scholarly journals Humans at tropical latitudes produce more females

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen J. Navara
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Accepted Average ◽  
Males And Females

Skews in the human sex ratio at birth have captivated scientists for over a century. The accepted average human natal sex ratio is slightly male biased, at 106 males per 100 females or 51.5 per cent males. Studies conducted on a localized scale show that sex ratios deviate from this average in response to a staggering number of social, economical and physiological variables. However, these patterns often prove inconsistent when expanded to other human populations, perhaps because the nature of the influences themselves exhibit substantial cultural variation. Here, data collected from 202 countries over a decade show that latitude is a primary factor influencing the ratio of males and females produced at birth; countries at tropical latitudes produced significantly fewer boys (51.1% males) annually than those at temperate and subarctic latitudes (51.3%). This pattern remained strong despite enormous continental variation in lifestyle and socio-economic status, suggesting that latitudinal variables may act as overarching cues on which sex ratio variation in humans is based.

Routine Infanticide by Married Couples? An Assessment of Baptismal Records from Seventeenth Century Parma

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 507-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Hynes
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Italian City ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract This study uses baptismal records from the Italian city of Parma from 1609 to 1637 to chart the sex ratio of male and female infants at baptism. This article measures the Parman sex ratio against the natural sex ratio at birth for live-born infants, as determined by Praven Visaria, and offers preliminary findings that indicate that married couples used infanticide as a means of controlling family size and sex in seventeenth-century Parma. The 28 years studied encompass both relatively strong economic and agricultural years as well as a variety of crises. By selecting a period with both good and bad economic years it is possible to see if parents behaved differently as their household conditions varied. Further, dividing the approximately 30,000 baptisms by rural and urban jurisdictions and familial socio-economic status makes visible parental recourse to infanticide through unnatural ratios of males and females within different segments of society.

Socio-economic factors and the sex ratio at birth

1971 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Teitelbaum ◽  
Nathan Mantel
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
The Relationship

Using a large special study population and refined indicators of socio-economic status, the relationship of the live birth sex ratio to socio economic variables is examined. The analyses provide control for the possible confounding effects of race and birth order.The sex ratio is shown to be significantly and positively associated with socio-economic variables. The relationship is not linear, however, but instead is characterized by an apparent ‘diminishing returns’ curve. The major increase in sex ratio is detected as socio-economic status increases from low to moderate. No significant change occurs between moderate and higher socio-economic levels.Even after controlling for the significant socio-economic effect, the analyses detect a significant difference between the sex ratios of Whites on the one hand and Negroes and Puerto Ricans on the other.No significant association between birth order and the sex ratio can be detected in the study population.

scholarly journals Demographic insights into the Jat population of Haryana

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 3112
Author(s):  
Ketaki Chandiok ◽  
Gurjinder Kaur Brar ◽  
Benrithurg Murry ◽  
Prakash Ranjan Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Young Population ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Past

Demography is the science of populations that seeks to understand population dynamics in light of the population structure and its socio-economic makeup. The present study was conducted to understand the demographic profile of Jat community of Haryana. The data were collected from 15 Jat dominated villages in different months of the year 2011-2013 from 1158 households comprising 7162 individuals using pretested interview schedules. The research included various parameters like sex ratio, literacy rate, occupational status, marital status, socio-economic status of the studied population. The results revealed that the Jat population has experienced decline in fertility rate in the past few years. Median age of present population comes out to be 25 years which is lesser than national population, showing that population of Haryana is a young population. The sex ratio of the presently studied population was found to be low as compared to the state and country’s estimate. Almost one fourth of the population was found to be illiterate (23.87%) with a higher percentage of females (35.58%) as compared to the males (11.1%). Majority of the women participate in agriculture (31.4%) or home makers (40.82%) and almost half of the males (43.87 %) are practicing agriculture.

Analysis of Socio-economic Status of People in aspirational districts of Odisha for Inclusive growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
ANIL KUMAR ◽  
J. C. JEEVA ◽  
D. N. SARANGI ◽  
A. K. PANDA ◽  
S. K. SRIVASTAVA
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Population Total ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Female Literacy ◽  
State Average

Aspirational district programme was launched by the government of India to uplift the 117 backward districts in the country through rapid development. Ten districts of Odisha were included in this programme which included Dhenkanal, Gajapati, Kandhamal, Balangir, Kalahandi, Rayagada, Koraput, Malkangiri, Nuapada and Nabarangpur. Socio-economic variables formed important dimension for identifying the backwardness of districts. Hence, the socio-economic status of people in the 101 blocks in the ten backward districts were analyzed to address the weak points. The socio-economic indicators analyzed were: population density, sex ratio, SC and ST population, total literacy percent, male and female literacy percent, and gender gap in literacy percent and they were compared with the state average. Most of the aspirational districts are located in the southern part of Odisha except Dhenkanal. In the aspirational districts 89.3 percent of the population live in rural areas compared to 83.3 percent for state average. These aspirational districts have high tribal population (39.4 percent) with lower human density (153 per sq km), higher sex ratio (1010), low total literacy (58.1 percent), low female literacy (47.1 percent) and high gender gap in literacy (22.2 percent). The 101 blocks in the aspirational districts of Odisha were also ranked based on these indictors. The study revealed that the socio-economic indicators in the aspirational districts were weak which need focused attention for their improvement.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in dromedary camels, Bedouins, Muslim Arabs and Jews in Israel, 2009–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bassal ◽  
M. Wax ◽  
R. Shirazi ◽  
T. Shohat ◽  
D. Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Population ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Socio Economic Status

AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. Recently, HEV-7 has been shown to infect camels and humans. We studied HEV seroprevalence in dromedary camels and among Bedouins, Arabs (Muslims, none-Bedouins) and Jews and assessed factors associated with anti-HEV seropositivity. Serum samples from dromedary camels (n = 86) were used to determine camel anti-HEV IgG and HEV RNA positivity. Human samples collected between 2009 and 2016 from >20 years old Bedouins (n = 305), non-Bedouin Arabs (n = 320) and Jews (n = 195), were randomly selected using an age-stratified sampling design. Human HEV IgG levels were determined using Wantai IgG ELISA assay. Of the samples obtained from camels, 68.6% were anti-HEV positive. Among the human populations, Bedouins and non-Bedouin Arabs had a significantly higher prevalence of HEV antibodies (21.6% and 15.0%, respectively) compared with the Jewish population (3.1%). Seropositivity increased significantly with age in all human populations, reaching 47.6% and 34.8% among ⩾40 years old, in Bedouins and non-Bedouin Arabs, respectively. The high seropositivity in camels and in ⩾40 years old Bedouins and non-Bedouin Arabs suggests that HEV is endemic in Israel. The low HEV seroprevalence in Jews could be attributed to higher socio-economic status.

scholarly journals Can economic stress affect secondary sex ratio in Poland?

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Żądzińska ◽  
Iwona Rosset ◽  
Czesław Domański ◽  
Bogusław Pawłowski ◽  
Artur Mikulec
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Secondary Sex Ratio ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office

Can economic stress affect secondary sex ratio in Poland?The ratio of male to female births described as the male proportion is expected to be about 1.06. The secondary sex ratio can be influenced by various stresses experienced by parents (e.g., parents' exposure to chemical and physical pollution, natural phenomena, wars and economic crises). The seminal study in this field speculated that fewer goods and services than needed or desired might sufficiently stress human populations to lower the secondary sex ratio. The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between economic stress and the fluctuations of sex ratio at birth in Poland. The statistical analysis was based on annual demographic data obtained from year-books issued by the Central Statistical Office on the overall number of male and female live births in Poland in the years 1956-2005 as well as on the annual data of percentage change in total private consumption. In order to verify the hypothesis that the observed time-series of the secondary sex ratio in Poland declines with deterioration in economic conditions, we constructed mathematical models (ARIMA) of both analyzed phenomena following the statistical procedure proposed by Catalano and Bruckner [2005]. We found a statistically significant decline of SSR in Poland over the last 50 years. The decrease appeared to be stronger in villages than in towns. However, the consumption rate as related to the strength of economic stress had no effect on the fluctuation of the sex ratio at birth.

SEX RATIO AT BIRTH IN TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GREECE: THE ROLE OF ETHNIC AND SOCIAL GROUPS

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. GAVALAS ◽  
K. RONTOS ◽  
N. NAGOPOULOS
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
First Century ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Selective Abortion ◽  
Civil Registration ◽  
Sex Selective Abortion

SummaryThe number of male per 100 female live births (defined as the sex ratio at birth, SRB) has been shown to be consistently stable in human populations irrespective of time and geographical location. All over the globe approximately 105 boys are born for every 100 girls and any significant deviation from this ‘global average’ is considered to be unnatural and is attributed to sex-selective under-reporting of births, sex-selective abortion, sex-selective infanticide or other man-made factors. The present paper uses data on civil registration from 2004–2011 to investigate the sex ratio at birth in modern Greece. It was found that the SRB is extremely masculine when the parents originate from the Indian sub-continent and China. The SRB is also unnaturally high (more than 113 boys per 100 girls) in the case of legitimate births born to Greek mothers who are illiterate. These findings are strong evidence that sex-selective abortions are taking place in Greece within population groups with a certain ethnic and social profile. Other parameters, such as age of mother at birth, birth order, legal status of birth and geographical location, were also investigated and they were found to play a role in the variation of SRB, but not to the extent education and ethnic group do.

scholarly journals The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital-treated self-harm in Sydney (Australia)

2022 ◽  
pp. 000486742110683
Author(s):  
Sandro Sperandei ◽  
Andrew Page ◽  
Piumee Bandara ◽  
Arianne Reis ◽  
Rowena Saheb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sydney Australia

Objectives: This study investigated trends in hospital-treated self-harm and hospital presenting suicidal ideation in the period before and after COVID-19 public health responses by key socio-demographic groups among those presenting to hospitals in the Western Sydney (Australia) population catchment. Methods: Emergency department presentations for the period January 2016 to June 2021 were used to specify a series of interrupted time-series models to compare the observed and expected event rates of (1) hospital-treated self-harm and (2) hospital presenting suicidal ideation in the period following the onset of COVID-19 public health measures in March 2020. Rate differences between observed and expected rates in the post-implementation period were also estimated in models stratified by sex, age group, country of birth and socio-economic status. Results: There was no significant increase in hospital-treated self-harm in the period post-implementation of public health orders (March 2020) compared to the previous period, although there were lower than expected rates of emergency department presentations among non-Australian-born males, males aged 0–14 years and 25–44 years, and females aged 45–64 years. In contrast, there was a significant increase in hospital presenting suicidal ideation, particularly among women (rate difference per 100,000 = 3.91, 95% confidence interval = [1.35, 6.48]) and those aged 15–24 years (both males and females, rate differences ranging from 8.91 to 19.04), and among those residing in lower socio-economic status areas (both males and females, rate differences ranging from 0.90 to 2.33). Conclusion: There was no increase in hospital-treated self-harm rates in the 15 months post-implementation of COVID-19 public health orders in Western Sydney; however, there was a significant increase in hospital presenting suicidal ideation. The limited change in suicidal behaviour may reflect the success of social and economic supports during this period, the benefits of which may have been different for young people, and those of lower socio-economic status.

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