The flow of organic and inorganic materials through the alimentary tract of the sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 166 (1002) ◽  
pp. 46-62 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

The flow of digesta to the duodenum and through the terminal ileum was measured over 24 h periods in sheep fitted with re-entrant intestinal cannulas. A diet of hay supplemented by protein or starch was given. Paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was given twice daily by rumen fistula. The chromium was fully recovered in the faeces, though its excretion was rather irregular on a daily basis. Recovery of the chromium in the digesta flow indicated that the duodenal flow was depressed to 85% of the normal value during the 24 h of the flow measurement. Ileal flow was less affected. The mean flows to the duodenum and through the ileum were 8.0 and 3.7 kg/24 h respectively. These values became 9.5 and 3.6 kg/24 h if an adjustment were made to give 100% recovery of the chromium. About 68% of the organic matter digested disappeared in the stomach, 20% in the small intestine and the remainder in the large intestine. About 90% of the cellulose digested disappeared in the stomach and the remainder in the large intestine. The quantities of water, sodium, chloride and phosphorus flowing to the duodenum were much greater than the sheep consumed; potassium showed a smaller increase. The small intestine absorbed most of the water, chloride, phosphorus and potassium. The large intestine absorbed most of the sodium and continued the absorption of water and chloride.

Effect of high intakes of sodium chloride on the utilization of a protein concentrate by sheep. II.* Digestion and absorption of organic matter and electrolytes

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 715 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Hemsley ◽  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Linseed Meal ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
High Salt Diet ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
The Mean

The effects of the ingestion of large amounts of sodium chloride (c. 150 g/day) on digestion and absorption were examined in sheep offered a diet consisting of 89% linseed meal. Although water intake was increased by only 2 litres per day, the rate of flow of fluid from the rumen and digesta from the abomasum increased by 5–6 kg/day and the mean residence time of a soluble marker was reduced from 20 hr to 12 hr. Digestion of organic matter in the stomach was reduced by c. 24% but the reduction in protein digestion was only 10%. The concentrations of protozoa and selenomonads in the rumen were reduced by the salt treatment. Approximately 50% of the ingested sodium and chloride was absorbed from the stomach in sheep on the high salt diet, although levels of sodium and chloride in the rumen did not exceed those in the plasma. Osmotic pressures in the stomach fluids and in the plasma were elevated by the salt treatment, although levels of sodium in plasma were unaffected. Plasma chloride and potassium levels were both increased by the salt treatment. *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 26: 709 (1975)

CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF OESTROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN THE FOETUS AND PLACENTA OF THE DOMESTIC PIG

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Choong ◽  
J. I. Raeside
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Foetal Heart ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Chemical Determination ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Late Stages

ABSTRACT The concentrations of oestrogens and solvolyzable oestrogen conjugates have been estimated chemically in extracts of different foetal organs and of placental tissues of the domestic pig during late stages of pregnancy. Unconjugated oestrogens were not detected (< 0.5 μg/100 g wet weight of tissues) in foetal adrenals, ovaries and testes, nor in foetal spleen. Oestrogen concentrations were low in foetal heart. Foetal placenta, maternal placenta and uterine tissues were analyzed separately. There was a higher oestrogen concentration in foetal (176.3 μg/100 g) than in maternal (74.0 μg/100 g) placenta. In placental tissues oestrogens were present mainly as unconjugated steroids while a greater proportion was found as conjugates in uterine tissues. The mean concentrations of unconjugated oestrogens and oestrogen sulphates respectively were 111.9 and 66.5 μg/100 g, for foetal placenta; 57.9 and 16.5 μg/100 g, for maternal placenta; and 3.1 and 7.1 μg/100 g, for uterine tissues. Greater oestrogen concentrations were noted in the foetal placenta and fluids from males than from females; the total oestrogen concentrations for male and female samples respectively were 235.5 and 121.2 μg/100 g, for foetal placenta; and 815.7 and 454.7 μg/100 ml, for foetal fluids. Oestrogens were present mostly as conjugates in various foetal tissues. The mean oestrogen concentrations for unconjugated and solvolyzable forms respectively were 45.2 and 80.9 μg/100 g, for liver; 26.0 and 42.4 μg/100 g, for kidneys; 14.6 and 38.5 μg/100 g, for lungs; and 10.9 and 29.4 μg/100 g, for skin. Unconjugated oestrogens predominated, however, in intestinal tissues and meconium. Mean concentrations of unconjugated and conjugated oestrogens respectively were 256.1 and 98.2 μg/100 g, for small intestine; 531.8 and 132.1 μg/100 g, for large intestine; and 2152.2 and 137.2 μg/100 g, for meconium. Oestrone was the major oestrogen found. Lesser amounts of oestradiol-17β were present.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrate and of hay diets in the stomach and intestines of ruminants

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Topps ◽  
R. N. B. Kay ◽  
E. D. Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Digestible Energy

1. The flow of digesta to the abomasum and through the duodenum and terminal ileum was measured over 24 h periods in sheep. Pelleted diets of concentrates, principally composed of barley, and of poor-quality hay were given. The seven Scottish Blackface ewes studied were all fitted with rumen cannulas, and in addition two had simple abomasal cannulas, one a re-entrant abomasal cannula, two re-entrant duodenal cannulas, and two re-entrant ileal cannulas.2. Paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was given twice daily by rumen fistula. The amounts of dry matter, starch, cellulose, total nitrogen and energy passing through the abomasum, duodenum and ileum and the amounts excreted in the faeces were measured. The flows of digesta were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromium sesquioxide and the extent of digestion in various parts of the alimentary tract was calculated using these adjusted values. Concentrations of glucose in the blood and of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen were also measured.3. For the concentrate diet, 69% of the digestible dry matter disappeared in the stomach (reticulo-rumen, omasum and abomasum), 17% in the smail intestine and 14% in the large intestine. Values for disappearance of digestible energy were 72% in the stomach, 23% in the small intestine and 5% in the large intestine. Of the 298 g starch fed daily only 6–35 g passed through the abomasum or duodenum and only 1–4 g reached the terminal ileum. The cellulose in the diet was poorly digested.4. For the hay diet, 67% of the digestible dry matter disappeared in the stomach, 22% in the small intestine and 11% in the large intestine. Values for disappearance of digestible energy were 81% in the stomach, 7% in the small intestine and 12% in the large intestine. Of the 33 g of starch consumed daily, from 5 to 13 g passed through the abomasum or duodenum. The cellulose in the hay was 59% digestible and virtually all this digestion took place in the stomach.5. The concentration of VFA and the proportion of propionate in the rumen fluid, 2·5 h after feeding, were considerably greater on the concentrate diet than on the hay diet, but diet had little influence on the concentration of blood glucose.6. The importance of the small amount of starch passing to the sheep's small intestine is discussed.

The measurement of the flow of food to the duodenum of sheep

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Harris ◽  
A. T. Phillipson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Total Disappearance ◽  
Added Salt

1. A comparison of the performance of Scottish Blackface ewe hoggets with and without an exteriorised flow to the duodenum was carried out while the animals were fed on hay with a low nitrogen content and added salt. No evidence was found from the food and water consumed, from the weight changes or from a comparison of the organic matter, nitrogen and ash contents of the food and the faeces that the operation caused any permanent disturbance to digestion.2. Regular measurements of the flow of abomasal contents to the duodenum established a pattern of flow that was influenced by feeding. A relationship between the quantities passed per hour from the abomasum and the time devoted to rumination was found, but the relationship appeared to be dissociated in time so that increased rumination preceded the increased passage of contents.3. The mean quantity of abomasal contents passed from four animals was 398 ml./hour. According to the quantities of chromium sesquioxide administered by mouth, passed from the abomasum, and excreted in the faeces this value represents not more than 90% and not less than 86% of the flow that can normally be expected.4. The quantities of organic matter that disappear in the stomach were calculated and represent about half or more of the total disappearance in the alimentary tract.5. Substantially more nitrogen left the abomasum than was eaten in the food daily. Of the nitrogen passing to the duodenum the greater part disappeared in the intestines.6. About twice as much ash left the stomach as was present in the food and about two-thirds of the ash entering the duodenum disappeared in the intestines.

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. I. Ruminal production of volatile fatty acids by sheep offered diets of ryegrass and forage oats

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Pasture Plants

The production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen of sheep was estimated by isotope dilution techniques. The 12 diets used consisted of dried ryegrass and forage oats and covered a wide range of levels of cell wall constituents (46–40% of the organic matter), crude protein (6–32%), and soluble carbohydrate (5–18%). Each diet was offered at a level equal to approximately 90% of the sheep's ad libitum intake. The production of VFA was correlated with the total amount of organic matter digested in the alimentary tract (r = 0.93–0.95). The mean VFA production per 100 g of organic matter digested in the alimentary tract was equivalent to 56.8 g, 243 kcal, or 0.85 mole. Values for individual diets varied about these means with a coefficient of variation of 6–7%. Rates of VFA production in, and VFA absorption from the rumen were correlated with VFA concentration in rumen liquor (r = 0.67, r = 0.67) and the rumen VFA pool (r = 0.81, r = 0.79). Approximately 76% of the VFA produced in the rumen was absorbed from the rumen, 19% was absorbed from the omasum and abomasum, and 5% passed from the abomasum to the intestines.

The effect of weight stasis on the non-carcass components of crossbred sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Murray ◽  
O Slezacek
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Gross Energy

A study was made of the non-carcass components of 16 crossbred wethers (progeny of Dorset Horn rams and Border Leicester x Merino ewes) maintained at 30 kg liveweight for either 0,25, 50 or 75 days. Animals were individually penned and fed a pelleted ration of 80% lucerne chaff and 20% cereal grain (89.3% dry matter, 14.8% crude protein and 18.27 kJ/g gross energy). The weight of hooves increased significantly (P < 0.05) during weight stasis, while the weight of the liver decreased significantly (P < 0.001) as did the weight of the kidneys (P < 0.01). Neither head, skin, heart, lungs, spleen, pancreas nor total alimentary tract fat weight was influenced by weight stasis. The separate parts of the alimentary tract did not respond to the weight stasis treatment in the same manner. The weight of the rumen-reticulum, small intestine and large intestine each showed a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in weight. In contrast, neither omasum nor abomasum weight was affected by weight stasis. Total alimentary tract weight was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) by weight stasis. An evaluation of the weights of digesta in the separate parts of the alimentary tract showed that the weight of omasal contents increased significantly (P < 0.01) during weight stasis, while small intestine contents weight decreased significantly (P < 0.01). The weight of contents in either the rumen-reticulum, abomasum, large intestine or total alimentary tract was not influenced by weight stasis.

scholarly journals Studies on intestinal digestion in the sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pfeffer ◽  
A. Thompson ◽  
D. C. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

1. In each of three experiments, two sheep were given diets consisting of hay, or two parts hay to one part barley or one part hay to two parts barley. Each sheep was equipped with a cannula into the rumen and re-entrant cannulas into the proximal duodenum and the terminal ileum. The rations containing barley were supplemented to adjust the intake of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium to a level similar to that in the all-hay ration. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was given twice daily by rumen fistula.2. Amounts of crude ash and the five minerals entering and leaving the small intestine and excreted in the faeces were measured. The amounts passing through the re-entrant cannulas were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromic oxide. The values were used to calculate the direction and net movements of the elements through the walls of the three main parts of the alimentary tract.3. In all instances there was an extensive net secretion of Na and P between mouth and small intestine, net absorption of K and P from the small intestine and of Na from the large intestine.4. The net movements of Ca and Mg were small and rather variable. In five of the six observations there was a small net secretion of Ca and small net absorption of Mg during passage of the digesta through the reticulo-rurnen, omasurn and abomasurn. Net secretion of Ca and Mg apparently occurred in the small intestine and net absorption of Mg in the large intestine.5. The only between-diet differences were small differences in net movements of Na and K.

scholarly journals Studies on intestinal digestion in the sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Glucose Polymer ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Almost All

1. In seven experiments sheep were given diets ranging from all-hay to all-barley, and also a diet comprising one part hay to two parts flaked maize. Each sheep was equipped with a cannula into the rumen and a re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum; six of the ten also had a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was given twice daily by rumen fistula.2. Amounts of α-linked glucose polymer entering and leaving the small intestine and excreted in the faeces were measured. Some values for a fraction designated non-glucose reducing polymer for cellulose and for gross energy were also obtained. The amounts passing the proximal duodenum and the terminal ileum were adjusted to give 100% recovery of Cr2O3 and the values were used to measure the extent of digestion in various parts of the alimentary tract.3. When rolled or whole barley was given alone or was the major feed constituent the amount of α-linked glucose polymer entering the small intestine was 6.0±0.76% of that ingested (range 2.6–8.1%). The value was significantly lower than that found for the diet of hay and flaked maize (10.4±1.3%, range 8.0–13.6 %).The α-linked glucose polymer which entered the small intestine was almost completely digested there.4. The digestibility of the non-glucose reducing polymer, which included much of the hemicelluloses present, ranged from 51 to 73% and almost all the digestible fraction (93–97%) was digested before the small intestine when hay or predominantly hay diets were given. On high-cereal diets only 71–85% of the digested fraction disappeared before the small intestine and appreciable amounts were digested in the large intestine.5. On the all-hay diet 91% of the digestible cellulose and 67% of the digestible energy were lost before the small intestine, 0 and 21% in the small intestine and 9 and 12% in the large intestine.6. Mean digestibility coefficients determined in sheep fed solely on either whole or rolled barley were: for dry matter 88.1 and 87.9%, for nitrogen 83.5 and 82.1%, for crude fibre 53.7 and 56.6% and for gross energy 87.7 and 88.0%.

scholarly journals Rate of passage of digesta in sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L Grovum ◽  
V. J Williams
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
The Mean

1. Sheep given 400 and 1200 g lucerne chaff/d in equal hourly meals were infused continuously with the complex 51Cr EDTA into the rumen for 5 d and then slaughtered. The retention times of 51Cr EDTA along the small intestine and the apparent quantities of water absorbed in the small and large intestines were calculated.2. The apparent quantities of water absorbed for the 400 and 1200 g food intakes were 5844 and 13110 ml/d in the small intestine and 2101 and 8520 ml/d in the large intestine respectively.3. The mean total retention times of 51Cr EDTA in the small intestine were 136 and 91 min for the sheep given 400 and 1200 g/d respectively. The marker was retained up to seventeen times longer in the ileal than in the duodenal or proximal jejunal segments.

The effect of concentrates on the rate of disappearance of digesta from the alimentary tract of cows given hay

1966 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Mean Time

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted with non-lactating cows to examine the effect of adding concentrates to a diet of hay on the rate of disappearance of digesta from the alimentary tract. The addition of large amounts of concentrates to the diet of cows offered hay ad lib. decreased the voluntary intake of hay, increased slightly the digestibility of the organic matter and decreased markedly the digestibility of the crude fibre of the diet. Also, the addition of concentrates increased the mean time of retention of stained hay residues in the alimentary tract and increased the time/kg hay the cows spent ruminating. At the end of a meal the amount of digesta in the reticulo-rumen of the cows offered hay ad lib. with restricted amounts of concentrates was about the same as that found when offered hay ad lib. as the only food. The results are discussed in relation to the regulation of the voluntary intake of hay by the cow.

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