Experimental Carbon Dioxide Laser Brain Lesions and Intracranial Dynamics: Part 2

Neurosurgery ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-457
Author(s):  
Ernesto G. Tiznado ◽  
Hector E. James ◽  
Susan Moore
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Brain Water Content ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Water

Abstract Experimental brain lesions were created over the left parietooccipital cortex of the albino rabbit through the intact dura mater with high radiating carbon dioxide laser energy (40-W impact, 0.5-second duration, for a total time of 4 seconds on a 12.5-mm surface). The brain water content was studied 2, 6, and 24 hours after the insult. Another two groups of animals received acute therapy with either dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) or furosemide (1 mg/kg). In all groups, Evans blue extravasation uniformly extended from the impact crater into the surrounding white matter. The brain water content in the gray matter was elevated from the control value by 2 hours after impact (P < 0.005) and remained elevated at 6 and 24 hours. The white matter brain water content did not increase until 6 hours after impact and remained elevated in the 24-hour group (P < 0.005). After dexamethasone treatment, there was a significant decrease of water in the gray matter (P < 0.01), but not in the white matter. With furosemide therapy, there was no reduction of gray or white matter brain water.

scholarly journals What is the Correct Value for the Brain-Blood Partition Coefficient for Water?

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Herscovitch ◽  
Marcus E. Raichle
Keyword(s):  
Partition Coefficient ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Measurement Technique ◽  
Brain Water Content ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Water

A knowledge of the brain-blood partition coefficient (γ) for water is usually required for the measurement of CBF with [15O]water. The currently accepted value for whole-brain Λ, 0.95–0.96 ml/g, calculated from brain and blood water content data, is incorrect because in the calculation, the blood water content was not adjusted for the density of blood. The correct value is 0.90 ml/g. Variations in brain or blood water content affect Λ. Thus, Λ changes during development of the brain and varies regionally in it, even among different gray matter structures, owing to variation in brain water content. In addition, Λ would be expected to vary with the hematocrit, owing to changes in blood water content. The impact of using an incorrect value for Λ will depend on the sensitivity of the CBF measurement technique used to errors in Λ.

The effect of mannitol on cerebral white matter water content

1986 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Nath ◽  
Sam Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Cerebral White Matter ◽  
Brain Water Content ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Water

✓ The authors have studied the effect of a low-dose (0.28 gm/kg) bolus infusion of mannitol on brain water in man. In eight patients with severe head injury, small pieces of subcortical white matter were taken at craniotomy both before and after infusion of mannitol. The tissue specific gravity was measured using a graduated specific-gravity column, and from it the brain water content was calculated. White matter specific gravity rose from a mean (± standard error of the mean) of 1.0325 ± 0.0012 before mannitol infusion to 1.0352 ± 0.0011 after mannitol administration, and the brain water content fell from a mean of 80.94% ± 2.5% to 75.28% ± 2.3%. The differences were significant (p < 0.01). This study shows that, after head injury in man, mannitol increases the white matter specific gravity and probably does so by reducing brain water.

scholarly journals Ulinastatin alleviates traumatic brain injury by reducing endothelin-1

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-008
Author(s):  
Ting Liu ◽  
Xing-Zhi Liao ◽  
Mai-Tao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Brain Edema ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Brain Water Content ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Water

Abstract Background Brain edema is one of the major causes of fatality and disability associated with injury and neurosurgical procedures. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of ulinastatin (UTI), a protease inhibitor, on astrocytes in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methodology A rat model of TBI was established. Animals were randomly divided into 2 groups – one group was treated with normal saline and the second group was treated with UTI (50,000 U/kg). The brain water content and permeability of the blood–brain barrier were assessed in the two groups along with a sham group (no TBI). Expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein, endthelin-1 (ET-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) were measured by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Effect of UTI on ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways was measured by western blot. Results UTI significantly decreased the brain water content and extravasation of the Evans blue dye. This attenuation was associated with decreased activation of the astrocytes and ET-1. UTI treatment decreased ERK and Akt activation and inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory VEGF and MMP-9. Conclusion UTI can alleviate brain edema resulting from TBI by inhibiting astrocyte activation and ET-1 production.

Abstract P790: Landiolol Attenuates Global Cerebral Edema Following Experimental Cardiac Arrest in Mice

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Iwai ◽  
Shin Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Brain Water Content ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Water

Introduction: Cerebral edema following cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) is associated with unfavorable neurologic outcome. The Na + -K + -2Cl - water cotransporter NKCC1 is suspected to be a critical mediator of edema formation after ischemia. It is reported that β1 adrenoreceptor antagonists protect neurons following brain ischemia in rodents. β1 adrenoreceptor antagonists inhibit the Na + -K + -ATPase, which can inhibit driving force of NKCC1 that theoretically reduces cerebral edema following ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study, we examined whether landiolol, a selective β1 adrenoreceptor antagonist, attenuates cerebral edema following CA/CPR. Methods: Isoflurane-anesthetized adult male mice (C57BL/6J, 25-30g) were randomized into landiolol group or control group. After 7-min CA followed by CPR, landiolol (0.5ml, 830μg/ml) was administered by continuous infusion intravenously for 4 hours. Animals in control group were given normal saline (0.5ml) in the same manner. Twenty-four hours after CA/CPR, the brain was removed to assess brain water content using wet-to-dry method. The primary outcome was measurement of the brain water content. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded. Measured parameters were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey-Kramer test using SPSS® statistics 25. Differences were considered statistically significant at a P value < 0.05. Results: Brain water contents was increased in control group mice after CA/CPR (n=10) compared with those in sham operated mice (n=5) (79.5±0.85% vs 78.3±0.14%, P=0.003). Compared with control group, landiolol treatment significantly reduced brain water content in mice subjected to CA/CPR (n=12) (78.9±0.51% vs 79.5±0.85%, P=0.04). Conclusion: Landiolol attenuated brain edema following CA/CPR. These results may suggest selective β1-blocker could be alternative treatment for neuroprotection in patients who suffered CA/CPR.

scholarly journals Placental ischemia-induced increases in brain water content and cerebrovascular permeability: role of TNF-α

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (11) ◽  
pp. R1425-R1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junie P. Warrington ◽  
Heather A. Drummond ◽  
Joey P. Granger ◽  
Michael J. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Brain Water Content ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Bbb Permeability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Placental Ischemia ◽  
Brain Water

Cerebrovascular complications and increased risk of encephalopathies are characteristic of preeclampsia and contribute to 40% of preeclampsia/eclampsia-related deaths. Circulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is elevated in preeclamptic women, and infusion of TNF-α into pregnant rats mimics characteristics of preeclampsia. While this suggests that TNF-α has a mechanistic role to promote preeclampsia, the impact of TNF-α on the cerebral vasculature during pregnancy remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that TNF-α contributes to cerebrovascular abnormalities during placental ischemia by first infusing TNF-α in pregnant rats (200 ng/day ip, from gestational day 14 to 19) at levels to mimic those reported in preeclamptic women. TNF-α increased mean arterial pressure (MAP, P < 0.05) and brain water content in the anterior cerebrum ( P < 0.05); however, TNF-α infusion had no effect on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the anterior cerebrum or posterior cerebrum. We then assessed the role of endogenous TNF-α in mediating these abnormalities in a model of placental ischemia induced by reducing uterine perfusion pressure followed by treatment with the soluble TNF-α receptor (etanercept, 0.8 mg/kg sc) on gestational day 18. Etanercept reduced placental ischemia-mediated increases in MAP, anterior brain water content ( P < 0.05), and BBB permeability (202 ± 44% in placental ischemic rats to 101 ± 28% of normal pregnant rats). Our results indicate that TNF-α mechanistically contributes to cerebral edema by increasing BBB permeability and is an underlying factor in the development of cerebrovascular abnormalities associated with preeclampsia complicated by placental ischemia.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Danhong injection on serum concentration of TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
Chen Peng ◽  
Shibo Duan ◽  
Lou Gang
Keyword(s):  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Brain Water Content ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Danhong Injection ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Water ◽  
Time Point

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of Danhong injection on the serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB) in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and evaluate its therapeutic effects on inflammation and cerebral edema.MethodsSixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, model and Danhong groups with 25 rats in each group. Intracerebral injection of autologous arterial blood was performed on model and Danhong groups in order to establish intracerebral hemorrhage model. Rats in the control group were given the same operation procedure without blood injection. After successfully establishing the intracerebral hemorrhage model, the rats were given Danhong (2ml/kg/d) through intraperitoneal injection. Rats in the control and model groups were given the same amount of normal saline respectively. The brain water content (BWC) and serum level of TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB were measured in all groups at the time points of day 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9.ResultsThe neurological deficit score (NDS) were not statistical different in days 1, 3 and 5 between the model and Danhong group (P>0.05); However, on day 7 and 9 after modeling, the NDS in the Danhong group was significant lower than that of the Model group (P<0.05). The brain water content in the model and Danhong groups were significantly elevated compared to control group (P<0.05). The brain water content was significant elevated after modeling in the model and Danhong groups on day 3 and gradually decreased over the next 6 days.The brain water content was significantly higher in the model group for days 3 to 9 compared to the Danhong group (P<0.05). Compared to the model group, the serum NF-κb was significantly lower in the Danhong group for the time point of day 3 and 5 (P<0.05); However, compared to the model group, the serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the Danhong group were significantly lower for each time point (P<0.05). Conclusion Danhong injection can reduce cerebral edema in rats with cerebral hemorrhage, and protect the brain nerve function. These effects may be related to its function of regulating serum TNF-α, NF-κB and IL-6 expression.

scholarly journals Both Water Intoxication and Osmotic BBB Disruption Increase Brain Water Content in Rats

2013 ◽  
pp. S75-S80 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. KOZLER ◽  
V. RILJAK ◽  
J. POKORNÝ
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Intoxication ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Brain Water Content ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Water

Our previous experiments revealed that water intoxication and osmotic BBB disruption in the rat allow penetration of high-molecular substances into the brain and that resulting changes in the internal environment of the CNS lead to pathological development, such as the loss of integrity of myelin. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the previously described phenomena are associated with increased water content in the brain. To answer the question following methods were used: a) water intoxication: intraperitoneal administration of distilled water, b) osmotic BBB disruption: application of mannitol (20 %) selectively into the internal carotid artery, c) brain wet weight was measured after decapitation, and subsequently (after six days in thermostat set at 86 °C) the dry weight were estimated d) in animals with 20 % and 30 % hyperhydration the degree of myelin deterioration was estimated e) animal locomotor activity was tested by continuous behavior tracking and analysis. Brain water content after water intoxication and following the administration of mannitol was higher than in the control group. Different degrees of hyperhydration led to different levels of brain water content and to different degrees of myelin impairment. Hyperhydration corresponding to 20 % of the body weight brought about lower locomotor activity. Increased water content in the brain after the BBB osmotic disruption is surprising because this method is frequently used in the clinical practice.

Experimental Carbon Dioxide Laser Brain Lesions and Intracranial Dynamics: Part 1

Neurosurgery ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Ernesto Tiznado ◽  
Hector E. James ◽  
Cecilia Kemper ◽  
James H. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Systolic Arterial Pressure ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Albino Rabbit ◽  
Gross Pathology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Change In Mean

Abstract Experimental brain lesions were created in the left parietooccipital cortex of the albino rabbit through the intact dura mater with high radiating carbon dioxide laser energy (40-watt impacts of 0.5-second duration for a total of 4 seconds on a 12.5-mm surface). Behavior, intracranial pressure (ICP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), central venous pressure (CVP), electroencephalography (EEG), and gross pathology were studied at 2, 6, and 24 hours after the insult at a constant PaCO2 (38-42 torr). Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (Evans blue extravasation) was uniformly seen extending from the impact crater into the surrounding white matter in all groups. The ICP was elevated in shamoperated animals at 2 hours after the impact, and it remained elevated at 6 and 24 hours. The EEG revealed severe slowing with high voltage waves in the insulted left hemisphere. There was no change in mean SAP or CVP when compared to the sham-operated group. In the dexamethasone-pretreated group, there was a reduction of ICP when compared to the untreated group at 24 hours after the insult (P&lt;0.005), but no changes in the gross pathology were noted. (Neurosurgery 16:5–8, 1985)

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