Risk factors for intravenous drug use and sharing equipment among young male drug users in Longchuan County, south-west China

Objective: The study examined the determinants of being hospitalized for pneumonia in a large cohort of drug users. Methods: Information of 4817 clients seeking treatment for illicit drug use was linked with the Finnish hospital discharge register to identify those who were hospitalized with main/primary diagnoses of pneumonia during 1997–2013. Cox regression models were used to examine the association between age, gender, homelessness, and route of drug administration of the primary drug at initial clinical consultation and pneumonia hospitalization. Findings were presented as adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: There were 354 persons diagnosed with pneumonia, with a total of 522 hospitalizations at the end of 2013. The univariate Cox models revealed that being over 44 years of age, male gender, homelessness, and intravenous drug use at initial clinical consultation increased the risk of being hospitalized for pneumonia. In the fully adjusted multivariate model, being over 44 years was the strongest factor independently associated with pneumonia hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.67, 95% confidence interval: 1.56–4.57, p < 0.001), followed by homelessness (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.75, 95% confidence interval: 1.38–2.22, p < 0.001) and intravenous drug use (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.59, p = 0.041). Of the 354 clients hospitalized for pneumonia, 31.9% ( n = 113) were rehospitalized within 30 days of being discharged. One-third of the reasons for the 30-day rehospitalization were pneumonia-related. Conclusion: Vaccination, measures addressing housing instability, safe injecting and good hygienic practices, and treating underlying drug use problems could help to reduce morbidity for pneumonia in this cohort.

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393. Changing Trends, Risk Factors, and Treatment Challenges in Staphylococcus aureus Septic Arthritis

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz360.466 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S202-S202

Author(s):

Valerie Gobao ◽

Mostafa Alfishawy ◽

Neel Shah ◽

Karin Byers ◽

Mohamed Yassin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Drug Use ◽

Positive Result ◽

Septic Arthritis ◽

Intravenous Drug ◽

Intravenous Drug Use ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Rule Out

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus is a common organism in native septic arthritis. It is traditionally believed to be self-limited with rapid and aggressive debridement and appropriate antibiotic selection. The incidence of S. aureus septic arthritis is increasing, and further characterization is needed to improve diagnosis and treatment. For patients presenting with native S. aureus septic arthritis, we evaluated the reliability of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) screening as a predictor to rule out MRSA septic arthritis, the risk factors associated with this disease, and the treatment and surgical outcomes. Methods A retrospective case–control study of patients diagnosed with septic arthritis in the UPMC health system (Pittsburgh, PA) between 2012 and 2016 was completed. The primary outcomes of interest were surgical intervention and the need to alter antibiotic treatment. Patient demographics, characteristics, and outcomes were recorded. Results A total of 215 cases of septic arthritis were identified, and 64% (n = 138) had S. aureus cultured. In this set, 36% (50/138) of these patients were identified with MRSA. Of the patients diagnosed with MRSA septic arthritis, 50% screened prior to admission had a positive result (8/16) and 48% screened during admission had a positive result (14/29). Compared with septic arthritis with other organisms, risk factors associated with S. aureus included history of intravenous drug use (OR: 4.3, CI: 1.7 to 10.8, P = 0.002) and being immunocompetent (OR: 0.3, CI: 0.1 to 0.6, P = 0.002). These infections were associated with concurrent infections of the spine (OR: 5.7, CI: 2.1 to 15.1, P = 0.0005). As compared with other organisms, there was a high probability of switching antibiotics during treatment (OR: 3.7, CI: 1.1 to 13.0, P = 0.04) and relapse of infection (OR: 4.2, CI: 1.2 to 14.6, P = 0.02). Conclusion S. aureus septic arthritis is associated with intravenous drug use, and not with immunosuppression. A negative MRSA screen does not rule out this organism. Concurrent spine infections are common. There is a high likelihood of infection relapse and that antibiotics will need to be altered during treatment. With the opioid epidemic, the incidence is likely to increase further. More work is needed to improve diagnosis and overcome treatment challenges. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Substitution treatment or active intravenous drug use should not be contraindications for antiviral treatment in drug users with chronic hepatitis C

Liver International ◽

10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02341.x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 30 (10) ◽

pp. 1454-1460 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Spilios Manolakopoulos ◽

Melanie J. Deutsch ◽

Olga Anagnostou ◽

Stelios Karatapanis ◽

Elli Tiniakou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Hepatitis ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Drug Use ◽

Chronic Hepatitis C ◽

Drug Users ◽

Antiviral Treatment ◽

Intravenous Drug ◽

Substitution Treatment ◽

Intravenous Drug Use

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Intravenous Drug Use, the Combination of Drugs and Sexual Activity and HIV Infection among Gay and Bisexual Men: The San Francisco Men's Health Study

Journal of Drug Issues ◽

10.1177/002204268901900105 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 57-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Ron Stall ◽

David G. Ostrow

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Gay Men ◽

San Francisco ◽

Drug Users ◽

Intravenous Drug ◽

Health Study ◽

Intravenous Drug Users ◽

Intravenous Drug Use ◽

Bisexual Men ◽

And Bisexual

This paper describes a sizeable subgroup of the AIDS caseload that has not been widely studied, that is, men with histories of both male homosexual activity and intravenous drug use. In this paper we identify differences and similarities between gay intravenous drug users and gay men with different histories of drug use; examine the relationship between HIV seropositivity and different patterns of drug use; and estimate whether gay intravenous drug users are more likely than other gay men to be a source of continued HIV transmission.

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Comparing the Prevalence of HTLV-1 and Its Risk Factors in Prisoners with Intravenous and Non-Intravenous Drug Use in Birjand

Modern Care Journal ◽

10.5812/modernc.95601 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Farshid Abedi ◽

Emad Saeedi ◽

Gholam Reza Sharifzadeh ◽

Masood Ziaee

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Drug Use ◽

Intravenous Drug ◽

Intravenous Drug Use

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The changing face of women living with HIV in western Ukraine

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462417724708 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 318-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Divya Dethier ◽

Natasha Rybak ◽

Priya Hirway ◽

Mariya Bachmaha ◽

Jennifer Carroll ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Drug Users ◽

Linkage To Care ◽

Retrospective Chart Review ◽

Hiv Treatment ◽

Intravenous Drug ◽

Heterosexual Transmission ◽

Intravenous Drug Use ◽

Women Living With Hiv ◽

Western Ukraine

Ukraine has the second largest HIV epidemic in Eastern Europe/Central Asia. This study characterizes the demographics of HIV-infected women in the Lviv region of western Ukraine, patterns in their clinical presentation, and factors associated with delays in seeking care. A retrospective chart review was conducted of 622 HIV-infected women who registered for HIV treatment at the Lviv AIDS Center between 2008 and 2013. A total of 81.6% of women were infected through heterosexual transmission and the remaining 18.4% through intravenous drug use. Slightly less than half (45.4%) was between 26 and 35 years old. Slightly more than half (56.7%) listed their residence in a city, 22.6% in villages. One-third (30.0%) of all women presented with AIDS, and 37.7% presented with symptomatic conditions. Women diagnosed with HIV during antenatal care experienced a median delay of 34 days between diagnosis and registration, compared to 87.5 days for nonpregnant women tested in the context of intravenous drug use. Overall, HIV-infected women in western Ukraine experience time delays in care, and often present with advanced HIV disease and secondary complications. Linkage to care in a timely manner is a high priority and substantial challenge for women, particularly for intravenous drug users who may face stigma and other additional barriers.

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Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Hepatitis B and C Infection in Correctional Institutions in British Columbia

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/1994/163520 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 153-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

RG Préfontaine ◽

RK Chaudhary ◽

RG Mathias

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

British Columbia ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Drug Use ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Intravenous Drug ◽

Intravenous Drug Use ◽

Correctional Institutions ◽

Factors Associated ◽

History Of

The factors associated with infection with hepatitis B (hbv) and C viruses (hcv) were studied in residents of correctional institutions in British Columbia. Four hundred and fifteen residents volunteered to participate in this study. Among 415 residents tested, 28% were positive forhvborhcvmarkers. Sixty-five per cent of the residents positive forhbvmarkers were also infected withhcv. However, inhbv-negative residents, only 14% were positive for antibody tohcv(anti-hcv). The highest rates forhbvandhcvwere in 25- to 44-year-old residents. The analysis of risk factors and infection predictors in 354 residents showed that intravenous drug use and history of hepatitis were associated with infection with bothhbvandhcv. The relative risk forhbvin intravenous drug users was 4.4 times that in nonusers; forhcvrelative risk was 3.4 times. In the group with history of hepatitis, the relative risk was 6.2 and 4.5 times forhbvandhcv, respectively. The multivariate analysis of the data showed that both intravenous drug use and a history of hepatitis were significant (P<0.0001). Tattooing or history of transfusion was not associated with increased risk forhcv, but tattooing and age were significant factors forhbv.

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Severe tricuspid valve destruction secondary to previous non-appropriately treated endocarditis

BMJ Case Reports ◽

10.1136/bcr-2018-227408 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. e227408

Author(s):

Fatouma Sall ◽

Anicet Adoubi ◽

Nina Koffi ◽

Herve Yangni-Angate

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Drug Use ◽

Tricuspid Valve ◽

Intravenous Drug ◽

Intravenous Drug Use ◽

History Of

Tricuspid valve(TV) destruction with a remote history of endocarditis without known risk factors (ie, HIV, intravenous drug use, neoplasm, trauma) is rare. We describe the case of a TVs destruction in a 12-year-old non-HIV boy, with a 4-year history of endocarditis without known risk factors nor evidence regarding previous appropriately management.

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Lower-limb deep-vein thrombosis in a general hospital: risk factors, outcomes and the contribution of intravenous drug use

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hci020 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 98 (2) ◽

pp. 139-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

F.F. Syed ◽

N.J. Beeching

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽

Drug Use ◽

General Hospital ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Intravenous Drug ◽

Intravenous Drug Use ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Deep Vein ◽

Limb Deep Vein Thrombosis

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Factors Associated with Hepatitis B Infection

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/095646249300400209 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 102-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

G. Hart

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Drug Use ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

South Australia ◽

Intravenous Drug ◽

Intravenous Drug Use ◽

Hepatitis B Infection ◽

Women Patients ◽

The Past

Men and women patients not previously immunized or tested, attending the Adelaide (South Australia) STD clinic from 1988–1991, were tested for hepatitis B infection, and potential risk factors detected by multiple logistic regression. Of 7055 men and 3425 women patients tested 811 (11.5%) men and 250 (7.3%) women were seropositive. Among men seropositivity was associated with being Asian (odds ratio (OR) = 14.5), being Aboriginal (OR = 2.2), homosexual behaviour (OR = 3.8), intravenous drug use (OR = 3.2) being over 24 (OR = 2.7), previous STD (OR = 1.8), being unemployed (OR = 1.3) and having sex outside the state in the past 3 months (OR = 1.3). Among women seropositivity was associated with being Asian (OR = 10.3), being Aboriginal (OR = 2.4), intravenous drug use (OR = 3.8), being over 24 (OR = 1.6) and having vaginal discharge or dysuria (OR = 1.4). Seropositivity was not independently associated with being a prostitute or having multiple sex partners in the past 3 months. Among seropositive individuals, risk factors were not readily identifiable for 15% of men and 43% of women. Univariate analysis may provide misleading indicators of risk factors because of the confounding influence of other factors, particularly intravenous drug use. In selective vaccination campaigns the target group should be determined on the basis of local circumstances. In South Australia this group should include men with an STD. The success of selective campaigns will be jeopardized by the failure to identify risk factors in many of those who become infected, and in such situations universal vaccination or widespread screening may be more appropriate strategies.

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