Chairman’s concluding remarks

1957 ◽  
Vol 147 (929) ◽  
pp. 552-553
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Exact Role ◽  
Normal Medium ◽  
Active Systems ◽  
Biochemical Components ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Cooling Velocity ◽  
Do So

I shall not attempt to summarize the content of today’s papers and discussions. We have, as expected, travelled from molecules to mammals, and from physics to physiology. We have considered much of the available information about the changes which occur when a living cell freezes and how these changes may be destructive to the cell. The removal of water by freezing sets up a variety of stresses and strains in or on the cell. These stresses may be mechanical, biophysical or biochemical in nature; it is difficult at present to assign an exact role to each. What is clear is that knowledge in this field is in its infancy and that factors hitherto unsuspected may play a major part. The likelihood of ‘bubble trouble’ in thawed tissues, discussed today, is a good example of a hitherto unsuspected complication arising from the temporary removal of water. The extent of the direct effect of cold, as such, on the biochemical components of the cell is even less certain, and it may well be that the destructive effects on the lipoproteins are accompanied by equal damage to the enzymic and other active systems. The capacity of various neutral solutes, notably glycerol, to decrease or even prevent the damage caused by freezing and thawing has featured largely in today’s proceedings and here even more problems appear. It seems that according to the type of cell, the glycerol can be applied abruptly and the cell returned to a normal medium abruptly, or it can be applied abruptly, but must be removed gradually to avoid osmotic damage to the cell, or it must be both applied and removed slowly. There seems little doubt that the glycerol passes to the interior of the cell, and some evidence that it must do so to be effective. The optimal concentration of the substance evidently varies according to the type of cell, condition of freezing, nature of the suspending medium and so on. Having satisfactorily applied glycerol, freezing can vary according to the temperature gradient and the terminal temperature. Today’s discussions have made it clear that we are only at the beginning of the study of the effect of cooling velocity on viability of the cells.

scholarly journals AMPK and the Need to Breathe and Feed: What’s the Matter with Oxygen?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3518 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mark Evans ◽  
D. Grahame Hardie
Keyword(s):  
Food Choice ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Subunit Isoforms ◽  
Specific Expression Pattern ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Do So

We live and to do so we must breathe and eat, so are we a combination of what we eat and breathe? Here, we will consider this question, and the role in this respect of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Emerging evidence suggests that AMPK facilitates central and peripheral reflexes that coordinate breathing and oxygen supply, and contributes to the central regulation of feeding and food choice. We propose, therefore, that oxygen supply to the body is aligned with not only the quantity we eat, but also nutrient-based diet selection, and that the cell-specific expression pattern of AMPK subunit isoforms is critical to appropriate system alignment in this respect. Currently available information on how oxygen supply may be aligned with feeding and food choice, or vice versa, through our motivation to breathe and select particular nutrients is sparse, fragmented and lacks any integrated understanding. By addressing this, we aim to provide the foundations for a clinical perspective that reveals untapped potential, by highlighting how aberrant cell-specific changes in the expression of AMPK subunit isoforms could give rise, in part, to known associations between metabolic disease, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, sleep-disordered breathing, pulmonary hypertension and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

scholarly journals A discipline for the avoidance of unnecessary assumptions

1971 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis H. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Scalar Case ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
William Of Ockham ◽  
Know How ◽  
Mathematical Formulas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Do So

Although unnecessary assumptions are something we all try to avoid, advice on how to do so is much harder to come by than admonition. The most widely quoted dictum on the subject, often referred to by writers on philosophy as “Ockham's razor” and attributed generally to William of Ockham, states “Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem”. (Entities are not to be multiplied without necessity.) As pointed out in reference [I], however, the authenticity of this attribution is questionable.The same reference mentions Newton's essentially similar statement in his Principia Mathematica of 1726. Hume [3] is credited by Tribus [2c] with pointing out in 1740 that the problem of statistical inference is to find an assignment of probabilities that “uses the available information and leaves the mind unbiased with respect to what is not known.” The difficulty is that often our data are incomplete and we do not know how to create an intelligible interpretation without filling in some gaps. Assumptions, like sin, are much more easily condemned than avoided.In the author's opinion, important results have been achieved in recent years toward solving the problem of how best to utilize data that might heretofore have been regarded as inadequate. The approach taken and the relevance of this work to certain actuarial problems will now be discussed.Bias and PrejudiceOne type of unnecessary assumption lies in the supposition that a given estimator is unbiased when in fact it has a bias. We need not discuss this aspect of our subject at length here since what we might consider the scalar case of the general problem is well covered in textbooks and papers on sampling theory. Suffice it to say that an estimator is said to be biased if its expected value differs by an incalculable degree from the quantity being estimated. Such differences can arise either through faulty procedures of data collection or through use of biased mathematical formulas. It should be realized that biased formulas and procedures are not necessarily improper when their variance, when added to the bias, is sufficiently small as to yield a mean square error lower than the variance of an alternative, unbiased estimator.

Microbial Flora of Livers, Kidneys and Hearts from Beef, Pork and Lamb: Effects of Refrigeration, Freezing and Thawing

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. HANNA ◽  
G. C. SMITH ◽  
J. W. SAVELL ◽  
F. K. McKEITH ◽  
C. VANDERZANT
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Coryneform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Counts

Aerobic plate counts (APC) of livers, kidneys and hearts obtained from beef, pork and lamb soon after slaughter were nearly always <104 and often <103 per cm2. Differences in APC of different sites of the same liver, kidney or heart, within each species, were not significant (P>0.05). APC of livers, kidneys and hearts from pork and lamb after storage for 1, 3 or 5 days at 2 C were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those at day 0. APC of beef livers, kidneys and hearts after 5 days at 2 C differed significantly (P<0.05) from those at day 0, 1 and 3. Temperature abuse of fresh organs for 6–12 h at 30 C before freezing caused major increases in count. Frozen storage of livers, kidneys and hearts (4 days at −20 C) did not cause significant changes in APC. The initial microbial flora of fresh livers, kidneys and hearts was varied with coryneform bacteria and Micrococcus sp. often constituting a major part (>25%) of the microbial flora. After storage for 5 days at 2 C, Pseudomonas sp. more often became a major part of the microbial flora of liver samples. Frozen storage for 4 days at −20 C did not change the microbial flora of beef samples greatly; in pork and lamb, coryneform bacteria more frequently became a major part of the microbial flora after freezing. Changes in pH of livers, kidneys and hearts during storage for 5 days at 2 C were small.

scholarly journals Fuzzy Triangular Aggregation Operators

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Florian Simo ◽  
Henri Gwét
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Aggregation Operators ◽  
Triangular Norms ◽  
New Class ◽  
Weighted Arithmetic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fuzzy Aggregation ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Do So

We present a new class of fuzzy aggregation operators that we call fuzzy triangular aggregation operators. To do so, we focus on the situation where the available information cannot be assessed with exact numbers and it is necessary to use another approach to assess uncertain or imprecise information such as fuzzy numbers. We also use the concept of triangular norms (t-norms and t-conorms) as pseudo-arithmetic operations. As a result, we get notably the fuzzy triangular weighted arithmetic (FTWA), the fuzzy triangular ordered weighted arithmetic (FTOWA), the fuzzy generalized triangular weighted arithmetic (FGTWA), the fuzzy generalized triangular ordered weighted arithmetic (FGTOWA), the fuzzy triangular weighted quasi-arithmetic (Quasi-FTWA), and the fuzzy triangular ordered weighted quasi-arithmetic (Quasi-FTOWA) operators. Main properties of these operators are discussed as well as their comparison with other existing ones. The fuzzy triangular aggregation operators not only cover a wide range of useful existing fuzzy aggregation operators but also provide new interesting cases. Finally, an illustrative example is also developed regarding the selection of strategies.

Restaurant Republic

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Erby
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Consumer Culture ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Do So ◽  
Commercial Spaces

Restaurant Republic examines the nascent restaurant landscape in Boston in its entirety, from the most plebian of eateries to the extremely elite and refined. Focusing on the rise of commercial dining in one specific city provides the opportunity to systematically explore the varied networks of public dining venues that catered to distinct groups of Americans. The story of why Americans embraced dining out and the wide variety of ways in which they began to do so is an important one. Restaurants were a major part of a growing trend in urban public venues dedicated to consumer leisure in the nineteenth century. Along with theatres, department stores, and hotels, restaurants provided a public stage at a time when, still fresh from their revolution, Americans were eager to enter into the public sphere and define themselves as a people. But perhaps more than these other public commercial spaces, restaurants were also sharply differentiated. Thus, the study of restaurant dining in this period provides an opportunity to cast new light on how Americans attempted to balance the revolutionary ideal of egalitarianism against a growing capitalist consumer culture that both reflected and contributed to social hierarchy.

A Weak Temperature Gradient Framework to Quantify the Causes of Potential Intensity Variability in the Tropics

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (21) ◽  
pp. 8669-8682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Rousseau-Rizzi ◽  
Kerry Emanuel
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Single Column ◽  
Single Column Model ◽  
Linear Fit ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Do So

AbstractPotential intensity (PI) has been shown to have a linear sensitivity to sea surface temperature (SST) of about 8 m s−1 K−1, which is close to the sensitivity of PI in simulations subject to a weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation. This suggests that most of the PI variance is associated with local rather than global SST variations. We verify that PI perturbations are approximately linear in SST, with slopes of 1.8 ± 0.2 m s−1 K−1 in radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) and 9.1 ± 0.9 m s−1 K−1 in WTG. To do so, we simulate the sensitivity of both RCE and WTG states in a single-column model (SCM) perturbed by changing in turn CO2 concentration, aerosol concentrations, prescribed SST, and surface winds speeds. While PI is much more sensitive to SST in WTG than in RCE simulations, the SST itself is much less sensitive to radiative forcing in WTG than in RCE because of the absence of strong atmospheric response. Using these results, we develop a linear model, based on SST and midlevel saturation MSE perturbations, to partition SST and PI perturbations between local components occurring under a WTG constraint and global components that are representative of an RCE state. This model explains up to 95% of the variability of PI in reanalysis. The SCM-derived linear model coefficients are statistically indistinguishable from coefficients from a linear fit of reanalysis PI to SST and midlevel saturation MSE in most ocean basins. Our model shows that North Atlantic PI variations are explained almost entirely by local forcings in recent decades.

Educational Entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Sandeep Lloyd Kachchhap
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Educational Entrepreneurship ◽  
Do So

From its onset, education has had an integral role in transforming society to become what it is. In fact, developments in society, especially in terms of human capital, have resulted from the nature of education its members have received. In the past two decades, owing to several factors, society has seen a stark transformation in economics and commerce. A major part of this development has offset the sync between education and practice, such that the earlier has fallen behind the latter. The question of institutions producing employable graduates is on the rise as educational institutions fall back in their ability to do so. Harnessing developments and latest advances in technology to carve out efficient human capital could give education a surviving chance.

Medicine use and safety while breastfeeding: investigating the perspectives of community pharmacists in Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine de Ponti ◽  
Kay Stewart ◽  
Lisa H. Amir ◽  
Safeera Y. Hussainy
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
Postal Survey ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Medicine Use ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Do So

Consumers and health professionals rely on community pharmacists for accurate information about the safety of medicines. Many breastfeeding women require medications, yet we know little about the advice provided to them by pharmacists in Australia. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate the perspectives of community pharmacists in Australia on medication use and safety in breastfeeding using a postal survey of a national random sample of 1166 community pharmacies in 2011. One hundred and seventy-six pharmacists responded (51% female). Of the 52% of participants with children, many (70%) had a total breastfeeding duration (self or partner) of 27 weeks or more. The majority (92%) were confident about supplying or counselling on medication during breastfeeding. The most commonly used resources were drug company information, Australian Medicines Handbook and the Royal Women’s Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Medicine Guide. Most (80%) believed the available information to be adequate and 86% thought it accessible. Over one-third were unaware that ibuprofen and metronidazole are compatible with breastfeeding. Most (80%) were able to name at least one medicine that may decrease milk supply. We found that community pharmacists discuss medicine use in lactation and are confident of their ability to do so; however, their knowledge may be variable.

Anchoring and Judgment Bias: Disregarding Under Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110167
Author(s):  
Steven A. Berg ◽  
Justin H. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Judgment Bias ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Decision Making Behavior ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Instruction To Disregard ◽  
Do So

The current investigation examined the nature of the cognitive processes that underlie decision-making behavior. The focus of this project centered on the effects of utilizing heuristics that pertain to the availability of information stored in memory. Anchoring effects demonstrate that people will use any available information sampled from memory as a reference for making judgments of frequency. The specific aim of the experiment was to examine whether people exhibit patterns of behavior consistent with anchoring effects, revealed by corrupted subjective judgments, despite explicit notice of instruction to disregard the experimenter-supplied information (the anchor). Subjects failed to demonstrate an ability to disregard a relatively high anchor even when the instruction to do so was explicit. However, in contrast, subjects demonstrated an ability to disregard a relatively low anchor. More broadly, subjects instructed to disregard demonstrated a reduced effect of anchoring. Implications are considered within the context of the availability heuristic and the directly related effects of anchoring. The results may be interpreted within the framework of a dual-process model, two-system view that distinguishes intuition from reasoning. The present findings fit with well-supported theoretical explanations of anchoring effects, such as selective accessibility and numerical priming.

scholarly journals The oxygen uptake of frozen and thawed muscles

1931 ◽  
Vol 108 (759) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Coupling Mechanism ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Mechanism Of Oxidation ◽  
Respiratory Mechanism

In connection with the chemical changes which muscle undergoes on freezing and thawing (Smith, 1929; Smith and Moran, 1930), it appeared of interest to determine the degree of injury suffered by the respiratory mechanism of the muscle as a result of freezing. It was hoped, in particular, that some light might be thrown on the nature of the injury to the machinery involving the synthesis of glycogen from lactic acid, since in this process the energy for the building up of the greater part of the lactic acid is derived from the oxidation of a smaller fraction. A muscle frozen for 24 hours at –1⋅6° C. and then thawed is found to have lost this faculty of oxidative synthesis. The breakdown of the synthetic mechanism might be due to the destruction of the mechanism of oxidation, of the actual synthetic enzyme, or of the coupling mechanism by which the energy of the former reaction is made available for the process of synthesis. The first possibility could be tested by actual experiment, and major part of this paper gives the results of experiments made with this end in view. In addition, some measurements of the respiration of muscles actually in the frozen state have been made. As might be expected, the oxygen uptake gradually diminishes with falling temperature. There is no sign of any sudden change in the neighbourhood of the critical temperature which might be associated with the change in behaviour of the muscle with respect to the carbohydrate metabolism.

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