scholarly journals TESTAMENTARY DISPOSITIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Stilinović
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Inheritance Law ◽  
New Normal ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Technological Developments

The outbreak and the rapid spread of global COVID-19 pandemic have put significant strains on the institutions. The need to adapt to “new normal” and contain the rapid spread of disease, while maintaining a functional society, resulted with introduction of numerous new legal mechanisms and adaptation of the existing ones. However, it seems that one area of law remains on the fringes: the regulation of wills. Even before the start of the pandemic many authors often pointed to the fact that the current legal framework does not follow modern technological developments, but no significant attempts were made to overhaul the inheritance law. Also, once the pandemic started in its full, there were no references to introduction of extraordinary mechanisms or new legal solutions to overcome the potential difficulties in forming wills. Comparative analysis yielded no better results: although some countries (such as Austria) recently completely overhauled their regulation of inheritance law, it seems that no attempts were made to introduce new types of wills or new methods of drafting wills into their regulations. Furthermore, following the spread of the pandemic, increasing number of potential testators find themselves unable to use traditional methods of drafting wills as they, or the authorized persons tasked with assistance and creation of wills, remain isolated from one another due to various reasons (lock-downs, isolation in case of experiencing symptoms, etc.). Having in mind these circumstances, it is necessary to ascertain whether there is a genuine need to introduce new types of wills into existing legal framework, or to adapt the current legal framework by facilitating the communication between citizens and the institutions. Also, it is necessary to analyze whether the interpretation of the existing legal framework enables the introduction of certain facilitating mechanisms. In order to reach these goals and clarify the possibilities within the current legal framework, interpretative and comparative method are used.

Detection and Prevention of Fraud in the Digital Era

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-137
Author(s):  
Evrim Vildan Altuk
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Computer Technologies ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Technological Developments

It is essential for businesses to keep up with the technological advances. Today nearly all the businesses depend on computer technologies and the Internet to operate as technological developments have introduced many practical methods for businesses. Yet, transformation of businesses technologically also presents new means for the criminals, which has led to new types of fraud. It is crucial for businesses to take measures to prevent fraud. Traditional methods to prevent or to detect fraud seems to be ineffective for new types of fraud in the digital era. Therefore, new methods have been used to prevent and detect fraud. This chapter reviews fraud as a form of cybercrime in the digital era and aims to introduce the methods that have been used to detect and prevent it.

Confronting the grey zone after severe brain injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Peterson ◽  
Adrian M. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Severe Brain Injury ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Legal Decision Making ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Brain

In recent years, rapid technological developments in the field of neuroimaging have provided several new methods for revealing thoughts, actions and intentions based solely on the pattern of activity that is observed in the brain. In specialized centres, these methods are now being employed routinely to assess residual cognition, detect consciousness and even communicate with some behaviorally non-responsive patients who clinically appear to be comatose or in a vegetative state. In this article, we consider some of the ethical issues raised by these developments and the profound implications they have for clinical care, diagnosis, prognosis and medical-legal decision-making after severe brain injury.

The Structural Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: Hints for Inhibitor Search.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Leonardo Palese
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Substrate Binding Site ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
Crystallographic Structures ◽  
Structural Aspects

In 2019, an outbreak occurred which resulted in a global pandemic. The causative agent of this serious global health threat was a coronavirus similar to the agent of SARS, referred to as SARS-CoV-2. In this work an analysis of the available structures of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease has been performed. From a data set of crystallographic structures the dynamics of the protease has been obtained. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the structures of SARS-CoV-2 with those of the main protease of the coronavirus responsible of SARS (SARS-CoV) was carried out. The results of these studies suggest that, although main proteases of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are similar at the backbone level, some plasticity at the substrate binding site can be observed. The consequences of these structural aspects on the search for effective inhibitors of these enzymes are discussed, with a focus on already known compounds. The results obtained show that compounds containing an oxirane ring could be considered as inhibitors of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Alternatives to and Reduction of Animal Use in Biomedical Research, Education and Testing

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_part_1) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
John M. Frazier ◽  
Alan M. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Research Education ◽  
New Methods ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The Future ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
Do So

Biomedical endeavours can be divided into three major categories: research, education, and testing. Within the context of each of these categories, activities involving whole animals have made major contributions and will continue to do so in the future. However, with technological developments in the areas of biotechnology and computers, new methods are already reducing the use of whole animals in certain areas. This article discusses the general issues of alternatives and then focuses on the development of new approaches to toxicity testing.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Liability Measures Applied in Bankruptcy to Creditors’ Property Rights Violators in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-97
Author(s):  
A. V. Arbekova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Bad Faith ◽  
Principle Of Justice ◽  
Historical Retrospect ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
Term Objective

One of the tasks the modern law in the field of insolvency of legal entities pursues is to ensure the maximum balance of the rules governing the measures of liability applied to managers, participants and other entities controlling the debtor. In this regard, the author applies historical and comparative method of studying the measures of responsibility applied during the development of domestic legal regulation of insolvency and the critical assessment method that forms the basis for the analysis of the current Russian legislation. The paper carries out a retrospective analysis of the form and degree of fault as an element of the offense that traditionally acted as one of the criteria for choosing the type of insolvency, as well as for imposing the measures of responsibility. A comparative analysis of the norms of the Russian bankrupt legislation in historical retrospect allowed raising problematic issues of the current legislation and making proposals aimed at their resolution. Currently, the rules of the current domestic insolvency legislation provide an equal amount of responsibility for both bad faith (intentional) and unreasonable (careless) actions of entities controlling the debtor. The normative consolidation of measures of responsibility dependent on the form of fault, namely, the separate qualification of intentional and careless offenses, will secure coherent application of the principle of justice. Modern Russian law contains the concepts of “insolvency” and “bankruptcy”, which in some cases creates legal uncertainty. Therefore, it is proposed to delineate these concepts by law, eliminate the term “objective bankruptcy” from the application, and shift its semantic burden to the concept of “insolvency”. Thereby, a separate category of insolvency will be included in the current legislation.

scholarly journals Iran’s Oil and Gas Legal Framework: from Exploration to Revolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Fard Kardel
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Petroleum Oil

The main purpose of this article is to examine Iran’s legal and contractual framework for their petroleum, oil and gas industry. Basically, the legal and contractual framework of the Iranian oil and gas industry has been classified into three periods. The first period is from the exploration and discovery of oil in Iran to nationalisation (1901-1951), the second period is from nationalisation to revolution (1951-1979), and the third period is from revolution to the present day (1979-20016).Because each period has its own features and importance two articles will examine this topic. The first period (from exploration to nationalisation, 1901-1951), and second period (from nationalisation to revolution, 1951-1979), has been examined in this article with legal and comparative analysis, and the third period (1979-2016) will be covered in a later article.It should be mentioned that each contractual framework was a turning point regarding to opportunities and circumstances that they have been in that time and also each of those petroleum contractual regimes were a step toward to contractual framework evolution in Iran.

scholarly journals Wellness Constraints Among International University Students Transitioning Through Covid 19

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 3444-3456
Author(s):  
Mr J Dorasamy, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
International University ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (Who) In March 2020 Declared Covid 19 A Pandemic, Due To The  Global And Rapid Spread Of A Novel Coronavirus (Who, 2020). The Covid 19 Pandemic Being Highly Infectious And Unpredictable, Has  Disrupted  Social, Economic, Environmental And Political Spheres Of Life. Globally, People Have Ventured Into A “Lockdown World”, Increasing Uncertainty About Their Future Amidst The Covid 19 Pandemic. As A Result Of The Pandemic, Social Alteration Has Taken The Form Of Social Distancing, Self-Isolation And Self-Quarantine.  Many Were Unprepared For The Shift From The “Normal”, Propelling  Undue  Stress Under The New Normal Way Of Doing Things During The Current Global Pandemic Crisis. This Has Been Accompanied By Social, Emotional And Mental Effects, As The Ongoing And Fluid Nature Of The Pandemic Has Created Uncertainty For Many People. The Covid 19 Pandemic, As A Multidimensional Stressor Affecting Wellbeing, Has Affected Individuals, Families, Educational, Occupational, And Broader Societal Systems.  

scholarly journals MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES AT WORKPLACE: AN OVERVIEW OF LAW AND POLICY IN MALAYSIA AND UNITED KINGDOM (UK)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (21) ◽  
pp. 316-329
Author(s):  
Ruzita Azmi ◽  
Siti Nur Samawati Ahmad ◽  
Bidayatul Akmal Mustafa Kamil
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
The Uk

Surveys showed that workers in Malaysia are at high risk of health problems including mental health problems that stemmed from the rising stress level at work. Despite having employees’ safety, health, and welfare being codified, depression will be a major mental health illness among Malaysian by 2020. The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA 1994) that caters to legislative framework in terms of securing safety, health, and welfare among Malaysian workforces has no provisions to provide a supportive environment for mental health wellbeing at the workplace as well as support for employees with a mental health problem. Furthermore, OSHA 1994 is self-regulated, causing fewer employers to develop OSH codes of practice and guidelines. This is among the weaknesses of OSHA 1994. This paper aims to examine the existing law and policy in Malaysia on mental health at the workplace. It also aims to compare the policy and legal framework in developed commonwealth countries such as the UK. This paper applies qualitative and comparative methods, consisting of a doctrinal legal research approach to understand the principles of law and policies dealing with mental health. A comparative method is employed in order to compare the policies and legal frameworks of mental health wellbeing in developed countries such as the UK. The comparative approach involves an examination of the similarities and dissimilarities between situations within the same legal system. The paper concludes that in order to support mental health and wellbeing at the workplace, a comprehensive legal framework and effective policy are needed especially for Malaysia. Compared with the UK, Malaysia is still lagged behind and has so much to learn from UK’s experiences to tackle issues on mental health.

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