scholarly journals Scalable funding of Bitcoin micropayment channel networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 180089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad Burchert ◽  
Christian Decker ◽  
Roger Wattenhofer
Keyword(s):  
Payment System ◽  
Channel Networks ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
One To One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Schnorr Signatures ◽  
New System

The Bitcoin network has scalability problems. To increase its transaction rate and speed, micropayment channel networks have been proposed; however, these require to lock funds into specific channels. Moreover, the available space in the blockchain does not allow scaling to a worldwide payment system. We propose a new layer that sits in between the blockchain and the payment channels. The new layer addresses the scalability problem by enabling trustless off-blockchain channel funding. It consists of shared accounts of groups of nodes that flexibly create one-to-one channels for the payment network. The new system allows rapid changes of the allocation of funds to channels and reduces the cost of opening new channels. Instead of one blockchain transaction per channel, each user only needs one transaction to enter a group of nodes—within the group the user can create arbitrarily many channels. For a group of 20 users with 100 intra-group channels, the cost of the blockchain transactions is reduced by 90% compared to 100 regular micropayment channels opened on the blockchain. This can be increased further to 96% if Bitcoin introduces Schnorr signatures with signature aggregation.

Élimination des hydrures métalliques des déchets gazeux d'un réacteur LP-MOVPE pour la croissance de composés (In, Ga) (As, P)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cova ◽  
R. A. Masut ◽  
R. Lacoursière ◽  
A. Bensaada ◽  
C. A. Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Vapour Phase ◽  
Reaction Chamber ◽  
Vapour Phase Epitaxy ◽  
Toxic Gases ◽  
Gas Molecules ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New System

We have realized a new system for treating gaseous wastes from a metallorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor used for the low pressure epitaxial growth of intrinsic and doped semiconducting crystals in the InGaAsP family. The system is based on a series of 5 successive phases of destruction: dilution, combustion pyrolysis, condensation and filtering. The design minimizes the cost remarkably and optimizes the incineration of toxic gases. After the combustion of 138 m3 of H2 and the incineration of 276 L of phosphine, we observe that the reaction chamber does not show any corrosion nor any deposit of chemical products, which are daily eliminated together with the water produced during the combustion. For the maximum phosphine concentration that has been used (7340 ppm), no phosphine concentration has been detected in the output with a detecting system having a sensitivity of 0.001 ppm. For the total fluxes entering the reaction chamber (10–25 L/min), the transit time (1s) of gas molecules does not limit the efficiency of conversion of toxic gases. This is important if one wishes to adapt this system to a MOVPE production reaction using a higher flux of phosphine.[Journal translation]

Wireless Heartrate Monitoring Along Prioritized Alert Notification Using Mobile Techniques

2020 ◽  
pp. 230-243
Author(s):  
Rajasekaran Rajkumar
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Efficient Solutions ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Hospital Database ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New System

The increasing number of problems that need to be addressed in the hospital sector calls for innovation in this field. It brings us the need to find cost-effective and memory-efficient solutions to handle the vast data and sector it into essential information to operate on the patient. There used to be many systems to manage clinical records which are fixed at a place. It is quite complicated to get the information and make this data available at a patient's bedside. This leads to a considerable amount of wasted time in moving to those storage PCs and also the cost afforded is comparatively high. A computer system that controls and accomplishes all the data in the hospital database to provide effective healthcare is called hospital information system (HIS). The introduction of HIS made billing and inventor easier for the staff. This paper discusses diverse methods that improve the cost, demands of HIS, and provide techniques to function efficiently using wireless networks. Also, the paper gives a comparative study on different aspects such as cost, quality of service, transportation, and security. A new system is proposed by combining the wireless healthcare system along prioritized alert notification.

Adoption of a New Online Travel Management System for FED-AK

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aundrea Kell ◽  
Shari Pierre ◽  
Bogdan Hoanca
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Management System ◽  
Government Agency ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Online Help ◽  
Extensive Training ◽  
Employee Resistance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Online Travel ◽  
New System

This case describes the implementation of an online travel management system at FED-AK, the Alaska office of a U.S. government agency. The previous system was intended to accomplish the same functionality, but due to employee resistance, it was used only as a forms generator in conjunction with a paper- and mail-based process. The new system is integrated, which compels employees to use all the functionality provided. It also incorporates many lessons learned from the old system—in particular, extensive training and online help functions. The system is expected to significantly reduce the cost of travel by minimizing errors, enforcing policies, and reducing transaction costs. The system will also lead to faster reimbursement of employee travel expenses.

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness evaluation for pricing medicines and devices: A new value-based price adjustment system in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-276
Author(s):  
Takeru Shiroiwa
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Price Adjustment ◽  
Effectiveness Evaluation ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
Academic Review ◽  
Adjustment System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Trial Implementation ◽  
New System

ObjectivesIn Japan, a new cost-effectiveness evaluation system for medicine and medical device pricing was employed in April 2019 after a trial implementation. This study describes the discussions held from April 2016 to March 2019 concerning the newly introduced system.MethodsUsing published government documents, discussions with stakeholders, and the minutes of the Chuikyo committee meetings, the following issues are addressed: (i) the results of the trial implementation and (ii) an overview of the newly introduced system.ResultsDuring the trial implementation, thirteen products were evaluated and their prices adjusted. The process of the new system—which was to be implemented in FY 2019—takes about 15–18 months to complete after listing of the target products by the National Health Insurance. The target products are selected principally based on sales volume, degree of innovation (premium), and disclosure of rationale for price setting. First, a manufacturer submits the cost-effectiveness data, which is then reviewed by the Center for Outcomes Research and Economic Evaluation for Health (C2H) in collaboration with academics. The results of the cost-effectiveness evaluation are not considered during the decision-making process concerning the product's listing. The price adjustment system is similar to value-based pricing (VBP); hence, the new system can be considered as VBP adjustment.ConclusionCost-effectiveness evaluation can help promote both technological innovation and sustainability of the healthcare system. We need to create a greater capacity for enhancing this academic review system.

Federal reimbursement to laboratories

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 817-821
Author(s):  
J Logue
Keyword(s):  
Managed Care ◽  
Payment System ◽  
Regulatory Change ◽  
Fee For Service ◽  
Medicare Payment ◽  
Laboratory Cost ◽  
Federal Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Laboratories ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The change from a predominately fee-for-service payment environment to managed care has significantly reduced revenues for many clinical laboratories. Medicare is rapidly becoming the most favorable payor in areas with high managed-care penetration. This trend has not gone unnoticed by Congress, and congressional and regulatory initiatives are rapidly moving to reduce federal laboratory reimbursement. The efforts by both the private and public payors to further restrict payments could have a profound effect on the scope of testing offered by hospital-based laboratories. On-site nonemergent testing capability will be dependent on the cost to provide the service and the level of reimbursement. Laboratory providers have an opportunity to influence the extent of laboratory cost-reducing initiatives. To effect congressional or regulatory change requires an understanding of the federal Medicare payment system and a well-organized effort.

Approaches to improve the robustness on interdependent networks against cascading failures with load-based model

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (32) ◽  
pp. 1550210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengcheng Dong ◽  
Yanjun Fang ◽  
Meng Tian ◽  
Rong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Coupling Strength ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Network Construction ◽  
Interdependent Networks ◽  
Coupled Networks ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
One To One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Full Investigation ◽  
Link Pattern

With load-based model, considering the loss of capacity on nodes, we investigate how the coupling strength (many-to-many coupled pattern) and link patterns (one-to-one coupled pattern) can affect the robustness of interdependent networks. In one-to-one coupled pattern, we take into account the properties of degree and betweenness, and adopt four kinds of inter-similarity link patterns and random link pattern. In many-to-many coupled pattern, we propose a novel method to build new networks via adding inter-links (coupled links) on the existing one-to-one coupled networks. For a full investigation on the effects, we conduct two types of attack strategies, i.e. RO-attack (randomly remove only one node) and RF-attack (randomly remove a fraction of nodes). We numerically find that inter-similarity link patterns and bigger coupling strength can effectively improve the robustness under RO-attacks and RF-attacks in some cases. Therefore, the inter-similarity link patterns can be applied during the initial period of network construction. Once the networks are completed, the robustness level can be improved via adding inter-links appropriately without changing the existing inter-links and topologies of networks. We also find that BA–BA topology is a better choice and that it is not useful to infinitely increase the capacity which is defined as the cost of networks.

scholarly journals What Does it Cost to Make a Payment?

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Humphrey ◽  
Magnus Willesson ◽  
Ted Lindblom ◽  
Göran Bergendahl
Keyword(s):  
Payment System ◽  
Additional Analysis ◽  
Electronic Payment ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Electronic Transactions ◽  
The Cost

We survey the limited data that exists concerning the cost of making/receiving a payment by banks, retailers, and other parties to a transaction. Since an electronic payment costs between one-third and onehalf that of a paper-based instrument, a country may save 1% of its GDP annually as it shifts from a fully paper-based to a fully electronic-based payment system. Some gains have already been realized. Additional analysis indicates that bank costs of making a payment may have fallen by 45% in Europe as the share of electronic transactions in 12 countries rose from .43 to .79 over 1987-1999.

Design of the Motorcycle Engine Fuel Supplying System Based on the Ultrasonic Atomization

2013 ◽  
Vol 779-780 ◽  
pp. 1143-1146
Author(s):  
Ming Rong Zhang ◽  
Zhang Wei Fan ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Ming Hui Liang ◽  
Xiao Wei Wen
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Ultrasonic Atomization ◽  
Fuel Burning ◽  
Air Mixing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Motorcycle Engine ◽  
New System

A set of fuel supply system, in place of the carburetor, based on ultrasonic atomization is designed. The fuel for the new system which is atomized into micron grade fog grain with ultrasonic system, increases the fuel and air mixing contact area, make the fuel mix more uniform. The experimental results shows that the HC and CO conce-ntration in tail gas of new system has significantly lower,and CO2 is increased, which demonstrates the fuel burning more fully, achieve the effect of energy saving and emission reduction. The cost is quite to carburetor type.

scholarly journals Decrease of Power Consumption Utilizing IOT

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5316-5319
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Future Consumption ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Very High ◽  
New System ◽  
Made In

As electricity consumption is very high so using IOT ,reduction of electricity consumption is tried company nowadays but the use of it in extreme levels results as a damage to environment and personal financial conditions.Involving fields of application and Internet of things sensors are made. In this paper an architecture is introduced, that helps the smart cities to save resources for future. Consumption of electricity in a way is destroying the environment so this paper helps in saving the cost of electricity as well as saving the environment using wireless connections. Finally a new system is proposed keeping in mind the old one and its challenges. This system overcomes all the challenges and difficulties faced by the old one. To implement the framework electrical appliances such as lights, fans, ac etc are incorporated within the proposed system of reduction of electricity consumption

scholarly journals New International Economic Order (NIEO): Origin, Elements and Criticisms

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Fesseha Mulu Gebremariam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Economic ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Economic Order ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Order ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New System

Employing secondary sources of data this paper aims to assess the history, elements, and criticisms against New International Economic Order (NIEO). NIEO is mainly an economic movement happened after WWII with the aim of empowering developing countries politically through economic growth. It also criticizes the existing political and economic system as benefiting developed countries at the cost of developing countries so that a new system is needed that benefits poor countries. However, many criticize NIEO as hypothetical and unorganized movement. Clear division and disagreements among its members is evident. Developing countries failed to form unity, committed to meet the objectives of NIEO, and unable to compete in the market.

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