Gastric Emptying of Water in Term Pregnancy

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 1395-1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Wong ◽  
Mariann Loffredi ◽  
Jeanne N. Ganchiff ◽  
Jia Zhao ◽  
Zhao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Peak Concentration ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Gastric Volume ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time To Peak

Background Healthy nonpregnant patients may ingest clear liquids until 2 h before induction of anesthesia without adversely affecting gastric volume. The purpose of this study was to compare gastric emptying in term, nonlaboring pregnant women after ingestion of 50 ml water (control) with that after ingestion of 300 ml water. Methods Gastric emptying was assessed in healthy, nonobese, term pregnant volunteers using both serial gastric ultrasound examinations (n = 9) and acetaminophen absorption (n = 11) in a crossover study design. After an overnight fast, volunteers ingested 1.5 g acetaminophen and 50 or 300 ml water (assigned in random order) on two occasions separated by at least 2 days. Serial gastric antrum cross-sectional areas were determined using gastric ultrasound imaging, and the half-time to gastric emptying was calculated. Serial plasma acetaminophen concentrations were measured. Areas under the plasma acetaminophen concentration versus time curve, peak concentrations, and time to peak concentration for 50- and 300-ml ingestions were compared. Results Gastric emptying half-time was significantly shorter after ingestion of 300 ml water than after ingestion of 50 ml (24 +/- 6 vs. 33 +/- 8 min). There were no differences in acetaminophen areas under the curve at 60, 90, or 120 min, or in acetaminophen peak concentration. Time to peak concentration of acetaminophen was significantly shorter after ingestion of 300 ml water than after ingestion of 50 ml (25 +/- 12 vs. 41 +/- 19 min). Conclusions Gastric emptying in healthy, term, nonobese, nonlaboring pregnant women is not delayed after ingestion of 300 ml water compared with that after an overnight fast.

scholarly journals 81 Bioequivalence of a Manipulation-Resistant Immediate-Release Amphetamine Sulfate Formulation Compared with Reference Standard

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-216
Author(s):  
Steve Caras ◽  
Terrilyn Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Peak Concentration ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Amphetamine Sulfate ◽  
Quantifiable Concentration ◽  
Funding Acknowledgements

AbstractStudy ObjectivesWe compared the bioavailability of racemic amphetamine (d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine) from a manipulation-resistant immediate-release (IR) amphetamine sulfate capsule (AR19) versus amphetamine sulfate IR tablets (reference).MethodIn this open-label, randomized, two-period, two-treatment, two-sequence, crossover study, 36 healthy volunteers aged 18–45 received a single dose (20-mg capsule) of AR19 in one period and a single dose (2 x 10-mg tablets) of reference in another period, after a 10-hour overnight fast. Each drug administration was separated by a washout period of at least 6days. Bioequivalence for d- and l-amphetamine was assessed using time to peak concentration (Tmax), peak concentration in plasma (Cmax), and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time-zero to the time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUClast) and extrapolated to infinity (AUCinf).ResultsAll 36 volunteers completed both treatment sequences. Mean (standard deviation; SD) Tmax for d- and l-amphetamine was similar for AR19 (2.84[1.05]; 3.05[1.22], respectively) and reference (2.52[0.75]; 2.75[1.00], respectively). The geometric least-squares mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals were within the boundary of 80%–125% for bioequivalence for Cmax (d-amphetamine, 98.35% [96.12–100.64]; l-amphetamine, 98.82% [96.42–101.28]), AUClast (d-amphetamine, 99.45% [96.92–102.05]; l-amphetamine, 99.29% [96.55–102.10]), and AUCinf (d-amphetamine, 99.50%[96.77–102.30]; l-amphetamine, 99.23% [96.06–102.50]). A total of 13 mild adverse events were reported by 7 volunteers (AEs; AR19, n=5; reference, n=8). No serious AEs were reported.ConclusionAR19 was well tolerated and was bioequivalent to reference when administered as a 20-mg dose in healthy volunteers.Funding Acknowledgements: This study was funded by Arbor Pharmaceuticals, LLC.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin and interaction with cisapride and sucralfate.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1668-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Zix ◽  
H F Geerdes-Fenge ◽  
M Rau ◽  
J Vöckler ◽  
K Borner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Peak Concentration ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Urinary Recovery ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Concentration Time

In an open, randomized, triple crossover study, the effects of cisapride and sucralfate on the pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin were assessed. Fifteen healthy volunteers received 400 mg of sparfloxacin as a single oral dose on day 0. In a random order, concomitant doses of 10 mg of cisapride three times daily from day -2 to day 2 and 1 g of sucralfate four times daily from day -2 to day 0 were administered. Sparfloxacin concentrations were measured by bioassay and high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters for sparfloxacin alone were as follows (mean +/- standard deviation): maximum concentration of drug in serum (C(max)), 1.27 +/- 0.39 microg/ml; time to C(max) (T(max)), 4.1 +/- 1.9 h; area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), 35.0 +/- 9.7 microg x h/ml; mean residence time, 28.5 +/- 5.7 h; half-life (t1/2), 20 +/- 4 h; urinary recovery (UR x f), 11.0% +/- 2.7%; and metabolite-sparfloxacin ratio in urine, 2.6. For the cisapride group there was a significant decrease in the sparfloxacin T(max) (1.9 +/- 2.1 h) and a significant increase in C(max) (1.74 +/- 0.73 microg/ml). The QTc interval for patients receiving sparfloxacin and cisapride was prolonged by 7.7% compared to the QTc interval during medication-free periods. Significant differences in the values for the group receiving sucralfate compared to the values for the group receiving sparfloxacin alone were found: C(max), 0.77 +/- 0.31 microg/ml; AUC, 18.6 +/- 5.8 microg x h/ml; t1/2, 26 +/- 10 h; and UR x f, 5.8 +/- 1.8%. Concomitant adminstration of cisapride accelerates the absorption and increases the peak concentration of sparfloxacin without having a significant effect on the extent of bioavailability. Coadministration of sucralfate leads to a 44% decrease in the bioavailability of sparfloxacin.

Emptying of saline meals by the cat stomach as a function of pyloric resistance

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (6) ◽  
pp. G725-G732 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Schulze-Delrieu ◽  
C. K. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Gastric Volume ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Intragastric Pressure ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Absolute Volume ◽  
Collection Period

The effect of the pylorus on the rate of gastric emptying and on the pattern of flow from the stomach to the duodenum was studied. Cat stomachs were filled with 50, 100, or 150 ml of 0.9 N saline, and intragastric pressure and gastric fluid output were monitored continuously. The tip of the collecting cannula was positioned either in the duodenum thus allowing the pylorus to close) or in the pyloric segment thus preventing the pylorus from interfering with gastric outflow). Initial experiments demonstrated that fluid output was similar for the cat stomach in situ and in vitro. Incremental output (i.e., the absolute volume emptied per collection period) increased with the meal size and was proportional to the fluid volume actually remaining in the stomach; fractional gastric output (i.e., the volume emptied as a percentage of the actual gastric volume) did not change with meal size. The half time for gastric emptying was greater with the collecting cannula positioned in the duodenum than in the pylorus (e.g., with the 100-ml meal, 154 vs. 46 s). With the cannula in the pylorus, gastric outflow was constant and ceased only when gastric emptying had terminated. With the cannula in the duodenum, outflow was pulsatile and ceased intermittently at gastric volumes that were subsequently emptied. We conclude that the cat pylorus renders the outlet of the stomach continent even to liquids; furthermore, the pylorus imparts a pulsatile pattern to flow of liquids from the stomach to the duodenum.

Characterization of peripheral-compartment kinetics of antibiotics by in vivo microdialysis in humans.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 2703-2709 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Müller ◽  
O Haag ◽  
T Burgdorff ◽  
A Georgopoulos ◽  
W Weninger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Concentration ◽  
Time Course ◽  
In Vivo Microdialysis ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Peripheral Compartment ◽  
Intravenous Bolus ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Rational Development

The calculation of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic surrogates from concentrations in serum has been shown to yield important information for the evaluation of antibiotic regimens. Calculations based on concentrations in serum, however, may not necessarily be appropriate for peripheral-compartment infections. The aim of the present study was to apply the microdialysis technique for the study of the peripheral-compartment pharmacokinetics of select antibiotics in humans. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of healthy volunteers and into inflamed and noninflamed dermis of patients with cellulitis. Thereafter, volunteers received either cefodizime (2,000 mg as an intravenous bolus; n = 6), cefpirome (2,000 mg as an intravenous bolus; n = 6), fleroxacin (400 mg orally n = 6), or dirithromycin (250 mg orally; n = 4); the patients received phenoxymethylpenicillin (4.5 x 10(6) U orally; n = 3). Complete concentration-versus-time profiles for serum and tissues could be obtained for all compounds. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (elimination half-life, peak concentration in serum, time to peak concentration, area under the concentration-time curve [AUC], and AUC/MIC ratio) were calculated for tissues. For cefodizime and cefpirome, the AUCtissue/AUCserum ratios were 0.12 to 0.35 and 1.20 to 1.79, respectively. The AUCtissue/AUCserum ratios were 0.34 to 0.38 for fleroxacin and 0.42 to 0.49 for dirithromycin. There was no visible difference in the time course of phenoxymethylpenicillin in inflamed and noninflamed dermis. We demonstrated, by means of microdialysis, that the concept of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic surrogate markers for evaluation of antibiotic regimens originally developed for serum pharmacokinetics can be extended to peripheral-tissue pharmacokinetics. This novel information may be useful for the rational development of dosage schedules and may improve predictions regarding therapeutic outcome.

scholarly journals Gastric Emptying Impacts the Timing of Meal Glucose Peak in Subjects With Uncomplicated Type 1 Diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 2269-2276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Lupoli ◽  
Annalisa Creanza ◽  
Ettore Griffo ◽  
Gerardo Nardone ◽  
Alba Rocco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Chronic Complications ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Gi Symptoms

Abstract Context Diabetes mellitus is associated with gastrointestinal (GI) motility dysfunction, ranging from delayed to accelerated gastric emptying (GE). Objective To evaluate GE in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) without chronic complications and to investigate its relation with postprandial glucose and GI hormone responses. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting/Participants Forty-two patients with T1DM free of chronic complications referred to Federico II University and 31 healthy controls similar for age, sex, and body mass index. Interventions/Main Outcome Measures GE was assessed by using the 13C-octanoate breath test with a standardized solid meal. During the meal, plasma glucose, ghrelin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) responses were assessed, and GI symptoms were evaluated by a specific questionnaire. Results Patients with T1DM showed a significantly slower GE half-emptying time (GE t1/2) (113 ± 34 minutes) than did controls (89 ± 17 minutes; P < 0.001). Thirty-six percent of T1DM showed a delayed GE (t1/2 > 120 minutes), whereas all controls showed a normal GE. When patients with T1DM were stratified according to GE t1/2, postmeal glucose response was significantly different between those with delayed and those with normal GE (P = 0.013). In particular, patients with T1DM and delayed GE showed a significantly longer mean time to peak glucose than did patients with normal GE (P = 0.004). In addition, GE t1/2 was an independent predictor of the time to peak glucose (β = 0.329; P = 0.025). GLP-1 and ghrelin responses to the test meal, as well as the prevalence of GI symptoms, were similar between patients with T1DM and controls and between patients with T1DM with normal GE and those with delayed GE. Conclusions Delayed GE time is associated with a longer time to peak glucose. GE evaluation could be useful for individualizing the timing of preprandial insulin bolus in patients with T1DM.

scholarly journals Rho(D) Immune Globulin (anti-D) Concentration-Time Curve After Antenatal Immunoprophylaxis in RhD-Negative Pregnant Women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cláudia Rabelo e Silva ◽  
Flávia Leite Souza Santos ◽  
Silvana Maria Quintana ◽  
Ricardo Carvalho Cavalli ◽  
Alessandra Cristina Marcolin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Abo Incompatibility ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Indirect Antiglobulin Test ◽  
Antiglobulin Test

Abstract Objectives: To assess anti-D concentration through maternal indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) titers and scores after RhD-negative pregnant women receive antenatal anti-D until delivery. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Twenty-seven RhD-negative pregnant women were evaluated after receiving a prenatal anti-D dose around 28th week of pregnancy. Serial blood samples were collected at 3, 7, 21, 42, 63 and 84 days after anti-D administration. We performed IAT by conventional tube test (CTT) and gel microcolumn assay (GMA) to assess anti-D scores and titers. Statistical analyzes were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software. Results: Anti-D had maximum scores values ​around 7 days after its administration, and scores were higher in GMA than CTT for all patients. Anti-D was detected at delivery in 59% of the participants by IAT performed in GMA. Overweight and obese pregnant women may present lower concentrations of anti-D. No correlation was found between maximum scores when comparing them with these variables: newborn RhD blood type; maternal-fetal ABO incompatibility and the number of pregnancies. Conclusions: Administering 300 μg of anti-D in 28th week of pregnancy should be compared in studies analyzing perinatal outcomes, since anti-D was not detectable in 41% of patients, suggesting a significant period without prophylaxis.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN KEKURANGAN ENERGI KRONIS PADA IBU HAMIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Febriyeni Febriyeni
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Chronic Energy Deficiency

<pre>Chronic Energy Deficiency is a situation where the nutritional status someone is on the Less Good Condition. Among the 22 health centers in the district of Lima Puluh Kota, CED highest coverage at the health center are Banja Laweh Namely Case 17 (16.50%) of 103 pregnant mothers. Preliminary Survey of 10 pregnant women at health centers Banja Laweh, note 4 people (40%) of them suffered CED. Based on the findings of interviews stating Not pregnant women know the importance of the size upper arm circumference on Against her pregnancy, in addition to pregnant women consume no food Diversified, because lust Eating Less and Economics not sufficient. Objectives for review determine factors related to the occurrence of Chronic energy deficiency on pregnant women. Methods descriptive analytic with cross sectional approach. Data collection is done on Date in January-February 2017. CASE is a whole population of pregnant women in the region are working Health Center Banja Laweh Year 2017, amounted to 55 people, with sampling total sampling. Operating data analysis using univariate and bivariate statistical test Chi Square. Results of univariate analysis 87,3% of respondents experienced Genesis not CED, (60,0%) High Knowledge, (56,4%) Economy High, and 61,8% of Eating Well. Bivariate analysis known Relationship of Knowledge (p = 0.013 and OR = 12,000, Economics (p = 0.035 and OR = 10,000), and Diet (p = 0.019 and OR = 13,200) with the Genesis CED pregnant women. Can be concluded that the factors related to the occurrence of CED pregnant women is Science, Economics and the Diet. Expected to conduct monitoring of the health center and Supervision of pregnant women at risk Against The Genesis CED, so the negative impact of the CED can be addressed early on.</pre>

Quantifying Pregnant Women’s Knowledge of Educational Components of Antenatal Care in Lesotho

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabeta Seeiso ◽  
Mamutle M. Todd-Maja
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Danger Signs ◽  
In Pregnancy

Antenatal care (ANC) literacy is particularly important for pregnant women who need to make appropriate decisions for care during their pregnancy and childbirth. The link between inadequate health literacy on the educational components of ANC and maternal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is undisputable. Yet, little is known about the ANC literacy of pregnant women in SSA, with most studies inadequately assessing the four critical components of ANC literacy recommended by the World Health Organization, namely danger signs in pregnancy; true signs of labour; nutrition; and preparedness for childbirth. Lesotho, a country with one of the highest maternal mortality rates in SSA, is also underexplored in this research area. This cross-sectional study explored the levels of ANC literacy and the associated factors in 451 purposively sampled women in two districts in Lesotho using a structured questionnaire, making recourse to statistical principles. Overall, 16.4 per cent of the participants had grossly inadequate ANC literacy, while 79.8 per cent had marginal levels of such knowledge. The geographic location and level of education were the most significant predictors of ANC literacy, with the latter variable further subjected to post hoc margins test with the Bonferroni correction. The participants had the lowest scores on knowledge of danger signs in pregnancy and true signs of labour. Adequate ANC literacy is critical to reducing maternal mortality in Lesotho. Improving access to ANC education, particularly in rural areas, is recommended. This study also provides important recommendations critical to informing the national midwifery curriculum.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document