scholarly journals How much does it cost to save a species from extinction? Costs and rewards of conserving the Lear's macaw

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 190190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio E. A. Barbosa ◽  
José L. Tella
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

Although the limited resources available to save species from extinction necessitate the optimization of conservation actions, little is known about their costs and effectiveness. We developed a costs–rewards framework that integrates information on which sectors of society contribute to funding conservation, how much is contributed, how funds are distributed among conservation targets and how these investments drive not only conservation rewards but also the economic and ecosystem services that benefit society. We applied this framework to the Lear's macaw ( Anodorhynchus leari ), a species discovered in the wild in 1978 with only 60 individuals. Funds invested over the last 25 years reached US$3.66 million. The contribution of governments, non-governmental organizations and private funders varied over time, as did the funding targets. Funds were proportionally invested to mitigate the main causes of mortality, while no funds were devoted to protecting foraging habitats. Conservation rewards were satisfactory, with the cost and time needed to downlist the species from critically endangered to endangered being similar to those invested in other bird species. However, economic rewards (through ecotourism and handicrafts linked to the conservation of the species) were low and require promotion, while ecosystem services provided by Lear's macaws have yet to be quantified.

Knowledge Management in the Non-Governmental Organizations Context

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-57
Author(s):  
Mansour Esmaeil Zaei
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Data Capture ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Knowledge Intensive Organizations ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

NGOs are recognized as knowledge-intensive organizations in nature. This is because of the employees' and volunteers' professionalism and knowledgeable experiences and the area in which NGOs work. However, like other organizations, NGOs have fewer financial and personal resources but huge and greater demand for their services. Consequently, leading NGOs started to reengineer their core processes and organizational paradigms to minimize the cost and time spent on internal functions in order to apply the greater part of their energies externally. To meet these targets, NGOs develop and formalize systems and mechanisms for converting and retaining their tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge over time successfully. This strategic and systematic process and mechanism for data capture, storage, classification, and retrieval is knowledge management. Hence, this chapter will attempt to fill the absence of KM study in NGOs. It will help to understand KM from the perspective of NGOs.

Multi-level social-ecological networks in a payments for ecosystem services programme in central Veracruz, Mexico

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Alfonso Langle-Flores ◽  
Adriana Aguilar Rodríguez ◽  
Humberto Romero-Uribe ◽  
Julia Ros-Cuéllar ◽  
Juan José Von Thaden
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Payments For Ecosystem Services ◽  
Collaboration Network ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Conservation Activity ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Hydrological Services

Summary Payments for ecosystem services (PES) programmes have been considered an important conservation mechanism to avoid deforestation. These environmental policies act in social and ecological contexts at different spatial scales. We evaluated the social-ecological fit between stakeholders and ecosystem processes in a local PES programme across three levels: social, ecological and social-ecological. We explored collaboration among stakeholders, assessed connectivity between forest units and evaluated conservation activity links between stakeholders and forest units. In addition, to increase programme effectiveness, we classified forest units based on their social and ecological importance. Our main findings suggest that non-governmental organizations occupy brokerage positions between landowners and government in a dense collaboration network. We also found a partial spatial misfit between conservation activity links and the forest units that provide the most hydrological services to Xalapa. We conclude that conservation efforts should be directed towards the middle and high part of the Pixquiac sub-watershed and that the role of non-governmental organizations as mediators should be strengthened to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the local PES programme.

scholarly journals ENROLMENT PROJECTION AND COST IMPLICATION OF UNIVERSAL BASIC EDUCATION IN NIGERIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
V. O. Igbineweka ◽  
J. K. Adeyemi
Keyword(s):  
Basic Education ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Cost Implication ◽  
Universal Basic Education ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Analysis Models

The paper evaluated implementation of the Universal Basic Education (UBE) scheme for the first ten years of implementation, 2002-2012. Pupil enrolment for the period was projected and the cost implication of implementing the scheme estimated to guide government assess its ability to continue the implementation of the scheme, review its strategies of implementation or even abandon the scheme like the previous experiment with UBE scheme. The two research questions raised for the study were answered using documentary analysis, models and descriptive statistics. The result of analysis showed that over 46 million children would have been enrolled in schools and N52.9 billion spent annually if the scheme had been effectively implemented. The sight of basic school-going aged children at motor parks, markets and hawking along major streets during school hours suggests that the implementation of the scheme has not effective. It was therefore recommended among others that government should concentrate only on the supply and management of basic education in order to garner adequate funds to sustain its implementation and, allow private individuals and non-governmental organizations to supply and manage other levels of education.

scholarly journals Perception of future professionals of the construction industry of green building and architecture practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 03049
Author(s):  
Mikhail Leontev
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Object A ◽  
Green Construction ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Cost

Green building as a new concept is gaining more and more value, acts as an important mitigating measure against the negative side effects of economic activity in cities. The implementation of the ideas and practices of sustainable development in the construction industry has led to the emergence of a new direction – benvironmental (“green”) construction, which provides a much higher level of quality of facilities for constructed object. A study was carried out of the problems and prospects of green construction and architecture in cities. In this paper, the concept of green building and architecture is refined. The perception of green building and architecture practices by future construction industry professionals, the advantages and benefits of green building and architecture was investigated, factors that impede the implementation of green building in practice were identified. Currently, green building is little practiced for objective reasons. The practice of green building is hindered by a number of factors, for example, an unfavorable external environment in the form of policy or legislation, the economic situation in the country, negative market expectations, and lack of awareness. Health and increased productivity have been identified as the most important benefits of green building, followed by a reduction in the cost of construction and individual operations, and the conservation of natural resources. The recommendations addressed to non-governmental organizations, government bodies, professional communities are formulated.

scholarly journals (A119) Ethical Issues in the Review and Conduct of Research during Active Conflicts: Reflections from Darfur, West Sudan

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s33-s34
Author(s):  
G.M.A. Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Humanitarian Interventions ◽  
International Attention

A crisis has been evolving in the region of Darfur following an armed conflict between rebel groups and the assumingly government-supported militia in 2003. It has attracted international attention and intervention where 13 UN agencies and around 100 national and international non-governmental organizations have been serving the affected populations. Research as methodological means of data collection is crucial to timely assessment of the affected populations' needs before humanitarian interventions, raising fund to fulfil these needs, and to assess the effects of the humanitarian aids that have been delivered. However, the factors of (1) insecurity; (2) limited resources; (3) vulnerability of the population; and (4) the potential cultural and moral differences among researchers and the surveyed populations make the research process methodologically and ethically challenging. The aim of this paper is to present the effects of these factors on the ethical review and implementation of research, with emphasis on the issues of benefit-risk analysis, conflict of interests, and informed consent. A practical framework for the ethical review that responds to the need of timely provision of information as well as promoting the adherence to the international ethical principles also will be provided.

Dealing With Burn Patients in War Zones

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Antonios Koutras ◽  
Athanasios Syllaios ◽  
Ioannis Tsilikis ◽  
Georgios Kalinterakis ◽  
Prokopis-Andreas Zotos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Search ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
War Zones ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Objective: Treating burn patients in the battlefield is one of the biggest challenges that military doctors and medical personnel can face. Wound patterns have been changed over time due to the introduction of new weapons, and many different aspects play a major role in the management of those burns nowadays. There is a potential gap in care of burn patients in war zones. Methods: A thorough literature search in PubMed, scientific journals, and Internet sites was conducted in regard to burn patients and trauma in war zones. Results: It is crucial for military surgeons to be able to stabilize burn patients during wartime conflicts, especially those patients who suffer from extreme burn injuries, as specialized treatment should be given. Medical personnel should be aware of all medication types used, the ways to minimize the risk of bacterial infection, and the ways to keep the injured safe. Conclusions: Injured civilians with burn trauma in the field of battle are deserving care, and special recognition should be given to the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that strive to ease human suffering in war zones. Proper management of burn patients in war zones is crucial, and military medical staff and NGOs can play a key role in that purpose.

Non-governmental Organizations

2018 ◽  
pp. 345-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Schroeder ◽  
Paul Wapner
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

What is the relationship between the United Nations and civil society? Has the relationship changed over time? This chapter demonstrates how both the UN and civil society benefit from sustained interaction. It investigates civil society’s role in the UN’s struggle to gain legitimacy, assert its authority, and carry out its missions. Similarly, it explores how civil society actors engage the UN as they work to garner credibility, support, and governing authority. It argues that the limitations of statism—the overriding power of states in world affairs—inspire the UN to work with civil society and encourage both the UN and civil society to make claims to be representatives of the world’s peoples. It starts by defining civil society and then describes the cooperative and conflictual interactions between the UN and civil society. The chapter concludes by analyzing these interactions in the context of questions of legitimacy, accountability, and good governance.

The Story Retold Visiting the Role and Mission of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Decision Making and Policy Formulation Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Matiatou
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Reference Framework ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Standards Of Living

The mission of the present study is to establish a robust and reliable reference framework on the ecosystem of Non-Governmental Organizations and the Third Sector for literature review in scholarly contributions and publications. Two goals are set: first, to re-establish the importance of Nongovernmental Organizations as integral key players on the arena of social welfare in an era that is largely defined by globalized economies, debt-ridden states, limited resources, increased competition for donations and volunteers, and enhanced needs related to poverty and acceptable standards of living. Second, to position NGOs on the sphere of political influence where they negotiate agendas, form coalitions with local and international partners, mobilize constituencies for policy change, and ultimately engage in all stages of the policy process. Finally, the absence of a concrete evaluation system is pointed out: an accountability framework is fundamental to the assessment of NGO performance and impact on their intended beneficiaries.

scholarly journals “It Feels Like Engaging With a Friend”: Using Interpersonal Communication Strategies to Encourage Science Conversations With Lay Audiences on Social Media

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis Martin ◽  
Bertrum H. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
User Engagement ◽  
Audience Engagement ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Effective Science ◽  
Over Time

Social media offer the potential to facilitate two-way conversations needed for effective science communication; however, research communicators often struggle to reach lay audiences on these media. In this study, the Twitter and Instagram activity of four individual scientists in North America and Europe, acting as recognized science communicators, was compared with the activity of three marine-focused non-governmental organizations (NGOs), particularly paying attention to the strategies that encourage audience engagement in two-way conversations. The results show that a combination of interpersonal communication strategies can have an important effect on the level of lay user engagement in two-way conversations over time.

Adopter Fatigue Phenomenon in Diffusion of Innovations

2010 ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustine O. Ejiogu
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Diffusion Of Innovations ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Variable Model ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
S Curve ◽  
The Cost

This chapter examines the adopter fatigue phenomenon in the diffusion of nanotechnology and microelectronics innovations. It is hypothesized that innovations spread through a social system in an s-curve and that the speed of technology adoption is determined by two variables p and q where p represents the speed at which adoption takes off and q the speed at which later growth occurs. However, this two-variable model has been criticized as an over-simplification of a complex reality hence the need to examine adopter fatigue phenomenon defined as the hesitation, delay, or refusal by an individual to adopt an innovation on account of prevailing circumstances including the rapid evolution of new technologies. This phenomenon is particularly relevant to nanotechnology and microelectronics products and processes which are characteristically continuously refined and upgraded. Because the phenomenon is a symptom of poverty, it is recommended that overcoming adopter fatigue be achieved through multidisciplinary approach including empowering individuals by subsidizing the cost of adoption, and developing ancillary infrastructure such as electricity. Both governments and non-governmental organizations, in the spirit of public-private-partnership, should act in synergy in solving the poverty-linked problem of adopter fatigue.

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