scholarly journals Organic residue analysis shows sub-regional patterns in the use of pottery by Northern European hunter–gatherers

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 192016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blandine Courel ◽  
Harry K. Robson ◽  
Alexandre Lucquin ◽  
Ekaterina Dolbunova ◽  
Ester Oras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Ruminant Animal ◽  
Isotopic Characterization ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Spread Of Agriculture

The introduction of pottery vessels to Europe has long been seen as closely linked with the spread of agriculture and pastoralism from the Near East. The adoption of pottery technology by hunter–gatherers in Northern and Eastern Europe does not fit this paradigm, and its role within these communities is so far unresolved. To investigate the motivations for hunter–gatherer pottery use, here, we present the systematic analysis of the contents of 528 early vessels from the Baltic Sea region, mostly dating to the late 6th–5th millennium cal BC, using molecular and isotopic characterization techniques. The results demonstrate clear sub-regional trends in the use of ceramics by hunter–gatherers; aquatic resources in the Eastern Baltic, non-ruminant animal fats in the Southeastern Baltic, and a more variable use, including ruminant animal products, in the Western Baltic, potentially including dairy. We found surprisingly little evidence for the use of ceramics for non-culinary activities, such as the production of resins. We attribute the emergence of these sub-regional cuisines to the diffusion of new culinary ideas afforded by the adoption of pottery, e.g. cooking and combining foods, but culturally contextualized and influenced by traditional practices.

scholarly journals Correction to ‘Organic residue analysis shows sub-regional patterns in the use of pottery by Northern European hunter–gatherers’

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 201168
Author(s):  
Blandine Courel ◽  
Harry K. Robson ◽  
Alexandre Lucquin ◽  
Ekaterina Dolbunova ◽  
Ester Oras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Organic Residue ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Organic Residue Analysis

scholarly journals Human mitochondrial DNA lineages in Iron-Age Fennoscandia suggest incipient admixture and eastern introduction of farming-related maternal ancestry

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanni Översti ◽  
Kerttu Majander ◽  
Elina Salmela ◽  
Kati Salo ◽  
Laura Arppe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Population History ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
East Europe ◽  
North East ◽  
Mtdna Diversity ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Genetic Shift

AbstractHuman ancient DNA studies have revealed high mobility in Europe’s past, and have helped to decode the human history on the Eurasian continent. Northeastern Europe, especially north of the Baltic Sea, however, remains less well understood largely due to the lack of preserved human remains. Finland, with a divergent population history from most of Europe, offers a unique perspective to hunter-gatherer way of life, but thus far genetic information on prehistoric human groups in Finland is nearly absent. Here we report 103 complete ancient mitochondrial genomes from human remains dated to AD 300–1800, and explore mtDNA diversity associated with hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers. The results indicate largely unadmixed mtDNA pools of differing ancestries from Iron-Age on, suggesting a rather late genetic shift from hunter-gatherers towards farmers in North-East Europe. Furthermore, the data suggest eastern introduction of farmer-related haplogroups into Finland, contradicting contemporary genetic patterns in Finns.

Selection indices for terminal sire beef breeds

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 44-44
Author(s):  
G. Simm ◽  
C. Smith ◽  
J.H.D. Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Biological Indices ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Selection Indices ◽  
Terminal Sire

Rising living standards and an increasing awareness of the health risks of a diet high in saturated fats have led to strong consumer discrimination against animal fats. Additionally the surplusses of animal products in Europe suggest that more attention should be paid to the inputs in animal production, rather than solely increasing output. Improving the efficiency of lean meat production is therefore an important consideration in all meat animal systems. In 1976 Fowler, Bichard and Pease proposed the ‘biological indices’ lean growth rate and lean food conversion as selection criteria in pigs. These traits may be estimated as the product of growth rate (GR) or food conversion efficiency (FCE), and in vivo estimates of killing out and carcass lean proportions. However, in cattle and sheep the relatively low coefficient of variation of estimated killing out and of lean proportions, means that the biological indices are frequently dominated by GR and FCE. In such cases there may be little difference in response from selection solely on GR and FCE (Simm, 1983). The objective of the present study was to derive economic selection indices for terminal sire beef breeds, which might give appropriate economic weighting to the components of efficient lean meat production.

The Anthropological Context of Euskaro-Caucasian

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Bengtson
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Caucasian Family ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
Spread Of Agriculture

The hypothesis that the Basque language is genetically related to languages in the Caucasus region was developed in the 20th century by respected scholars including C. C. Uhlenbeck, Georges Dumézil, and René Lafon, but has recently fallen into disfavour. The author defends the Euskaro-Caucasian hypothesis in a refined model in which Basque (Euskara) is most closely related to the North Caucasian language family (but not “South Caucasian” = Kartvelian). It is maintained that this hypothesis is not only linguistically convincing, supported by hundreds of basic etymologies, sound correspondences, and shared morphology, but is also consistent with recent results in archaeology and human genetics. Among the Euskaro-Caucasian etymologies is a significant number involving small and large cattle, swine, dairying, grain and pulse crops, and tools and methods of processing crops. These lexical fields are consistent with the spread of agriculture and animal husbandry to Western Europe by means of colonisation by bearers of the Cardial (Impressed Ware) Culture who came from the Anatolian (or possibly Balkan) region, and spoke a language related to Proto-North Caucasian. The well-known genetic distinctiveness of the Basques is a result of centuries of low population size, genetic drift and endogamy, rather than purely Paleolithic ancestry. The present-day Basque people represent a genetic amalgam of the Cardial colonists with indigenous hunter-gatherers, but their Euskaro-Caucasian language is colonial, not indigenous, in origin. Basque is the sole remaining descendant of the Euskaro-Caucasian family in Western Europe, but there is evidence (in the form of substratum words) that this colonial language was formerly more widely spread in other nearby regions (Sardinia, parts of Iberia, France, the Alps, Italy, the Balkans, and perhaps beyond).

scholarly journals New insights into early medieval Islamic cuisine: Organic residue analysis of pottery from rural and urban Sicily

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252225
Author(s):  
Jasmine Lundy ◽  
Lea Drieu ◽  
Antonino Meo ◽  
Viva Sacco ◽  
Lucia Arcifa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Organic Residue ◽  
Urban Centre ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Rural Town ◽  
The People ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
Organic Residue Analysis

Sicily, during the 9th-12th century AD, thrived politically, economically, and culturally under Islamic political rule and the capital of Palermo stood as a cultural and political centre in the Mediterranean Islamic world. However, to what extent the lifeways of the people that experienced these regimes were impacted during this time is not well understood, particularly those from lesser studied rural contexts. This paper presents the first organic residue analysis of 134 cooking pots and other domestic containers dating to the 9th -12th century in order to gain new insights into the culinary practices during this significant period. Ceramics from three sites in the urban capital of Palermo and from the rural town of Casale San Pietro were analysed and compared. The multi-faceted organic residue analysis identified a range of commodities including animal products, vegetables, beeswax, pine and fruit products in the ceramics, with a complex mixing of resources observed in many cases, across all four sites and ceramic forms. Alongside the identification of commodities and how they were combined, new light has been shed on the patterning of resource use between these sites. The identification of dairy products in calcite wares from the rural site of Casale San Pietro and the absence of dairy in ceramics from the urban centre of Palermo presents interesting questions regarding the role of rural sites in food consumption and production in Islamic Sicily. This is the first time organic residue analysis of ceramics has been used to explore foodways in a medieval multi-faith society and offers new pathways to the understanding of pottery use and resources that were prepared, consumed and combined, reflecting cuisine in different socio-economic environments within the pluralistic population of medieval Sicily.

scholarly journals The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1912) ◽  
pp. 20191528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Malmström ◽  
Torsten Günther ◽  
Emma M. Svensson ◽  
Anna Juras ◽  
Magdalena Fraser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Published Data ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Cultural Transformations ◽  
Funnel Beaker Culture ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Common Era

The Neolithic period is characterized by major cultural transformations and human migrations, with lasting effects across Europe. To understand the population dynamics in Neolithic Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea area, we investigate the genomes of individuals associated with the Battle Axe Culture (BAC), a Middle Neolithic complex in Scandinavia resembling the continental Corded Ware Culture (CWC). We sequenced 11 individuals (dated to 3330–1665 calibrated before common era (cal BCE)) from modern-day Sweden, Estonia, and Poland to 0.26–3.24× coverage. Three of the individuals were from CWC contexts and two from the central-Swedish BAC burial ‘Bergsgraven’. By analysing these genomes together with the previously published data, we show that the BAC represents a group different from other Neolithic populations in Scandinavia, revealing stratification among cultural groups. Similar to continental CWC, the BAC-associated individuals display ancestry from the Pontic–Caspian steppe herders, as well as smaller components originating from hunter–gatherers and Early Neolithic farmers. Thus, the steppe ancestry seen in these Scandinavian BAC individuals can be explained only by migration into Scandinavia. Furthermore, we highlight the reuse of megalithic tombs of the earlier Funnel Beaker Culture (FBC) by people related to BAC. The BAC groups likely mixed with resident middle Neolithic farmers (e.g. FBC) without substantial contributions from Neolithic foragers.

Holocene resource exploitation along the Nile: diet and subsistence strategies of Mesolithic and Neolithic societies at Khor Shambat 1, Sudan

Antiquity ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Julie Dunne ◽  
Maciej Jórdeczka ◽  
Marek Chłodnicki ◽  
Karen Hardy ◽  
Lucy Kubiak-Martens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Subsistence Strategies ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
First Time ◽  
Human Subsistence

The subsistence practices of Holocene communities living in the Nile Valley of Central Sudan are comparatively little known. Recent excavations at Khor Shambat, Sudan, have yielded well-defined Mesolithic and Neolithic stratigraphy. Here, for the first time, archaeozoological, palaeobotanical, phytolith and dental calculus studies are combined with lipid residue analysis of around 100 pottery fragments and comparative analysis of faunal remains and organic residues. This holistic approach provides valuable information on changes in adaptation strategies, from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to Neolithic herders exploiting domesticates. A unique picture is revealed of the natural environment and human subsistence, demonstrating the potential wider value of combining multiple methods.

THE WORLD’S OLDEST POTS: ON THE DISPERSAL OF THE CERAMIC INNOVATION AMONG EURASIAN HUNTER-GATHERERS SINCE THE LATE GLACIAL PERIOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-78
Author(s):  
Henny Piezonka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
The Baltic

The earliest ceramic vessels of the world have been produced in southern China by Late Glacial hunter-gatherers in the remote times around 18,000 calBC. Over the following millennia the new technology became known among forager communities in the Russian Amur region, in Japan, Korea, Transbaikalia and ultimately appeared also in the Urals and in eastern and northern central Europe. Contrary to common views of pottery as part of the “Neolithic package”, the Eurasian hunter-gatherer ceramic tradition is an innovation that developed completely independent of other Neolithic traits such as agriculture, animal husbandry and sedentary lifestyle. The paper explores the chronological sequence of the appearance of hunter-gatherer ceramic vessel production on the basis of radiocarbon dates in northern Eurasia from the Pacific coast to the Baltic and outlines promising methodological approaches that currently play a role in researching this much-discussed topic.

Manipulating the fatty acid composition of pig and poultry products

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 73-73
Author(s):  
R.C. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Dietary Regimen ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Fat Consumption ◽  
The Many ◽  
General Opinion

Over the past twenty years nutritional literature at all levels has abounded with arguments about the role of dietary fat in the increased incidence of the many ailments that pervade Western society, in particular of course coronary heart disease. The general opinion is that the incidence of such disorders would be reduced and the health of our society improved by a reduction in the gross amount of fat consumed, a reduction in dietary cholesterol and a change in the dietary regimen of fatty acids in favour of increased levels of a range of polyunsaturates. Although the pattern of fat consumption has always undergone some changes, contemporary moves against the consumption of animal fats have been particularly dramatic based on the firm belief, erroneous or otherwise, that some animal products are very much less beneficial than others. Of the range of products based on the pig and the avian the attitude towards fat consumption has been highly variable.

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