protein levels by 33.6 and 42%, respectively. Finally, the results of field experiment showed that the control efficiency was 38% higher than that of the conventional quercetin formulation and higher than those of other antiviral agents. Conclusion This research innovatively reports the combination of biological antiviral agents and nanotechnology to control plant virus diseases, and it significantly improved the control efficiency and reduced the use of traditional chemical pesticides. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Comparing patterns and scales of plant virus phylogeography: Rice yellow mottle virus in Madagascar and in continental Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mbolarinosy Rakotomalala ◽  
Bram Vrancken ◽  
Agnès Pinel-Galzi ◽  
Perle Ramavovololona ◽  
Eugénie Hébrard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Rice Yellow Mottle Virus ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Yellow Mottle

Abstract Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in Madagascar Island provides an opportunity to study the spread of a plant virus disease after a relatively recent introduction in a large and isolated country with a heterogeneous host landscape ecology. Here, we take advantage of field survey data on the occurrence of RYMV disease throughout Madagascar dating back to the 1970s, and of virus genetic data from ninety-four isolates collected since 1989 in most regions of the country to reconstruct the epidemic history. We find that the Malagasy isolates belong to a unique recombinant strain that most likely entered Madagascar through a long-distance introduction from the most eastern part of mainland Africa. We infer the spread of RYMV as a continuous process using a Bayesian statistical framework. In order to calibrate the time scale in calendar time units in this analysis, we pool the information about the RYMV evolutionary rate from several geographical partitions. Whereas the field surveys and the phylogeographic reconstructions both point to a rapid southward invasion across hundreds of kilometers throughout Madagascar within three to four decades, they differ on the inferred origin location and time of the epidemic. The phylogeographic reconstructions suggest a lineage displacement and unveil a re-invasion of the northern regions that may have remained unnoticed otherwise. Despite ecological differences that could affect the transmission potential of RYMV in Madagascar and in mainland Africa, we estimate similar invasion and dispersal rates. We could not identify environmental factors that have a relevant impact on the lineage dispersal velocity of RYMV in Madagascar. This study highlights the value and complementarity of (historical) nongenetic and (more contemporaneous) genetic surveillance data for reconstructing the history of spread of plant viruses.

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