scholarly journals The development of rana temporaria under the influence of cane sugar solution

1933 ◽  
Vol 112 (777) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
Foul Water ◽  
Further Development

The main object of the investigations, the results of which are embodied in this paper, was to repeat certain experiments performed by Tornier (1908) and to confirm or confute his conclusions. Tornier experimented with the eggs of Amphibia— Rana, Bufo and in particular the Axolotl ( Amblystoma ), keeping them for 48 hours in an 8 per cent. solution of cane sugar, then transferring them for 24 hours to a 2 per cent. Solution, and after that to well aerated water in which they completed their development. As a result of this treatment, in further development all sorts of abnormalities, turned up, such as short bodies, swollen abdomens, enlarged mouth cavities, etc. Since similar abnormalities were produced by the use of solutions of glycerine and common salt, Tornier concluded that the energy of the germinal part of the egg had been affected by the reagents used, and that what he termed “plasma-weakness” had been produced, so that the yolky part of the egg, being no longer controlled, swelled up and crushed the more protoplasmic part. He thought that the weakness was immediately due to the cutting off of oxygen by the reagent. He considered that the results which he had obtained with Amphibian eggs explained the production of the “fancy” races of goldfish, because the Chinese breeders, with whom these races originated, were accustomed to rear the spawn of their fish in foul water.

scholarly journals Experimental distortion of development in amphibian tadpoles. Part II

1932 ◽  
Vol 112 (774) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Common Frog ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Development Working ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Common

A previous paper (Sladden, 1930) contained an account of certain experi­ments carried out with the eggs of the common frog ( Rana temporaria ). The experiments were performed with the object of testing the results obtained from similar ones by Tornier (1908). Tornier states that cane sugar in tap-water brings about a reduction of the amount of oxygen present in solution, and that frogs’ eggs subjected to sugar solutions of various concentrations become “weakened ”—presumably through lack of oxygen—and give rise to abnormal larvæ. He then goes on to compare these abnormalities with the abnormal “fancy” races of goldfish, assuming the origin of these fancy fish to be due to a deficiency of oxygen in early stages of development. Working on Tornier’s assumption that cane sugar would act as an absorbent of any oxygen present in a given solution, frogs’ eggs were subjected to a 10 per cent, solution of sugar in tap-water for a period of 4 hours; 24 hours after fertilisation. Most of the eggs thus treated gave rise to apparently normal larvæ, a certain percentage of the eggs failed to develop (these may have been unfertilised) but in a few cases the resulting larvæ showed various types of abnormality which became recognisable externally at two quite distinct stages in their development and can therefore be placed into two categories described as “early” and “late” abnormalities.

scholarly journals Shelf-Life Studies on Osmo-Air Dried White Button Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishan Kumar ◽  
Aradhita Barmanray ◽  
Shiv Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Osmotic Dehydration ◽  
Ambient Condition ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
White Button Mushroom ◽  
Shelf Life Studies ◽  
One Year ◽  
Osmotic Treatment

White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) was subjected to osmotic dehydration at different concentrations of common salt (sodium chloride) i.e. 10, 15, 20 and 25% and sugar solution i. e. 50, 60 and 70°B and dried in hot-air oven at 55 ± 2 °C. There were about 31.2, 29.4, 27.2 and 24.4% reduction in weight with 10, 15, 20 and 25% salt solutions and 35.4, 38.3 and 38.8% with 50, 60 and 70°B sugar solution respectively. It took about 240, 220, 200 and 180 minutes to dry samples after osmotic treatment with 10, 15, 20 and 25% salt concentration and 240, 220 and 220 minutes with 50, 60 and 70°B sugar solution respectively. The untreated samples took about 340 minutes for complete drying. The colour was brighter for samples dried after OT with 25% salt and 70°B sugar concentrations having lowest optical density (OD) values. The dried products were packed in 200 gauge polypropylene bags and stored at ambient condition for one year. The chemical, microbial and organoleptic changes were monitored for one year. Storage study showed that there was marginal increase in moisture content and decrease in organoleptic quality of osmoa-air dried (OAD) mushroom slices. The samples dried after osmosis with 25% salt and 70°B sugar concentrations were found microbiologically safe and organoleptically acceptable up to one year of storage at ambient condition.

scholarly journals Determination and Chemometrics-Assisted Comparative Analysis of Active Components in Different Tissue of Rana chensinensis

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Jianqiu Zhang ◽  
Zhongyao Wang ◽  
Shihan Wang ◽  
Changli Zhang ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Rana Chensinensis ◽  
Development And Utilization ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Different Tissues

In this study, the chemical composition of different tissues of Rana temporaria chensinensis David derived from the same individual was analyzed by comparative approach. First, pre-column derivatization combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established to determine the content of 1-methyl hydantoin in samples, which used S1–S5 samples. The results indicated that 1-methyl hydantoin was determined in Oviductus Ranae (OR), Rana chensinensis ovum (RCO), Rana chensinensis meat (RCM), and Rana chensinensis skin (RCS), except for Rana chensinensis bone (RCB). Moreover, the content of it in RCS was the highest. In addition, the contents of six polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in different tissues of Rana chensinensis were measured by HPLC, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA), linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid (OA). The results indicated that OR, RCO, RCM, RCS, and RCB all contained the above six PUFAs. With the aid of chemometrics methods, the results of principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) combined with the sequencing results of the total PUFAs content of each sample, showed that different tissues of Rana chensinensis could be divided into four categories, and the RCO sample was divided into one category because of the highest PUFAs content, which was a good source of PUFA. For comparison, OR and other tissue from the perspective of PUFAs, we also established OPLS-DA models of them. It could be found that the RCM was the most similar to the OR in the diversity and content of PUFAs. This study provided a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of RCO, RCM, RCS, and RCB as by-products of OR.

Characterization Model of Dielectric Properties of Cane Sugar Solution over 0.5 to 14 GHz

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Rujipas Sumranbumrung ◽  
Pirat Khunkitti ◽  
Apirat Siritaratiwat ◽  
Anan Kruesubthaworn
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Characterization Model

scholarly journals XII. On the minute structure of the leg-muscles of the water-beetle

1873 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 429-443 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Living Condition ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
Water Beetles ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Water Beetle ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Large Water ◽  
State Of Rest

For the successful prosecution of the histological inquiry which forms the subject of the present communication, it is essential that the tissue to be investigated should be studied whilst still in the living condition, inasmuch as marked changes ensue very speedily after the death of the muscle, and still more speedily on the addition of reagents, even the so-called indifferent fluids, such as serum or ½ per cent. solution of common salt, being in this case inadmissible. The description, therefore, I have now to give is founded entirely on an examination of the living tissue. I. Appearance of Living Muscle in the state of rest If we cut off a limb from one of the common large Water-beetles ( Dytiscus marginalis ), remove a portion of muscle from the upper part, quickly separating the fibres somewhat from one another, by means of needles, on a glass slip, cover it without addition, and examine the preparation so obtained with the aid of a very powerful immersion-objective (such as the No. 11 of Hartnack or the No. 3 of Zeiss), we find numerous muscular fibres presenting an appearance similar to that represented in Plate XXXIII. fig. 1.

scholarly journals The selective properties of the copper ferrocyanide membrane

1917 ◽  
Vol 93 (651) ◽  
pp. 268-276 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Selective Adsorption ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Capillary Effects ◽  
Copper Ferrocyanide ◽  
Colloidal Membranes

In a previous research dealing with the structure of semi-permeable membranes, it has been shown that the copper ferrocyanide membrane is built up from colloidal particles having diameters ranging from 50 to 400 μμ ; also that the pores enclosed by these particles have an average diameter which, although large enough to allow passage to any non-colloidal molecule, is small enough to be entirely within the range of capillary effects. On the basis of these facts the hypothesis was advanced that the selective properties of colloidal membranes are due to selective adsorption; a copper ferrocyanide membrane immersed in cane-sugar solution, for instance, being permeable to the water and not to the cane sugar, because the water, rather than the sugar, is selectively adsorbed or “condensed” on to the membrane surface and into its capillaries. The present research is an experimental investigation of this view. The measurements made herein consist in a determination of the change in concentration brought about by immersing more or less dry colloidal copper ferrocyanide in cane-sugar solutions of various strengths. The results obtained tend to confirm the adsorption hypothesis for this case at least.

Comparative Evaluation of Different Pretreatments on Tomato Slices Dried in a Cabinet Air Drier

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neena Joshi ◽  
Yvan Gariepy ◽  
GS Vijaya Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Visual Appeal

Effects on drying and other acceptability parameters when slices of tomatoes were subjected to different pretreatments before initiating the process of drying were studied. The study also included observation of effects of inherent moisture levels in the drying tomato on the attributes such as color, texture, shrinkage and appearance. The pretreatments consisted of solutions in water, of sugar (1%), calcium chloride (1,2 % ), common salt (2%), ascorbic acid (0.75%) and sodium benzoate (0.1%). The slices of tomato, 1 cm thick, were soaked in the specific solutions separately for 3, 6 and 12 hours. Untreated tomato slices served as control. Drying was stopped when tomato slices attained moisture levels of 30% and 10%. Drying rate (mr = m ebx where: mr - moisture ratio; m - model constant; b - drying rate; x – time, minute) ranged between -0.007 (sugar solution 1%) and -0.029 (control). Pretreatments did in fact influence the shrinkage both at 10 and 30 % moisture levels. Effect on shrinkage was more pronounced at 30 % than 10 % moisture level. Visual assessment and photographs suggest that pretreatments with calcium chloride and sodium chloride had better texture and visual appeal than other pre-drying treatments. Duration of drying to reach 10% moisture level ranged between 180.0 and 241.67 minutes. Variations were observed between samples for parameters re-hydration ratio and water activity (0.462 – 0.550). It is suggested that pre-drying treatments do affect the different parameters that were studied and can help in improving the visual appeal and acceptability.

Modeling adsorption of cane-sugar solution colorant in packed-bed ion exchangers

AIChE Journal ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 2519-2532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh A. Broadhurst ◽  
Peter W. Rein
Keyword(s):  
Packed Bed ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Ion Exchangers

Experiments on the Rhythmic Stimulation of Sensory Nerves of the Skin

1897 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 189-194
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Induction Machine ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Secondary Coil ◽  
Primary Circuit ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
Primary Coil ◽  
Platinum Foil ◽  
Stimulation Of

Suppose we introduce a telephone a into the primary circuit of an ordinary induction coil, such as used in physiological laboratories, and another telephone b into the circuit of the secondary coil, and suppose the wires connecting telephone a with the primary and connecting telephone b to be many yards in length. If one observer speaks into a, another observer will hear every word if b is applied to his ear. Every one is acquainted with this fact, that the currents awakened in a induce corresponding currents in the secondary coil, which are transmitted to b. If we substitute for a a microphone-transmitter c, and speak to it, the tones are reproduced by telephone b.Further, as I showed to the Society in February last, if we suspend a microphone-transmitter over the phonograph, when the latter is in motion and giving out tones, the variations in resistance in the microphone-transmitter produce such alterations in the current flowing through it to the coils of an electro-magnet as to make it possible, mechanically, to record these variations.These considerations led me some months ago to try the following experiment. The microphone-transmitter was suspended over the phonograph disk, and it was introduced into the circuit of the primary coil of the induction machine along with four Obach's cells (Q type). The terminals of the secondary coil were carried to two strips of platinum foil immersed in two insulated vessels (glass beakers or shallow vulcanite troughs) containing a ·75 per cent. solution of common salt or sulphuric acid (1:10 of water).

scholarly journals Memoirs: On Methods of Producing Artificial Parthenogenesis in Echinus Esculentus and the Rearing of the Parthenogenetic Plutei through Metamorphosis

1913 ◽  
Vol s2-58 (231) ◽  
pp. 523-552
Author(s):  
CRESSWELL SHEARER ◽  
DOROTHY JORDAN LIOYD
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Membrane Formation ◽  
Marine Biological Association ◽  
Large Numbers

This work was carried out during the seasons 1911 and 1912 at the laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth. The experiments were made in order to obtain a method that could be applied to the sea-urchins of the English coast, and in the hope of raising some of the parthenogenetic larvæ to maturity. We have been successful in rearing the plutei through the late stages, and large numbers in our cultures formed Echinus-rudiments. A few of the larvaa completed their metamorphosis, but we have not succeeded in getting the young urchins to live for more than a few weeks. In all about fifteen plutei underwent metamorphosis. The methods used were those elaborated by Loeb and by Delage, and a new method which combined certain features from each of these. Loeb's method consists in treating the unfertilised eggs with butyric acid to cause membrane-formation, and subsequently with hypertonic sea-water. Owing to the condition of the sea-water at Plymouth it is necessary, after membrane formation, to place the eggs in water of raised OH ion concentration before treating them with hypertonic sea-water. The modification of Loeb's method which we employed is as follows. The unfertilised eggs were placed in-- (1) 3 c.c.N/10 butyric acid + 50 c.c. sea-water for 1.5 minutes. (2) 0.2 c.c. N/10 NaOH + 50 c.c. sea-water for 6 minutes. (3) 8 c.c. 2.5 M/NaCl + 5 c.c. sea-water for .75-1 hour. The best experiments with this method gave 60 per cent. blastulæ. The larvæ were healthy and grew well. All those plutei that underwent metamorphosis were obtained by this method. Delage's method consists in treating the unfertilised eggs with tanuic acid and ammonia in a mixture of sea-water and cane-sugar. The proportions we found most favourable for B. esculentus at Plymouth were 10 c.c. sea-water + 40 c.c. cane-sugar solution (strength, 388 grms. to a litre) + 1.4 c.c. M/60 tannic acid. The unfertilised eggs were placed in this for six minutes, and then 1.5 c.c. M/10 ammonia was added for one hour. We have obtained 80 percent, blastulæ by this method, but they were not healthy, and died off rapidly during the first week. There is no membrane formation by this method. The method which we have found most successful consisted in treating the unfertilised eggs first with butyric acid to cause membrane formation, as in Loeb's method, and then, by Delage's method, as described above. In this way we have obtained as many as 90 per cent, blastulse. The larvas are vigorous, and grow for the first three weeks more rapidly than larvae from fertilised eggs. We were, however, unable to get any of these larvae to successfully metamorphose. Given in detail, this method consists in treating the eggs as follows : (1) 3 c.c. N/10 butyric acid + 50 c.c. sea-water for 1.5 minutes. (2) Wash in two or three changes of sea-water and transfer to-- (3) 10 c.c. sea-water + 40 c.c. 1.13 M sucrose solution + 1.4 c.c. M/60 tanic acid for 6 minutes. (4) 1.5 c.c. N/10 ammonia is added to (3) for 1 hour. (5) Wash in three or four changes of sea-water and transfer to normal sea-water. Finally, there is always a slight difference distinguishable between all parthenogenetic larvæ as compared with normal sperm-fertilised ones. This is noticeable in length of arms, pigmentation, and rate of growth.

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