James Stanley Hey, M.B.E. 3 May 1909 – 27 February 2000

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony Hewish
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Supernova Remnants ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Discrete Source ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Strong Concentration ◽  
Normal Galaxies ◽  
Radio Signals ◽  
The Usa

Bearing in mind the dramatic impact of radioastronomy upon our knowledge of the Universe during the years after World War II, it is remarkable that the seminal discovery of radio emission from our galaxy by Karl Jansky in the USA in 1931 attracted so little attention from the astronomical community at that time. It was, in fact, the radio amateur Grote Reber, of Wheaton, Illinois, and not the professionals, who first followed up Jansky's discovery. Designing his own radio telescopes, the first of which were unsuitable because the wavelengths were too short, Reber persevered until, in 1941, he successfully performed surveys of the distribution of radio noise intensity across the sky that indicated a strong concentration towards the galactic centre. In this country the key figure was J.S. Hey, who was engaged in wartime operational research concerned with anti-aircraft radar when, in February 1942, radar stations along the south coast of England were seriously affected by radio interference of unknown origin. From the direction of the interfering signals Hey concluded that the Sun must be responsible, so he contacted the Royal Greenwich Observatory and was informed that a large sunspot group was near the centre of the solar disc. He correctly deduced that some kind of disturbance in the solar atmosphere must have generated the radio signals, but this remained a wartime secret until the cessation of hostilities. Returning to his discovery in 1946, when the Sun was again active, Hey and his team made more detailed observations and showed that the intense bursts of radiation were often associated with solar flares. In the same year, while following up the work of Jansky and Reber, Hey noticed that radiation from the direction of the constellation Cygnus often showed fluctuations of intensity on a time-scale of a few seconds. With his experience of solar radiation, Hey deduced that a discrete source must have been responsible and more were soon located by other groups. Initially called radio stars, but later found to be supernova remnants, normal galaxies and new types of galaxy located near, or beyond, the limits of optical telescopes, Hey's discovery initiated an era of research that transformed observational astronomy. Such was the pace and excitement of this period that the significance of Hey's pioneering contributions tended to be overlooked. He was not proposed for Fellowship of The Royal Society until 1978, and he was elected in the same year.

scholarly journals COVID Lockdowns, Social Distancing, and Fatal Car Crashes: More Deaths on Hobbesian Highways?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 238-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshall W. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Research Question What happened to US traffic safety during the first US COVID-19 lockdown, and why was the pattern the opposite of that observed in previous sudden declines of traffic volume? Data National and local statistics on US traffic volume, traffic fatalities, injury accidents, speeding violations, running of stop signs, and other indicators of vehicular driving behavior, both in 2020 and in previous US economic recessions affecting the volume of road traffic. Methods Comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between the data for the COVID-19 lockdown in parts of the USA in March 2020 and similar data for the 2008–2009 global economic crisis, as well as other US cases of major reductions in traffic volume. Findings The volume of traffic contracted sharply once a COVID-19 national emergency was declared and most states issued stay-at-home orders, but motor vehicle fatality rates, injury accidents, and speeding violations went up, and remained elevated even as traffic began returning toward normal. This pattern does not fit post-World War II recessions where fatality rates declined with the volume of traffic nor does the 2020 pattern match the pattern during World War II when traffic dropped substantially with little change in motor vehicle fatality rates. Conclusions The findings are consistent with a theory of social distancing on highways undermining compliance with social norms, a social cost of COVID which, if not corrected, poses potential long-term increases in non-compliance and dangerous driving.

scholarly journals Lithium Observations in the Sun

1968 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
Edith A. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Absorption Feature ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Degree Of Ionization ◽  
Lithium Abundance ◽  
Resonance Doublet ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Central Depth ◽  
The Continuum

The determination of the lithium abundance in the solar atmosphere is essentially based on the LiI resonance doublet at λ 6707·761 and 6707·912 Å. These two lines form a very faint absorption feature, the central depth of the stronger component being of the order of 1% of the continuum. The violet component, which is also the stronger of the two, occurs near the red wing of a faint solar line of unknown origin, and the lines appear to be blended with other faint lines including possibly the doublet of the Li6 isotope (the isotopic shift being 0·160 Å). No other line of LiI has been detected in the Fraunhofer spectum of the undisturbed solar disk. This is nothing surprising, because practically all lithium is expected to be ionized in the photosphere on account of its low ionization potential (Xion = 5·37 e.v.). In sunspot spectra the lower temperature reduces the degree of ionization of lithium and causes a strengthening of the LiI lines. In fact, the LiI resonance lines which appear as a very faint absorption feature on disk spectra are about 50 times stronger in spot spectra. Furthermore, the very weak feature at λ 6103·6 Å was identified by Dubov (1964) and by Schmahl and Schröter (1965) as due to the 2s 2S–3d 2D transition of LiI. Both the resonance doublet and the faint feature at 6103·6 Å have been used by the above-mentioned authors to derive the lithium abundance in spots.

We live and die by the sun: motor vehicle fatalities and circadian timing in the USA 2001 to 2018

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Soca ◽  
Charles Mounts ◽  
Lacie Hediger ◽  
Carla York
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Circadian Timing ◽  
The Usa

I Am Hemingway's Renata

PMLA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266
Author(s):  
Adriana Ivancich
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
The Sun ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Sun Also Rises ◽  
The Sun Also Rises ◽  
Farewell To Arms

When Adriana Ivancich is mentioned as a figure in ernest hemingway's life, it is usually with derision, incredulity, or else a barely constrained “Did they or didn't they?” breathlessness. The idea that Ivancich, who was not even born when Hemingway wrote The Sun Also Rises (1926) and A Farewell to Arms (1929), was the inspiration behind the teenage contessa Renata, Colonel Cantwell's improbable love interest in Across the River and into the Trees (1950), has generated a sometimes hostile reaction. However, this crucial figure in Hemingway's post-World War II life and writing deserves investigation. To the extent that she has been a blind spot in scholarly circles, the oversight can be attributed to a language gap. Her letters to Hemingway, her memoirs, her brother's memoirs, and much of the important analysis of Hemingway's involvement with the Veneto are written in Italian.

scholarly journals Methodological features of asymmetric conflicts historical modeling studying

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-218
Author(s):  
Stanislav Gennadyevich Malkin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World Order ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Simulation ◽  
Asymmetric Conflicts ◽  
The Usa

The following paper deals with methodological features of studying of empires legacy role in policy of the leading powers in the countries of the third world through a prism of asymmetric conflicts historical modeling. The author pays special attention to the role of Great Britain and the USA foreign policy course defining after World War II during Cold War in the second half of the 20th century and Global War on Terror at the beginning of the 21st century. The author pays attention to methodological traps (such as the probability of the research problem on the given variable and terminological confusion) as well as to research opportunities which are opened by such approach in the field of the historical and political analysis (for example, evolution of the international relations theory and practice in the conditions of the world order transformation after World War II). Special attention is given to the value of such methodological reception as asymmetric conflicts historical modeling in expert estimates of the leading powers foreign policy. The paper also deals with the role of expert community and academic expertize as an important component of that analytical operation which is carried out within historical simulation of the asymmetrical conflicts.

scholarly journals Debates about the Polish eastern border after World War II in the Polish immigrant circle

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
Tetiana Yelova
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Editorial Staff ◽  
World War ◽  
Annual Basis ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post War

The new geopolitical realities after the World War II saw the revival of the Polish state in a new form. The Republic of Poland appeared on the map of Central Europe, with about half of its territory being the so-called Recovered Territories, while the state borders moved west. The new eastern border of the post-war Poland ran along the Curzon line. The new post-war eastern border of Poland was being negotiated and agreed upon by the Soviet and the Polish authorities starting from 1944 on an annual basis, up to 1948. The last exchange of territories took place in 1951. The debates about the political map of Europe and the new eastern border of Poland, which became a new reality after the World War II, were held both at politicians’ offices and in various media outlets. The most prominent debate about the new Polish eastern border could be found on the pages of the Kultura immigrant periodical. The Polish immigrant public intellectuals Jerzy Giedroyc, Juliusz Mieroszewski, Josef Czapski and other members of the Kultura periodical editorial board were adamant about the need to recognize the Polish borders drawn after the World War II. Such a stance was unacceptable for the Polish Governmentin-Exile based in London and some immigrant circles in the USA. Starting from 1952, the Kultura editorial staff is consistent in its efforts to defend the principle of inviolability of borders drawn after the World War II, urging the Poles to give up on the so-called Polish Kresy (Kresy Wschodnie) and to reconcile with the neighbours on the other side of the new eastern border.

scholarly journals Inference of the worldwide invasion routes of the pinewood nematodeBursaphelenchus xylophilususing approximate Bayesian computation analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Mallez ◽  
Chantal Castagnone ◽  
Eric Lombaert ◽  
Philippe Castagnone-Sereno ◽  
Thomas Guillemaud
Keyword(s):  
Approximate Bayesian Computation ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Bayesian Computation ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Invasion Routes ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Abc Method ◽  
Approximate Bayesian ◽  
Inference Methods

ABSTRACTPopulation genetics have been greatly beneficial to improve knowledge about biological invasions. Model-based genetic inference methods, such as approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), have brought this improvement to a higher level and are now essential tools to decipher the invasion routes of any invasive species. In this paper, we performed ABC analyses to shed light on the pinewood nematode (PWN) worldwide invasion routes and to identify the source of European populations. Originating from North America, this microscopic worm has been invading Asia since 1905 and Europe since 1999, causing tremendous damage on pine forests. Using microsatellite data, we demonstrated the existence of multiple introduction events in Japan (one involving individuals originating from the USA and one involving individuals with an unknown origin) and China (one involving individuals originating from the USA and one involving individuals originating from Japan). We also found that Portuguese samples had an American origin. Although we observed some discrepancies between descriptive genetic methods and the ABC method, which are worth investigating and are discussed here, the ABC approach definitely helped clarify the worldwide history of the PWN invasion.

scholarly journals Harold Garnet Callan. 5 March 1917 — 3 November 1993 Elected FRS 1963

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Gall
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
World War ◽  
Royal Air Force ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Chief Interest ◽  
The University ◽  
Insight Into

With the death of Harold Garnet (‘Mick’) Callan on 3 November 1993, the community of cell biologists lost one of the twentieth century's most profound and colourful students of chromosomes. During his 50-year scientific career the study of chromosomes and genes went from purely descriptive and morphological to deeply analytical and molecular. Steeped by training in the earlier tradition, Callan nevertheless contributed enormously to this revolution with his meticulous studies on the giant chromosomes of amphibians, all the while maintaining that he was a ‘mere cytologist’ on whom much of the molecular analysis was lost. Mick Callan and I were professional colleagues and close personal friends whose careers intersected at many points. We visited and worked in each other's laboratories, we published together, we generated a voluminous correspondence (much of it in the days when letters were handwritten), and our families enjoyed many good times together in Scotland and the USA. My most difficult task in writing this biography has been to extract from the vast amount of public and personal information in my possession those parts of Mick Callan's life and work that will be of chief interest to a broader audience. I have been helped in this by a 30 000-word autobiography written by him near the end of his life, covering the period from his birth in 1917 to the end of World War II in 1945. This account provides considerable insight into the factors that shaped his later professional career and is an engrossing account of the life of a boy in prewar England and a young man at Oxford and in the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the worst days of the war. Callan's autobiography has been deposited in the University library, St Andrews, Scotland.

scholarly journals Heating of the Interstellar Medium by Supernova Remnants

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 385-392
Author(s):  
Donald P. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Supernova Remnants ◽  
Supernova Remnant ◽  
Low Density ◽  
The Sun ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Interstellar Material ◽  
X Ray Background

We observe the heating of interstellar material in young supernova remnants (SNR). In addition, when analyzing the soft X-ray background we find evidence for large isolated regions of apparently hot, low density material. These, we infer, may have been heated by supernovae. One such region seems to surround the Sun. This has been modeled as a supernova remnant viewed from within. The most reasonable parameters are ambient density no ~ 0.004 cm−3, radius of about 100 pc, age just over 105 years (Cox and Anderson 1982).

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