CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF OESTROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN THE FOETUS AND PLACENTA OF THE DOMESTIC PIG

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Choong ◽  
J. I. Raeside
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Foetal Heart ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Chemical Determination ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Late Stages

ABSTRACT The concentrations of oestrogens and solvolyzable oestrogen conjugates have been estimated chemically in extracts of different foetal organs and of placental tissues of the domestic pig during late stages of pregnancy. Unconjugated oestrogens were not detected (< 0.5 μg/100 g wet weight of tissues) in foetal adrenals, ovaries and testes, nor in foetal spleen. Oestrogen concentrations were low in foetal heart. Foetal placenta, maternal placenta and uterine tissues were analyzed separately. There was a higher oestrogen concentration in foetal (176.3 μg/100 g) than in maternal (74.0 μg/100 g) placenta. In placental tissues oestrogens were present mainly as unconjugated steroids while a greater proportion was found as conjugates in uterine tissues. The mean concentrations of unconjugated oestrogens and oestrogen sulphates respectively were 111.9 and 66.5 μg/100 g, for foetal placenta; 57.9 and 16.5 μg/100 g, for maternal placenta; and 3.1 and 7.1 μg/100 g, for uterine tissues. Greater oestrogen concentrations were noted in the foetal placenta and fluids from males than from females; the total oestrogen concentrations for male and female samples respectively were 235.5 and 121.2 μg/100 g, for foetal placenta; and 815.7 and 454.7 μg/100 ml, for foetal fluids. Oestrogens were present mostly as conjugates in various foetal tissues. The mean oestrogen concentrations for unconjugated and solvolyzable forms respectively were 45.2 and 80.9 μg/100 g, for liver; 26.0 and 42.4 μg/100 g, for kidneys; 14.6 and 38.5 μg/100 g, for lungs; and 10.9 and 29.4 μg/100 g, for skin. Unconjugated oestrogens predominated, however, in intestinal tissues and meconium. Mean concentrations of unconjugated and conjugated oestrogens respectively were 256.1 and 98.2 μg/100 g, for small intestine; 531.8 and 132.1 μg/100 g, for large intestine; and 2152.2 and 137.2 μg/100 g, for meconium. Oestrone was the major oestrogen found. Lesser amounts of oestradiol-17β were present.

scholarly journals Experimental model for in vivo determination of dietary fibre and its effect on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Sofie Sandberg ◽  
H. Andersson ◽  
B. Hallgren ◽  
Kristina Hasselblad ◽  
B. Isaksson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Definition Of

1. An experimental model for the determination of dietary fibre according to the definition of Trowell et al. (1976) is described. Food was subjected to in vivo digestion in ileostomy patients, and the ileostomy contents were collected quantitatively, the polysaccharide components of which were analysed by gas–liquid chromatography and the Klason lignin by gravimetric determination. The model was used for the determination of dietary fibre in AACC (American Association of Cereal Chemists), wheat bran and for studies on the extent of hydrolysis of wheat-bran fibre in the stomach and small intestine. The effect of wheat bran on ileostomy losses of nitrogen, starch and electrolytes was also investigated.2. Nine patients with established ileostomies were studied during two periods while on a constant low-fibre diet. In the second period 16 g AACC wheat bran/d was added to the diet. The ileostomy contents and duplicate portions of the diet were subjected to determinations of wet weight, dry weight, water content, fibre components, starch, N, sodium and potassium.3. The wet weight of ileostomy contents increased by 94 g/24 h and dry weight by 10 g/24 h after consumption of bran. The dietary fibre of AACC bran, determined as the increase in polysaccharides and lignin of ileostomy contents after consumption of bran, was 280 g/kg fresh weight (310 g/kg dry matter). Direct analysis of polysaccharides and lignin in bran gave a value of 306 g/kg fresh weight. Of the added bran hemicellulose and cellulose 80–100% and 75–100% respectively were recovered in ileostomy contents. There was no significant difference between the two periods in amount of N, starch and K found in the ileostomy contents. The Na excretion increased during the ‘bran’ period and correlated well with the wet weight of ileostomy contents.4. In conclusion, it seems probable that determination of dietary fibre by in vivo digestion in ileostomy patients comes very close to the theoretical definition of dietary fibre, as the influence of bacteria in the ileum seems small. Bacterial growth should be avoided by using a technique involving the change of ileostomy bags every 2 h and immediate deep-freezing of the ileostomy contents. True dietary fibre can be determined by direct analysis of polysaccharides and lignin in the food, at least in bran. Very little digestion of hemicellulose and cellulose from bran occurs in the stomach and small bowel. The 10–20% loss in some patients may be due to digestion by the gastric juice or to bacterial fermentation in the ileum, or both. The extra amount of faecal N after consumption of bran, reported by others, is probably produced in the large bowel.

Normal levels of vitamin A in tissues of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) determined colorimetrically

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Robinson ◽  
A. M. Verrinder Gibbins ◽  
M. H. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Syrian Hamster ◽  
Cheek Pouch ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean

Vitamin A levels in tissues of 20 normal adult hamsters on a standard diet were measured colorimetrically. No significant difference between male and female animals was found for any of the tissues sampled. The mean vitamin A value for blood plasma in 20 animals was 53·4 μg/dl. Mean values for liver, kidneys, flank skin and cheek pouch were 813, 1·29, 1·84 and 1·31 mg/g wet weight, respectively. The vitamin assay was less suitable for small organs such as trachea.

THE EFFECT OF INGESTED CHLORTETRACYCLINE ON SOME HYDROLASES AND ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN GROWING PIGS: II. PROTEASE, AMYLASE, AND GELLULASE ACTIVITY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND OF THE CECUM; WEIGHTS OF SMALL INTESTINE AND MUCOSA

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Vonk ◽  
L. W. McElroy ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Four treatments, involving differences in method of feeding and interval between last feed and slaughter, were employed in a study of the effect of dietary chlortetracycline on protease, amylase, and cellulase activity in the intestinal and cecal contents of 16 pairs of weanling pigs. Most consistent results were obtained with six pairs which were limited pair-fed except for the final feeding during which feed was available ad libitum for a 4-hour period ending 18 hours before slaughter. The mean total activities of all three hydrolases in the contents of the small intestines and of the ceca of the antibiotic-fed animals of these six pairs were significantly greater than in those of the control animals. Expressed as activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, significantly higher values for protease and amylase, but not for cellulase, were observed in the pigs that had received chlortetracycline. When the combined results obtained from all 16 pairs of the experimental animals were analyzed, the results showed that on a basis of activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, ingested chlortetracycline was associated with significant increases in amylase and cellulase but not in protease activity. Protease, amylase, and cellulase activities per gram dry matter of cecal contents were higher for pigs fed the antibiotic than for their controls. The mean wet weight of the empty small intestine and the mean dry weight of the mucosa scraped from the anterior 3-meter section of the small intestine were lower for the chlortetracycline-fed animals, but the differences were not statistically significant.

Memoirs: The Effect of a Temperature Gradient on the Early Development of the Chick

1928 ◽  
Vol s2-72 (287) ◽  
pp. 419-445
Author(s):  
MARIA A. TAZELAAR
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Blood System ◽  
Area Vasculosa ◽  
Exact Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Lateral Temperature

1. Owing to the difficulty of ascertaining the exact position of the embryo in the egg there was much waste of material. Hens' eggs are not ideal for temperature gradient experiments, for the mean between the temperatures which can be used is below normal incubation temperature. The egg of a cold-blooded animal would be far simpler to deal with. 2. The part most easily affected by a temperature gradient was the area vasculosa and its blood-vessels. This was to be expected, since the size of this extra-embryonic part is not strictly limited; the arrangement of the blood system of the area vasculosa was also modified in some cases. 3. Slight disproportion of parts was effected in some cases. The head was sometimes slightly more developed than the posterior end, and in some cases the posterior limbs were precociously developed. Differences in size between the limb buds on each side also occurred. The ratio of embryo to primitive streak was decreased considerably in the case of two embryos, treated with antagonistic gradients. 4. In some embryos treated with a lateral temperature gradient the somites had become shifted up on the heated side. The greatest effect was obtained in an embryo whose somites of one side alternated with those of the opposite side. It is possible that this condition may be regulated after normal incubation; results, however, were too few for certainty. 5. The numbers used were not sufficient for the conclusive determination of the degree of regulation which experimentally treated embryos underwent. However, all late stages when examined were normal; whether these cases were correctly treated or not it is impossible to say.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF VARYING LEVELS OF RAW LIMA BEAN (Phasealus lunatus) ON THE RAT'S PANCREATIC AND INTESTINAL TRYPSIN (EC 3.4.21.4) AND CHYMOTRYPSIN (EC 3.4.21.1) ACTIVITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
V. A. Aletor ◽  
B. L. Fetuga
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Lima Bean ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Growing Rats ◽  
Multiple Determination ◽  
Proteinase Inhibition ◽  
Small And Large Intestine ◽  
Pancreatic Proteinase

Two series of assays involving a total of 120 growing rats were carried out to investigate the effect of varying levels of raw lima bean (RLB) on pancreatic and intestinal trypsin EC 3.4.21.4) and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) activities. Experiment one indicates significant (P<0.01) inhibtion of both pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin due to RLB feeding. Enzyme activities in both the small and large intestine were also significantly (P<0.01) depressed while enzyme values in the caecum were not. Age x Diet interaction was non significant with respect to these enzymes. Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin correlated significantly (P<0.01; P<0.05) with RLB with respective R2, coefficient of multiple determination, of 0.94 and 0.67. Trypsin activity in both the small and large intestine was also significantly (P<0.01) correlated with respective R2 of 0.78 and 0.96. The second study suggests a less than 10% replacement of cooked lima bean by the raw to avert significant pancreatic proteinase inhibition, and a less than 15% replacement of the cooked lima bean by the raw to aver t significantinhibition of the proteinases especially in the small intestine.

scholarly journals STUDY OF MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FORAMEN MAGNUM IN DRY HUMAN SKULL AT SMS MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krati Bhardwaj ◽  
Chandrakala Agarwal ◽  
Dhiraj Saxena ◽  
Jitendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Craniovertebral Junction ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Human Skull ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Medium Type ◽  
Skull Bones

Background: The present study was conducted for analysis of the morphometry shape and determination of sex by foramen Magnum. Methods: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria 30 dried human skull of unknown age and sex were slected for present study from the Department of anatomy, S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan. In case of skull bones, all 30 cranial bases were visually assessed for FM shape classification. Each FM shape was classified into one of the 8 types: oval, egg, round, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal, combination of 2 different semicircles and irregular. Results: The mean anteroposterior diameter of foramen magnum male and female skull bones were found to be 37.17±1.76 mm  and 33.92±3.50 mm respectively.The mean transverse diameter of foramen mgnum in male and female skull bones were found to be 29.49±2.68 mm and 29.38±2.47 mm respectively.The mean area of foramen magnum male and female skull bones were found to be 818.05±119.66 mm² and   847.57±105.85 mm² respectively.The mean index of foramen magnum in male and female skull bones were found to be 84.00±5.41 and 80.27±5.79 respectively.Overall skull bones showed a medium type of foramen magnum index . Conclusion: We concluded that the several anatomic parameters such as shape and dimensions of foramen magnum should be taken into consideration during surgery involving the craniovertebral junction. Also these can be used during forensic and anthropological investigation of unknown individuals for determining gender, ethnicity, etc Keywords: Skull, foramen magnum, skull.

scholarly journals Ca2+-activated proteinase in the rat. Quantification by immunoassay in the uterus during pregnancy and involution, and in other tissues

1984 ◽  
Vol 220 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
J S Elce ◽  
J E Baenziger ◽  
D C Young
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Proteinase Activity ◽  
Immunoradiometric Assay ◽  
Protein Blotting ◽  
Uterine Involution ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean

Rat uteri were taken at various stages of pregnancy and involution post partum, and several other tissues were taken from pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Portions of each tissue were homogenized in the presence of proteinase inhibitors, and the amounts of the high-Ca2+-requiring Ca2+-activated proteinase in the supernatants were measured by a two-site immunoradiometric assay using 125I-immunoglobulin G. The proteinase was shown, by protein blotting, to be immunologically identical in all tissues. The amounts in the various tissues, expressed in units of proteinase activity/g wet wt., were: lung, 95; kidney and small intestine, 42; liver, 20; brain, heart and skeletal muscle, 13. Uterine wet weight increased at the end of pregnancy by about 8-fold, but the amounts of proteinase per uterus increased by about 22-fold; alternatively, expressed in units of proteinase activity/g wet wt., the mean uterine values were: non-pregnant, 28.6; term-pregnant, 77.0. As the wet weight of the uterus fell rapidly during involution, the amounts of proteinase activity remained relatively high. The data suggest that the Ca2+-activated proteinase may have some role in tissue resorption during uterine involution, but the high proteinase activity present before parturition must be regulated in ways which are not yet clear.

scholarly journals Gender Determination with Ischiopubic Index and Upper Pelvic Index in Iranian Adult Radiographic Stereotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Ahmadi Kahjoogh ◽  
Maryam Vasheghani Farahani ◽  
Babak Shekarchi ◽  
Beheshteh Abouhamzeh ◽  
Mahdi Isazadeh
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Imaging Center ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Female Subjects

Background: Different parts of the skeletal system have been studied in different studies to determine gender. The pelvis is one of the most important skeletal components for the determination of gender and identification of humans. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine gender using the ischiopubic index and upper pelvic index in the adult population of Iran. Methods: In this study, 140 individuals (70 male and 70 female subjects) referring to Athari Imaging Center in Tehran, Iran, for various medical reasons entered the study by giving written and oral consent using the convenience sampling method. Measurements were performed on digital anteroposterior pelvic radiographs (with standard conditions and radiographic stencil distance from the light source as 100 cm). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22). Results: The mean ischemic index of the whole population was 108.88 ± 13.75. The difference in the ischiopubic index between male and female subjects was significant (P < 0.05). The mean upper pelvic index of the whole study population was 81.70 ± 10.09; however, the difference in the upper pelvic index between the two groups of male and female subjects was not significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The pelvic ischemic index in Iranian women is higher than that reported for men. If the ischiopubic index is higher than 103, with 93% sensitivity and 73% specificity, it would be female. According to the study of graphs, if there is a special identity for diagnosis, there will be the possibility to match the graph before the death of the individual with the graph taken from skeletal remains.

scholarly journals Cycloplegic Effects on the Cylindrical Components of the Refraction

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Athar Zareei ◽  
Milad Abdolahian ◽  
Shahram Bamdad
Keyword(s):  
Precise Determination ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Near Vision ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Age Range

It is important to predict which astigmatic patients require separate refraction for near vision. This study compared cylindrical components changes by cyclopentolate 1% for the low and high amount of astigmatism. The right eyes of 1014 healthy individuals (307 males and 707 females) with cylindrical refractive power more than −0.5 diopter on autorefractometer were selected. Both male and female patients in the age range of 17–45 years were refracted before and after cycloplegia, using 1% cyclopentolate. All volunteers were classified into 2 subgroups including the lower astigmatism group (−2.25 to −0.50) and the higher astigmatic group (−2.50 to over). Alpines’ method was used to compare the effect of cycloplegic drop on cylindrical power. The mean age in the lower astigmatism group (29.58; 95% CI: 29.18 to 29.99 years) was not significantly different from the higher astigmatic group (29.85; 95% CI: 29.07 to 30.62) and there were no significant differences in gender between these two groups ( P = 0.54 ). Differences between wet and dry refraction in J0 (−0.03; 95% CI:−0.06 to −0.008) and J45 (−0.03; 95% CI:−0.06 to −0.01) were significant only in the higher astigmatic group. Axis changes by the cycloplegic drop in the lower astigmatism group were 3.51 (CI: 3.22 to 3.81) and axis changes by the cycloplegic drop in the higher astigmatism group were 2.21 (CI: 1.73 to 2.49). In patients with a lower amount of astigmatism (−2.25 to −0.50), additional near subjective refraction could be done for precise determination of axis and in patients with a higher amount of astigmatism (−2.50 to over), near subjective refraction might be done for precise determination of power.

scholarly journals Rate of passage of digesta in sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L Grovum ◽  
V. J Williams
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
The Mean

1. Sheep given 400 and 1200 g lucerne chaff/d in equal hourly meals were infused continuously with the complex 51Cr EDTA into the rumen for 5 d and then slaughtered. The retention times of 51Cr EDTA along the small intestine and the apparent quantities of water absorbed in the small and large intestines were calculated.2. The apparent quantities of water absorbed for the 400 and 1200 g food intakes were 5844 and 13110 ml/d in the small intestine and 2101 and 8520 ml/d in the large intestine respectively.3. The mean total retention times of 51Cr EDTA in the small intestine were 136 and 91 min for the sheep given 400 and 1200 g/d respectively. The marker was retained up to seventeen times longer in the ileal than in the duodenal or proximal jejunal segments.

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