Carcinogen prediction in the laboratory: a personal view

1979 ◽  
Vol 205 (1158) ◽  
pp. 121-134 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Personal View ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Dose Levels

Although carcinogens can be divided into various categories, i. e. viruses, physical agents and synthetic and naturally occurring chemicals, it is the latter that give rise to the greatest concern because of their number, quantity and distribution. Present methods of testing chemicals for potential carcinogenicity rely in the main on administration of these at maximally tolerated dose levels to animals, usually rodents, for the animals’ lifetime. Such tests would be economically impractical for all chemicals to which man is exposed. New methods have recently been introduced to screen large numbers of chemicals quickly and cheaply which rely on the unifying hypothesis that all carcinogenic chemicals are electrophiles or must be converted to such by metabolism. These methods will be reviewed and compared with traditional methods of carcinogenicity testing, particularly as to their role in attempting to predict hazard to man.

Point-Summing Methods

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Balinski ◽  
Rida Laraki
Keyword(s):  
Interval Scale ◽  
Approval Voting ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Political Candidates ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Scale Point

This chapter discusses and analyzes reasons why point-summing methods are not acceptable methods for electing and ranking. Points invite comparisons and not evaluations, and when they are in large numbers, there is a large difference in their meanings and uses among the voters. Summing or averaging numbers, without constituting an interval measure, is of no use, as these numbers are not drawn from a bona fide interval scale. Point-summing methods are not used in political elections because such methods that favor and penalize centrist candidates are not accepted for electing or grading political candidates. Another reason is that such methods maximize manipulability as both judges and voters can make changes easily in the final scores of any candidate or competitor. The chapter also compares point-summing methods with other traditional methods or approval voting.

Detection and Prevention of Fraud in the Digital Era

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-137
Author(s):  
Evrim Vildan Altuk
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Computer Technologies ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Technological Developments

It is essential for businesses to keep up with the technological advances. Today nearly all the businesses depend on computer technologies and the Internet to operate as technological developments have introduced many practical methods for businesses. Yet, transformation of businesses technologically also presents new means for the criminals, which has led to new types of fraud. It is crucial for businesses to take measures to prevent fraud. Traditional methods to prevent or to detect fraud seems to be ineffective for new types of fraud in the digital era. Therefore, new methods have been used to prevent and detect fraud. This chapter reviews fraud as a form of cybercrime in the digital era and aims to introduce the methods that have been used to detect and prevent it.

HeadTalk, HandTalk and the corpus: towards a framework for multi-modal, multi-media corpus development

Corpora ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn Knight ◽  
David Evans ◽  
Ronald Carter ◽  
Svenja Adolphs
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Multiple Streams ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Multi Media ◽  
The University ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Textual Records

In this paper, we address a number of key methodological challenges and concerns faced by linguists in the development of a new generation of corpora: the multi-modal, multi-media corpus – that which combines video, audio and textual records of naturally occurring discourse. We contextualise these issues according to a research project which is currently developing such a corpus: the ESRC-funded Understanding New Digital Records for e-Social Science (DReSS) project based at the University of Nottingham. 2 2 For further information, results and publications related to the project, please refer to the main DReSS website, at: http://web.mac.com/andy.crabtree/NCeSS_Digital_Records_Node/Welcome.html This paper primarily explores the questions of the functionality of the corpus, identifying the problems we faced in making multi-modal corpora ‘usable’ for further research. We focus on the need for new methods for categorising and marking up multiple streams of data, using, as examples, the coding of head nods and hand gestures. We also consider the challenges faced when integrating and representing the data in a functional corpus tool, to allow for further synthesis and analysis. Here, we also underline some of the ethical challenges faced in the development of this tool, exploring the issues faced both in the collection of data and in the future distribution of video corpora to the wider research community.

Data “big” and “small” – Examples from the Australian lexical database

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Bowern
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Language Change ◽  
First Century ◽  
Lexical Database ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe twenty-first Century has been billed the era of “big data”, and linguists are participating in this trend. We are seeing an increased reliance on statistical and quantitative arguments in most fields of linguistics, including the oldest parts of the field, such as the study of language change. The increased use of statistical methods changes the types of questions we can ask of our data, as well as how we evaluate the answers. But this all has the prerequisite of certain types of data, coded in certain ways. We cannot make powerful statistical arguments from the qualitative data that historical linguists are used to working with. In this paper I survey a few types of work based on a lexical database of Pama-Nyungan languages, the largest family in Aboriginal Australia. I highlight the flexibility with which large-scale databases can be deployed, especially when combined with traditional methods. “Big” data may require new methods, but the combination of statistical approaches and traditional methods is necessary for us to gain new insight into old problems.

229. Bacteriological testing of butter. New and simplified routine methods

1939 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Moir ◽  
R. R. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Rapid Methods ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Bacteriological Testing ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
Total Bacteria

Simple and rapid methods have been devised which utilize the minimum of apparatus and material for the routine bacteriological testing of butter. These involve the preparation of microplate cultures to obtain counts of total bacteria, “heat-resistant” bacteria, lipolytic organisms, yeasts, moulds; Grimes's method as a measure of the coliform content is also used.The method for counting colonies of lipolytic bacteria is based upon their ability to produce round each colony a halo of white solid fatty acids in place of the clear glistening fat globules.The new methods have been exhaustively compared with those hitherto accepted, and have been found to give satisfactory and reliable results.A variety of comparisons has been carried out to improve still further the methods in use and to provide additional information about the nature of the bacteria contamination present in the butter. The roll-tube method seems preferable to the microplate for mould counts, and is quite suitable for yeast counts.The results obtained confirm the view expressed by Wood & Thornton(6) that yeast and mould counts provide an inadequate criterion of factory sanitation, and should be supported at least by the total count of bacteria.The employment of these methods has enabled large numbers of samples to be dealt with. Thus samples from most of the principal New Zealand butter factories have been regularly tested. The information so obtained has been of material value to the Dairy Division's Instructors in drawing attention to factories where sanitary conditions left room for improvement.

scholarly journals Innovative applications of digital solutions and tools in educating IT school students

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 366-370
Author(s):  
Michalina Gryniewicz-Jaworska
Keyword(s):  
Information Society ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
School Students ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Digital Skills ◽  
Education Process

 Currently, digital skills have become an important factor for the development and active participation in today's information society. The article describes innovative IT methods and tools used in the education process. New technologies and new methods of conducting classes form the basis of today's education. Traditional methods have been replaced by digital tools that are perfect at the stage of educating school pupils in IT profiles, preparing them for vocational exams.

scholarly journals Pedagogical heritage of the white émigré in the works of E. G. Osovsky

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Vera Petrovna Kirzhaeva ◽  
Alla Ivanovna Marinichenko ◽  
Alina Andreevna Piskunova
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
Extensive Coverage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Pedagogical Science

The subject of this research is the works of the prominent Russian historian of education, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Education E. G. Osovsky (1930-2004), dedicated to the analysis of schools, education and pedagogical thought of the white émigré. The article specifies the reasons for scholar’s selection of a new pedagogical topic at the turn of the 1980s – 1990s, outlines the implemented research approaches and problem fields, as well as offers the analysis of his central works. The presented in his works comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of pedagogical emigration gave the opportunity for upcoming generations of researchers to create a holistic picture of establishment and development of schools, education and pedagogical thought of white émigré. The authors describe the key research trends of the scholar, characterize their impact upon the development of modern historical-pedagogical science and its prospects, which defines the relevance of this article. The extensive coverage of sources, introduction into the scientific discourse of the materials from personal archive of the scholar, rare publications comprise the scientific novelty of this study. The implementation of the approach based on the combination of traditional methods of historical and pedagogical science, as well as new methods of analysis (hermeneutical, contextual, microhistorical), provides the essential cross-disciplinarity and underlines the effectiveness of its application in studying the heritage of the prominent Russian pedagogues.

scholarly journals TESTAMENTARY DISPOSITIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Stilinović
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Inheritance Law ◽  
New Normal ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Technological Developments

The outbreak and the rapid spread of global COVID-19 pandemic have put significant strains on the institutions. The need to adapt to “new normal” and contain the rapid spread of disease, while maintaining a functional society, resulted with introduction of numerous new legal mechanisms and adaptation of the existing ones. However, it seems that one area of law remains on the fringes: the regulation of wills. Even before the start of the pandemic many authors often pointed to the fact that the current legal framework does not follow modern technological developments, but no significant attempts were made to overhaul the inheritance law. Also, once the pandemic started in its full, there were no references to introduction of extraordinary mechanisms or new legal solutions to overcome the potential difficulties in forming wills. Comparative analysis yielded no better results: although some countries (such as Austria) recently completely overhauled their regulation of inheritance law, it seems that no attempts were made to introduce new types of wills or new methods of drafting wills into their regulations. Furthermore, following the spread of the pandemic, increasing number of potential testators find themselves unable to use traditional methods of drafting wills as they, or the authorized persons tasked with assistance and creation of wills, remain isolated from one another due to various reasons (lock-downs, isolation in case of experiencing symptoms, etc.). Having in mind these circumstances, it is necessary to ascertain whether there is a genuine need to introduce new types of wills into existing legal framework, or to adapt the current legal framework by facilitating the communication between citizens and the institutions. Also, it is necessary to analyze whether the interpretation of the existing legal framework enables the introduction of certain facilitating mechanisms. In order to reach these goals and clarify the possibilities within the current legal framework, interpretative and comparative method are used.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Natural Products and the Development of Synthetic Methodology: The Case Study of (–)-Atrop-abyssomicin C

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701200
Author(s):  
Filip Bihelovic ◽  
Bojan Vulovic ◽  
Radomir N. Saicic
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Synthetic Route ◽  
Synthetic Methodology ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Total Syntheses ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Naturally Occurring

During our attempt to follow the planned synthetic route to the naturally occurring antibiotic (–)- atrop-abyssomicin C, we encountered two shortcomings, which forced us to reconsider our tactics and find new methods to overcome the problems. These methods turned out to be of general applicability, as demonstrated later in total syntheses of two other natural products: (+)-allokainic acid and (-)-gabosine H. The paper provides a brief account of these endeavors.

Outline

2010 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Eleonora Bilotta ◽  
Pietro Pantano
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Cellular Automaton ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Scale Behavior ◽  
Vast Range

Ever more frequently, contemporary science finds itself in situations in which the only way it can address the complexity of nature is to develop new methods. One of the most common models is the Cellular Automaton - a system in which large numbers of particles, distributed on a lattice, developing according to deterministic local rules, generate unpredictable large scale behavior. Cellular Automata (from now on CAs) provide important insights into a vast range of physical, biological, social, economic and psychological phenomena.

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