scholarly journals Extracellular DNA can preserve the genetic signatures of present and past viral infection events in deep hypersaline anoxic basins

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1780) ◽  
pp. 20133299 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Corinaldesi ◽  
M. Tangherlini ◽  
G. M. Luna ◽  
A. Dell'Anno
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Extracellular Dna ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Anoxic Basins ◽  
16S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Dna Pools ◽  
Dna Pool ◽  
Genetic Signatures ◽  
Microbial Dna ◽  
The Impact

Deep hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) of the Mediterranean Sea are among the most extreme ecosystems on Earth and host abundant, active and diversified prokaryotic assemblages. However, factors influencing biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are still largely unknown. We investigated, for the first time, the impact of viruses on the prokaryotic assemblages and dynamics of extracellular DNA pool in the sediments of La Medee, the largest DHAB found on Earth. We also compared, in La Medee and L'Atalante sediments, the diversity of prokaryotic 16S rDNA sequences contained in the extracellular DNA released by virus-induced prokaryotic mortality. We found that DHAB sediments are hot-spots of viral infections, which largely contribute to the release of high amounts of extracellular DNA. DNase activities in DHAB sediments were much higher than other extracellular enzymatic activities, suggesting that extracellular DNA released from killed prokaryotes can be the most suitable trophic resource for benthic prokaryotes. Preserved extracellular DNA pools, which contained novel and diversified gene sequences, were very similar between the DHABs but dissimilar from the respective microbial DNA pools. We conclude that the strong viral impact in DHAB sediments influences the genetic composition of extracellular DNA, which can preserve the signatures of present and past infections.

Preservation of microbial DNA in marine sediments: insights from extracellular DNA pools

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 4526-4542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Torti ◽  
Bo Barker Jørgensen ◽  
Mark Alexander Lever
Keyword(s):  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Extracellular Dna ◽  
Dna Pools ◽  
Microbial Dna

Novel Applications of Nanotechnology in Controlling HIV and HSV Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai Akilesh M ◽  
Ashish Wadhwani
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Properties ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
The Impact

: Infectious diseases have been prevalent since many decades and viral pathogens have caused global health crisis and economic meltdown on a devastating scale. High occurrence of newer viral infections in the recent years, in spite of the progress achieved in the field of pharmaceutical sciences defines the critical need for newer and more effective antiviral therapies and diagnostics. The incidence of multi-drug resistance and adverse effects due to the prolonged use of anti-viral therapy is also a major concern. Nanotechnology offers a cutting edge platform for the development of novel compounds and formulations for biomedical applications. The unique properties of nano-based materials can be attributed to the multi-fold increase in the surface to volume ratio at the nano-scale, tunable surface properties of charge and chemical moieties. Idealistic pharmaceutical properties such as increased bioavailability and retention times, lower toxicity profiles, sustained release formulations, lower dosage forms and most importantly, targeted drug delivery can be achieved through the approach of nanotechnology. The extensively researched nano-based materials are metal and polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers and micelles, nano-drug delivery vesicles, liposomes and lipid based nanoparticles. In this review article, the impact of nanotechnology on the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) viral infections during the last decade are outlined.

scholarly journals The impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on oral microbiome dynamics in Japanese patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isamu Kado ◽  
Junzo Hisatsune ◽  
Keiko Tsuruda ◽  
Kotaro Tanimoto ◽  
Motoyuki Sugai
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Supragingival Plaque ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Microbial Dna ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level Analysis

AbstractFixed orthodontic appliances are common and effective tools to treat malocclusion. Adverse effects of these appliances, such as dental caries and periodontitis, may be associated with alteration of the microbiome. This study investigated the impact of these appliances on the dynamics of the oral microbiome. Seventy-one patients were selected. Supragingival plaque samples were collected before placement (T0) and six months after placement (T1). Saliva samples were collected at T0 and T1, and then when appliance removal (T2). Microbial DNA was analyzed by 16S rRNA meta-sequencing. The diversity analysis indicated dynamic changes in the structure of the oral microbiome. Taxonomic analysis at phylum level showed a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and Saccharibacteria (formally TM7) and decrease in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria over time, in both plaque and saliva. Genus level analysis of relative abundance indicated a significant increase in anaerobic and facultative anaerobes in both plaque and saliva. Fixed orthodontic appliances induced measurable changes in the oral microbiome. This was characterized by an increase in relative abundance of obligate anaerobes, including periodontal pathogens. It can be concluded that this dysbiosis induced by fixed orthodontic appliances is likely to represent a transitional stage in the shift in microbiome from healthy to periodontitis.

scholarly journals Vaccine responses in ageing and chronic viral infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe Rees-Spear ◽  
Laura E McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Immunological Changes ◽  
Cellular Responsiveness ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Lay Summary Improved life expectancy in recent years has led to a growing population of adults over the age of 60. Age is commonly associated with increased inflammatory conditions and infections. Similar immunological changes have been observed during chronic infections, in particular HIV, where this is compounded by the success of antiretroviral therapy that has increased the number of people living with HIV into their sixties and beyond. The increased susceptibility of these groups to infection makes vaccination all the more important. However, the alterations to their immune systems call into question how effective those vaccinations may be. Here we discuss vaccine efficacy within elderly and chronically infected populations and investigate the immunological changes that may impact vaccine responsiveness. Over the last few decades, changing population demographics have shown that there is a growing number of individuals living past the age of 60. With this expanding older population comes an increase in individuals that are more susceptible to chronic illness and disease. An important part of maintaining health in this population is through prophylactic vaccination, however, there is growing evidence that vaccines may be less effective in the elderly. Furthermore, with the success of anti-viral therapies, chronic infections such as HIV are becoming increasingly prevalent in older populations and present a relatively unstudied population with respect to the efficacy of vaccination. Here we will examine the evidence for age-associated reduction in antibody and cellular responsiveness to a variety of common vaccines, and investigate the underlying causes attributed to this phenomenon, such as inflammation and senescence. We will also discuss the impact of chronic viral infections on immune responses in both young and elderly patients, particularly those living with HIV, and how this affects vaccinations in these populations.

scholarly journals Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: A Perspective from Central Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-165
Author(s):  
Ilaria Pergolini ◽  
I. Ekin Demir ◽  
Christian Stöss ◽  
Klaus Emmanuel ◽  
Robert Rosenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Pancreatic Surgery ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Tumor Board ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
The Impact

Background: This survey aimed to register changes determined by the COVID-19 pandemic on pancreatic surgery in a specific geographic area (Germany, Austria, and Switzerland) to evaluate the impact of the pandemic and obtain interesting cues for the future. Methods: An online survey was designed using Google Forms focusing on the local impact of the pandemic on pancreatic surgery. The survey was conducted at 2 different time points, during and after the lockdown. Results: Twenty-five respondents (25/56) completed the survey. Many aspects of oncological care have been affected with restrictions and delays: staging, tumor board, treatment selection, postoperative course, adjuvant treatments, outpatient care, and follow-up. Overall, 60% of respondents have prioritized pancreatic cancer patients according to stage, age, and comorbidities, and 40% opted not to operate high-risk patients. However, for 96% of participants, the standards of care were guaranteed. Discussion/Conclusions: The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic had an important impact on pancreatic cancer surgery in central Europe. Guidelines for prompt interventions and prevention of the spread of viral infections in the surgical environment are needed to avoid a deterioration of care in cancer patients in the event of a second wave or a new pandemic. High-volume centers for pancreatic surgery should be preferred and their activity maintained. Virtual conferences have proven to be efficient during this pandemic and should be implemented in the near future.

scholarly journals The phylogeny of the genusYersiniabased on 16S rDNA sequences

1993 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ibrahim ◽  
B.M. Goebel ◽  
W. Liesack ◽  
M. Griffiths ◽  
E. Stackebrandt
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
16S Rdna Sequences

scholarly journals Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. e1600492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Danovaro ◽  
Antonio Dell’Anno ◽  
Cinzia Corinaldesi ◽  
Eugenio Rastelli ◽  
Ricardo Cavicchioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Viral Lysis ◽  
Group I ◽  
Global Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Bacterial Genes ◽  
The Impact

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in the world’s oceans, and they play a crucial role in global biogeochemical cycles. In deep-sea ecosystems, archaea and bacteria drive major nutrient cycles, and viruses are largely responsible for their mortality, thereby exerting important controls on microbial dynamics. However, the relative impact of viruses on archaea compared to bacteria is unknown, limiting our understanding of the factors controlling the functioning of marine systems at a global scale. We evaluate the selectivity of viral infections by using several independent approaches, including an innovative molecular method based on the quantification of archaeal versus bacterial genes released by viral lysis. We provide evidence that, in all oceanic surface sediments (from 1000- to 10,000-m water depth), the impact of viral infection is higher on archaea than on bacteria. We also found that, within deep-sea benthic archaea, the impact of viruses was mainly directed at members of specific clades of Marine Group I Thaumarchaeota. Although archaea represent, on average, ~12% of the total cell abundance in the top 50 cm of sediment, virus-induced lysis of archaea accounts for up to one-third of the total microbial biomass killed, resulting in the release of ~0.3 to 0.5 gigatons of carbon per year globally. Our results indicate that viral infection represents a key mechanism controlling the turnover of archaea in surface deep-sea sediments. We conclude that interactions between archaea and their viruses might play a profound, previously underestimated role in the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems and in global biogeochemical cycles.

scholarly journals Molecular analysis of the microflora in chronic venous leg ulceration

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.E. Hill ◽  
C.E. Davies ◽  
M.J. Wilson ◽  
P. Stephens ◽  
K.G. Harding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Species ◽  
Venous Leg Ulcer ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Oral Microflora ◽  
16S Rdna Sequences ◽  
First Time

There is growing evidence to suggest that the resident microflora of chronic venous leg ulcers impairs cellular wound-healing responses, thereby playing an important role in maintaining the non-healing phenotype of many of these wounds. The significance of individual species of bacteria will remain unclear until it is possible to characterize fully the microflora of such lesions. The limitations and biases of culture-based microbiology are being realized and the subsequent application of molecular methods is revealing greater diversity within mixed bacterial populations than that demonstrated by culture alone. To date, this approach has been limited to a small number of systems, including the oral microflora. Here, for the first time, the comprehensive characterization of the microflora present in the tissue of a chronic venous leg ulcer is described by the comparison of 16S rDNA sequences amplified directly from the wound tissue with sequences obtained from bacteria that were isolated by culture. The molecular approach demonstrated significantly greater bacterial diversity than that revealed by culture. Furthermore, sequences were retrieved that may possibly represent novel species of bacteria. It is only by the comprehensive analysis of the wound microflora by both molecular and cultural methods that it will be possible to further our understanding of the role of bacteria in this important condition.

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