scholarly journals The Epidemiology of Plant Virus Disease: Towards a New Synthesis

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1768
Author(s):  
Michael J. Jeger
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Virus Research

Epidemiology is the science of how disease develops in populations, with applications in human, animal and plant diseases. For plant diseases, epidemiology has developed as a quantitative science with the aims of describing, understanding and predicting epidemics, and intervening to mitigate their consequences in plant populations. Although the central focus of epidemiology is at the population level, it is often necessary to recognise the system hierarchies present by scaling down to the individual plant/cellular level and scaling up to the community/landscape level. This is particularly important for diseases caused by plant viruses, which in most cases are transmitted by arthropod vectors. This leads to range of virus-plant, virus-vector and vector-plant interactions giving a distinctive character to plant virus epidemiology (whilst recognising that some fungal, oomycete and bacterial pathogens are also vector-borne). These interactions have epidemiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences with implications for agronomic practices, pest and disease management, host resistance deployment, and the health of wild plant communities. Over the last two decades, there have been attempts to bring together these differing standpoints into a new synthesis, although this is more apparent for evolutionary and ecological approaches, perhaps reflecting the greater emphasis on shorter often annual time scales in epidemiological studies. It is argued here that incorporating an epidemiological perspective, specifically quantitative, into this developing synthesis will lead to new directions in plant virus research and disease management. This synthesis can serve to further consolidate and transform epidemiology as a key element in plant virus research.

scholarly journals RNA Interference: A Novel Technology for Virus Disease Management in Crop Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Gandhi ◽  
◽  
Rajamanickam Suppaiah ◽  
Suganyadevi Murugesan ◽  
Nagendran Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms

RNAs play a significant role in regulating gene expression and their principal areas have been exploited for the control of plant viruses by the discovery of RNA silencing mechanism. RNA silencing or RNA interference (RNAi) is an innovative mechanism that regulates and restricts the amount of transcripts either by suppressing transcription (TGS) or by the degradation of sequence-specific RNA. RNAi can be used effectively to study the role of genes in a variety of eukaryotic organisms by reverse genetics. The technology has been employed in several fields such as drug resistance, therapeutics, development of genetically modified animals for research and transgenic plants targeting plant viruses. In plants, small interfering RNAs (siRNA) are the characteristic of 21 to 22 bp long dsRNA, which has been recognized by the regulatory mechanism of RNAi and leads to the sequence-specific degradation of target mRNA. In addition to virus disease control, RNAi can also be used to control mycotoxins and plant diseases caused by other organisms. This review enhances our current knowledge of RNAi and its larger applications in agriculture, specifically in plant virus disease management.

scholarly journals Plant Virus Metagenomics: Advances in Virus Discovery

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn J. Roossinck ◽  
Darren P. Martin ◽  
Philippe Roumagnac
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Deep Sequencing ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Virus Discovery ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Virus Like Particles

In recent years plant viruses have been detected from many environments, including domestic and wild plants and interfaces between these systems—aquatic sources, feces of various animals, and insects. A variety of methods have been employed to study plant virus biodiversity, including enrichment for virus-like particles or virus-specific RNA or DNA, or the extraction of total nucleic acids, followed by next-generation deep sequencing and bioinformatic analyses. All of the methods have some shortcomings, but taken together these studies reveal our surprising lack of knowledge about plant viruses and point to the need for more comprehensive studies. In addition, many new viruses have been discovered, with most virus infections in wild plants appearing asymptomatic, suggesting that virus disease may be a byproduct of domestication. For plant pathologists these studies are providing useful tools to detect viruses, and perhaps to predict future problems that could threaten cultivated plants.

scholarly journals Host Abundance and Identity Determine the Epidemiology and Evolution of a Generalist Plant Virus in a Wild Ecosystem

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Rodríguez-Nevado ◽  
Rosario G. Gavilán ◽  
Israel Pagán
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Riparian Forests ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Host Abundance ◽  
Potyvirus Species

Increasing evidence indicates that in wild ecosystems plant viruses are important ecological agents, and with potential to jump into crops, but only recently have the diversity and population dynamics of wild plant viruses begun to be explored. Theory proposes that biotic factors (e.g., ecosystem biodiversity, host abundance, and host density) and climatic conditions would determine the epidemiology and evolution of wild plant viruses. However, these predictions seldom have been empirically tested. For 3 years, we analyzed the prevalence and genetic diversity of Potyvirus species in preserved riparian forests of Spain. Results indicated that potyviruses were always present in riparian forests, with a novel generalist potyvirus species provisionally named Iberian hop mosaic virus (IbHMV), explaining the largest fraction of infected plants. Focusing on this potyvirus, we analyzed the biotic and climatic factors affecting virus infection risk and population genetic diversity in its native ecosystem. The main predictors of IbHMV infection risk were host relative abundance and species richness. Virus prevalence and host relative abundance were the major factors determining the genetic diversity and selection pressures in the virus population. These observations support theoretical predictions assigning these ecological factors a key role in parasite epidemiology and evolution. Finally, our phylogenetic analysis indicated that the viral population was genetically structured according to host and location of origin, as expected if speciation is largely sympatric. Thus, this work contributes to characterizing viral diversity and provides novel information on the determinants of plant virus epidemiology and evolution in wild ecosystems.

scholarly journals Local and Regional Spatial Analysis of Plant Virus Disease Epidemics with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Geostatistics

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
M. R. Nelson ◽  
T. V. Orum
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Disease Epidemics ◽  
User Friendly

Recent advances in personal computer hardware and the rapid development of spatial analysis software that is user-friendly on PC's has provided remarkable new tools for the analysts of plant diseases, particularly ecologically complex virus diseases. Due to the complexity of the disease cycle of the animal-vectored plant virus, these diseases present the most interesting challenges for the application of spatial analysis technology. While traditional quantitative analysis of plant diseases concentrated on within-field spatial analysis, often involving rather arcane mathematical descriptions of pattern, the new spatial analysis tools are most useful at the dimension where many disease epidemics occur, the regional level. The output of many of the programs used in spatial analysis is a highly visual picture of a disease epidemic which has a strong intuitive appeal to managers of agricultural enterprises. Applications by us, thus far, have included tomato, pepper and cotton virus diseases in Arizona. Mexico, California and Pakistan. In addition, this technology has been applied by us to Phytophthora infestans in potato and tomato. Aspergillus flavus in cotton, and regional insect problems of tomato and cotton.

scholarly journals Plant Viruses Infecting Solanaceae Family Members in the Cultivated and Wild Environments: A Review

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hančinský ◽  
Daniel Mihálik ◽  
Michaela Mrkvová ◽  
Thierry Candresse ◽  
Miroslav Glasa
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Ecological Interface ◽  
Solanaceae Family

Plant viruses infecting crop species are causing long-lasting economic losses and are endangering food security worldwide. Ongoing events, such as climate change, changes in agricultural practices, globalization of markets or changes in plant virus vector populations, are affecting plant virus life cycles. Because farmer’s fields are part of the larger environment, the role of wild plant species in plant virus life cycles can provide information about underlying processes during virus transmission and spread. This review focuses on the Solanaceae family, which contains thousands of species growing all around the world, including crop species, wild flora and model plants for genetic research. In a first part, we analyze various viruses infecting Solanaceae plants across the agro-ecological interface, emphasizing the important role of virus interactions between the cultivated and wild zones as global changes affect these environments on both local and global scales. To cope with these changes, it is necessary to adjust prophylactic protection measures and diagnostic methods. As illustrated in the second part, a complex virus research at the landscape level is necessary to obtain relevant data, which could be overwhelming. Based on evidence from previous studies we conclude that Solanaceae plant communities can be targeted to address complete life cycles of viruses with different life strategies within the agro-ecological interface. Data obtained from such research could then be used to improve plant protection methods by taking into consideration environmental factors that are impacting the life cycles of plant viruses.

scholarly journals Plant Virus Epidemiology: Applications and Prospects for Mathematical Modeling and Analysis to Improve Understanding and Disease Control

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 837-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Jeger ◽  
L. V. Madden ◽  
F. van den Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Disease Epidemics

In recent years, mathematical modeling has increasingly been used to complement experimental and observational studies of biological phenomena across different levels of organization. In this article, we consider the contribution of mathematical models developed using a wide range of techniques and uses to the study of plant virus disease epidemics. Our emphasis is on the extent to which models have contributed to answering biological questions and indeed raised questions related to the epidemiology and ecology of plant viruses and the diseases caused. In some cases, models have led to direct applications in disease control, but arguably their impact is better judged through their influence in guiding research direction and improving understanding across the characteristic spatiotemporal scales of plant virus epidemics. We restrict this article to plant virus diseases for reasons of length and to maintain focus even though we recognize that modeling has played a major and perhaps greater part in the epidemiology of other plant pathogen taxa, including vector-borne bacteria and phytoplasmas.

scholarly journals A discussion on new aspects of virus disease 17 March 1938

1938 ◽  
Vol 125 (840) ◽  
pp. 291-310 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Virus Particle ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Plant Virus Disease

The last few years have seen a rapid extension of our knowledge of plant virus disease. The field of observation has been extended by the everincreasing range of plant diseases both of the garden and the glasshouse brought within the purview of the virus worker. It is, however, the fundamental issues of the subject which have been attacked from several angles, to which attention will be directed this afternoon. The new knowledge of the nature of the virus particle, to which Stanley, Bawden, Pirie and Bernal have contributed, has a bearing which, transcending the culture of potato and tobacco, reacts on all biological research and philosophy. We hope to-day to hear those who speak with authority on the purification and isolation of the virus particle and its chemical and physical structure. Dr Kenneth Smith will tell us of the particle size, and its measurement.

scholarly journals Turnip crinkle virus targets host ATG8 proteins to attenuate antiviral autophagy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aayushi Shukla ◽  
Gesa Hoffmann ◽  
Daniel Hofius ◽  
Anders Hafren
Keyword(s):  
Viral Protein ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Turnip Crinkle Virus ◽  
Specific Adaptation ◽  
Autophagy Pathway ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Plant Virus Disease

Autophagy has emerged as a central player in plant virus disease and resistance. In this study we have addressed potential roles of autophagy in Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) infection. We find that compromised autophagy results in severe disease upon TCV infection, a phenomenon observed earlier for several other viruses as well. We also identified that autophagy provides resistance against TCV by limiting virus accumulation, but the exact mechanism driving this is currently unclear. However, as a viral counter-mechanism, our results reveal that the viral protein P38 can suppress autophagy, likely by sequestering ATG8s. This is a novel strategy for plant viruses, while it has been identified for other pathogen classes. Together, these results broaden our understanding of autophagy in plant virus disease, and strengthens our view of virus-specific adaptation to the autophagy pathway.

scholarly journals Field Application of Nanoliposomes Delivered Quercetin by Inhibiting Specific hsp70 Gene Expression Against Plant Virus Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Kaiqiang Hao ◽  
Fangfei Yu ◽  
Lili Shen ◽  
Fenglong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Stability Limit ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Control Efficiency

Abstract The annual economic loss caused by plant viruses exceeds 10 billion dollars due to the lack of ideal control measures. Quercetin is a flavonol compound that exerts a control effect on plant virus diseases, but its poor solubility and stability limit the control efficiency. Fortunately, the development of nanopesticides has led to new ideas. In this study, 117 nm quercetin nanoliposomes with excellent stability were prepared from biomaterials, and few surfactants and stabilizers were added to optimize the formula. Nbhsp70er-1 and Nbhsp70c-A were found to be the target genes of quercetin, through abiotic and biotic stress, and the nanoliposomes improved the inhibitory effect at the gene and protein levels by 33.6% and 42%, respectively. Finally, the results of field experiment showed that the control efficiency was 38% higher than that of the conventional quercetin formulation and higher than those of other antiviral agents. This research is the first to report the combination of biological antiviral agents and nanotechnology to control plant virus diseases, and it significantly improved the control efficiency and reduced the use of traditional chemical pesticides.

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