scholarly journals The sorption of vapours by ferric oxide gel. I.―Aliphatic alcohols

1934 ◽  
Vol 147 (860) ◽  
pp. 128-140 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Ferric Oxide ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Capillary Condensation ◽  
Adsorbed Layer ◽  
Adsorbed Molecule ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Condensation Process ◽  
Kelvin Equation ◽  
The Difference

In this paper isothermals of a series of alcohols on ferric oxide gel at 25°C are described. The sorption of methyl, ethyl, n. and iso-propyl, and n. butyl alcohols has been investigated in order to determine how the nature of the isothermal alters with the size of the adsorbed molecule. Isothermals of benzene and ethyl alcohol on ferric oxide gel have been described previously, and an examination of these data leads to the conclusion that the hysteresis phenomena are associated with a capillary condensation process which follows a true adsorption process on the surface of the pores. The application of the Kelvin equation to the calculation of the capillary radii at corresponding volumes gives the values 16 and 18 A respectively, from the benzene and alcohol isothermals. The lack of complete agreement may, of course, be due to the fact that the limit of validity of the equation has been reached, but there remains a possibility that the difference actually arises from the variation in the thickness of the adsorbed layer with the size of the adsorbed molecules. A similar conclusion was arrived at from an examination of the isothermals of methyl and ethyl alcohol on a specimen of silica gel which exhibits hysteresis, and the present series has therefore been determined in order to provide more extensive data for testing the validity of the Kelvin equation.

The feasibility and validity of using a real time location system (RTLS) to measure bedside contact time

2021 ◽  
pp. 174498712110161
Author(s):  
Ann-Marie Cannaby ◽  
Vanda Carter ◽  
Thomas Hoe ◽  
Stephenson Strobel ◽  
Elena Ashtari Tafti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
The Real ◽  
Measured Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hospital Wards ◽  
Location Systems

Background The association between the nurse-to-patient ratio and patient outcomes has been extensively investigated. Real time location systems have the potential capability of measuring the actual amount of bedside contact patients receive. Aims This study aimed to determine the feasibility and accuracy of real time location systems as a measure of the amount of contact time that nurses spent in the patients’ bed space. Methods An exploratory, observational, feasibility study was designed to compare the accuracy of data collection between manual observation performed by a researcher and real time location systems data capture capability. Four nurses participated in the study, which took place in 2019 on two hospital wards. They were observed by a researcher while carrying out their work activities for a total of 230 minutes. The amount of time the nurses spent in the patients’ bed space was recorded in 10-minute blocks of time and the real time location systems data were extracted for the same nurse at the time of observation. Data were then analysed for the level of agreement between the observed and the real time location systems measured data, descriptively and graphically using a kernel density and a scatter plot. Results The difference (in minutes) between researcher observed and real time location systems measured data for the 23, 10-minute observation blocks ranged from zero (complete agreement) to 5 minutes. The mean difference between the researcher observed and real time location systems time in the patients’ bed space was one minute (10% of the time). On average, real time location systems measured time in the bed space was longer than the researcher observed time. Conclusions There were good levels of agreement between researcher observation and real time location systems data of the time nurses spend at the bedside. This study confirms that it is feasible to use real time location systems as an accurate measure of the amount of time nurses spend at the patients’ bedside.

scholarly journals The behaviour of electrolytes in mixed solvents. Part. III.–The molecular refractivities and partial molar volumes of lithium chloride in water-ethyl alcohol solutions

1931 ◽  
Vol 131 (817) ◽  
pp. 382-390 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Mixed Solvent ◽  
Mixed Solvents ◽  
Partial Molar Volumes ◽  
Ammonium Iodide ◽  
Dilute Aqueous Solutions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Value Of It ◽  
Water Alcohol

It is well known that the molecular refractivity of most salts, as calculated by the Lorentz-Lorenz formula, is nearly independent of the concentration in moderately dilute aqueous solutions. Walden determined the refractivities of tetra-ethyl-ammonium iodide and other similar salts in a variety of solvents and found that, while the molecular refractivity was approximately independent of the concentration in each solvent, it varied from one solvent to another, the greatest variation from the value in water, amounting to about 2 per cent., being obtained in nitro-methane, Schreiner has recently determined the molecular refractivity of hydrogen chloride and lithium chloride in methyl and ethyl alcohols, and found that in the case of lithium chloride the value is independent of the concentration up to a concentration of about 3 M. His values for R 18 D for lithium chloride are: 8.73 in water, 8.55 in methyl alcohol and 8.38 in ethyl alcohol. The difference between the values in water and ethyl alcohol appeared to make it just possible to determine the variation of the refractivity with the composition of the solvent in mixtures of water and the alcohol. It is possible that a solvent might he found, miscible in water in all proportions, in which the value of It is further removed from that in water. Such a substance would he more suitable than alcohol for the investigation of this effect, but in order to correlate the results with the measurements recorded in Part II of the activities of alcohol and water in water-alcohol-lithium chloride solutions, it seemed desirable to investigate this case in the first instance. The variation of the refractivity of a salt with the composition of a mixed solvent may be expected to give some indication of the composition of the solvent in the immediate vicinity of the ions. For the refractivity of a salt is determined by (1) the polarisability of the ions themselves and (2) the change in the polarisability of the solvent produced by their presence. The molecular refractivity of a salt in a solution containing m grams of a salt in w grams of the solvent is taken as R = M/ m ( n 2 -1/ n 2 + 2 . w + m / d - n 2 0 -1/ n 2 0 + 2 . w / d 0 (1) where n , and d and n 0 , d 0 are the refractive index and density of the solution and of the solvent, respectively, and M the molecular weight of the salt.

The Effect of Fabric Weave Structure and Component Ratio on Pore Size Distribution

2011 ◽  
Vol 314-316 ◽  
pp. 1537-1541
Author(s):  
Jian Feng Di ◽  
Xiao Xia He ◽  
Hong Jin Qi ◽  
Wen Qin Du
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Capillary Condensation ◽  
Polyester Fabric ◽  
Component Ratio ◽  
Weave Structure ◽  
Weave Fabric ◽  
The Difference

In order to provide the wetting processing and the design of thermal moisture comfort of fabric with micron-scaled pore size data, this paper reports on an experimental investigation on the pore size distribution of 6 kinds of fabrics with the method of seft-proposed weight-classification method. This paper focuses on the effect of fabric structure and component on the pore size distribution . Histograms reveal the relationship between various factors. For cotton fabric, the peak area of the histogram of 1/2 twill weave fabric (TWF) is wider and higher than that of plain weave fabric (PWF) due to fewer structure points and more loose structure. This leads to wicking rate increase. For the polyester fabric, the difference between the peak area shapes of the TWF and PWF is not obvious. This may arise from that smaller warp/weft density of both the samples inhibited by the change in inter-yarn gap leading to the similarity. For polyester-cotton fabric, with the increase in the ratio of hydrophilic cotton component, pore size range significantly expanded, showing more uniform wicking and capillary condensation.

scholarly journals The sorption of methyl and ethyl alcohol by silica gels

1934 ◽  
Vol 146 (856) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Methyl Alcohol ◽  
Ferric Oxide ◽  
Silica Gels ◽  
Adsorptive Capacity ◽  
Incomplete Removal ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Permanent Gases ◽  
Hysteresis Phenomena

The original object of the present research was to investigate the sorption of methyl alcohol by silica gel, in order to compare the isothermals with those of water and ethyl alcohol, which had been determined by Lambert and Foster. Owing to the fact that the supply of gel used for this earlier work had been exhausted, it as necessary to examine a number of other specimens. One of these, which like the original gel, was a commercial product, was found to take up a larger amount at saturation, and also to exhibit hysteresis phenomena which were not observed with the original gel. Unfortunately it was impossible to find a sample giving exactly the same shape of isothermal as the original gel, although some specimens known to belong to the same batch gave very similar curves. One of these was selected for the present work, and an examination has been made of the isothermals of methyl and ethyl alcohols on these two types of silica gel at 25° C. The fact that one specimen showed hysteresis provided a suitable occasion further to confirm the view, always maintained by Lambert and the author, that these phenomena are in no way due to incomplete removal of permanent gases or other impurities from the systems. In previous work with silica and ferric oxide gels, evacuation was carried out at 150° C, which is actually the optimum temperatures of activation for the latter gel, the adsorptive capacity of which decreases rapidly when higher temperatures are employed. Silica gels, however, will withstand a much higher temperature with comparatively little diminution in capacity, and in the present work it has been shown that the hysteresis phenomena are not affected by raising the temperature of the initial evacuation to 250° C or even to 350° C. It has also been shown that the phenomena persist after continued "flushing out" of the gel with methyl or ethyl alcohol vapour. (McBain suggested that the hysteresis observed by Lambert and Clark with benzene on ferric oxide gel would not have ocucrred if the gel had been flushed out with benzene before the isothermals were determined.)

scholarly journals Studies of gas-solid equilibria. Part IV.—Pressure-concentration equilibria between ferric oxide gels and (a) water, (b) ethyl alcohol, (c) benzene, directly determined under isothermal conditions

1932 ◽  
Vol 136 (829) ◽  
pp. 363-377 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Ferric Oxide ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Isothermal Conditions ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Pressure Concentration ◽  
Gel System

In this part of the work attempts have been made to determine the pressure concentration equilibria between ferric oxide gel and water, making use of exactly the same procedure as that employed in Parts II and III, and using ferric oxide gel from the same batch as that employed in Parts I and II. A serious difficulty was encountered owing to the liberation of a small quantity of gas from the activated and evacuated gel when the concentration of water in the system was brought near to saturation. The presence of a gas (as distinct from water vapour) in the system made itself evident—usually quite suddenly—by a very marked slowing-down of the rate at which water vapour could be transferred by evaporation from the water reservoir to the gel system. The pressure of this gas could, after some time, be estimated by the height to which mercury rose into the “cut-off” from the mercury reservoir. The largest pressure recorded in this way showed the presence of approximately 4 c. c. (at N. T. P.) of gas in the system.

The Difference between Rare Earth Ions and Alkaline Earth Metal Ions in DNA Condensation Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 694 ◽  
pp. 613-615
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Xiao Ting Shi ◽  
Wei Guo ◽  
Zhong Zhang ◽  
Hong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
Dna Condensation ◽  
Rare Earth Ions ◽  
Alkaline Earth Metal ◽  
Condensation Process ◽  
Alkaline Earth Metal Ions ◽  
The Difference

The structural transition of DNA double-stranded induced by Ce3+ or Mg2+ ions was investigated in this paper. By atomic force microscopy, different types of condensed DNA structures were observed at the presence of Ce3+ or Mg2+ ions. The results show that there are some differences between rare earth ions and alkaline earth metal ions in the DNA condensation process.

Study on the Kaolin Fine Tailings Refined Bleached Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 2917-2920
Author(s):  
Chun Hua Liu ◽  
Zhi Hua Liu ◽  
Chang Bin Xia
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Ferric Oxide ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Aluminum Silicate ◽  
Acid Acid ◽  
Fine Tailings ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Water Cut ◽  
Different Sources

Kaolin is a mineral composition of water cut aluminum silicate collection of words, used widely. But since most kaolin contain quality score 0.5% ~ 3% of iron oxide or hydrogen ferric oxide, restricted its use. With reduction and complexation method to kaolin bleach, which can effectively reduce the content of iron in the clay. The low pH in with organic acid(citric acid, acid, oxalic acid, also sugar) refined bleached high content of coal kaolin ferric oxide. The results show that, citric acid and also the sugar acid in iron effect is poor, does not meet the industrialized production, oxalic acid can remove kaolin can dip in iron, when pH lower than 1.2, the temperature of 80 °C on the bleaching, white degree of more than 80%, to adapt to the industrial application of coal kaolin basic conditions. At the same time, because of the difference of shading minerals, different sources of kaolin bleaching and the white degree stability condition is different, the actual production of should according to the specific of the sources, after the test to be sure.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS FOTOREDUKSI ION Cu(II) TERKATALISIS TiO2 DALAM LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI KERAJINAN PERAK DI DESA UNGGA KEC. PRAYA LOMBOK TENGAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Husnul Hatimah Husnul Hatimah
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Pure Tio2 ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Tio2 Photocatalyst ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Uv Lamps ◽  
Closed Reactor

This research has been done to study the effect of addition of TiO2 photocatalyst in liquid waste of silver industry in Ungga Village, Kec. Praya Kab. Central Lombok on the effectiveness of photoreduction of Cu (II) ions which are catalyzed by TiO2. The photoreduction process is carried out by irradiating liquid waste containing Cu (II) ions without or with the addition of TiO2 photocatalyst powder in a closed reactor equipped with UV lamps. The photoreduction process conditions are 50 mL of silver waste containing Cu (II) with reaction time for 24 hours and a mass of TiO2 20 mg at each 10 ppm Cu (II) ion concentration. The photoreduction results are determined by the difference in the concentration of the starting Cu (II) ions with the residual Cu (II) ion concentration in the silver craft waste without or with the addition of TiO2 photocatalyst. Furthermore, the data obtained were compared to the results of photoreduction of Cu (II) ions pure TiO2 laboratory scale. The amount of metal in the mixture was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method (AAS). The results showed that in silver handicraft waste containing Cu (II) ions, the addition of TiO2 can increase the effectiveness of the Cu (II) ion photoreduction from 6.57% to 33.38%, which begins with the adsorption process. The other ions cause inter-reduction competition metals so as to decrease the effectiveness of TiO2 catalysed Ti (II) ionic ferrication in silver handicrafts waste in Ungga Village Kec. Praya Kab.central Lombok

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