The impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on oral microbiome dynamics in Japanese patients

AbstractFixed orthodontic appliances are common and effective tools to treat malocclusion. Adverse effects of these appliances, such as dental caries and periodontitis, may be associated with alteration of the microbiome. This study investigated the impact of these appliances on the dynamics of the oral microbiome. Seventy-one patients were selected. Supragingival plaque samples were collected before placement (T0) and six months after placement (T1). Saliva samples were collected at T0 and T1, and then when appliance removal (T2). Microbial DNA was analyzed by 16S rRNA meta-sequencing. The diversity analysis indicated dynamic changes in the structure of the oral microbiome. Taxonomic analysis at phylum level showed a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and Saccharibacteria (formally TM7) and decrease in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria over time, in both plaque and saliva. Genus level analysis of relative abundance indicated a significant increase in anaerobic and facultative anaerobes in both plaque and saliva. Fixed orthodontic appliances induced measurable changes in the oral microbiome. This was characterized by an increase in relative abundance of obligate anaerobes, including periodontal pathogens. It can be concluded that this dysbiosis induced by fixed orthodontic appliances is likely to represent a transitional stage in the shift in microbiome from healthy to periodontitis.

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Changes in Distribution of Dental Biofilm after Insertion of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10235638 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (23) ◽

pp. 5638

Author(s):

Urszula Kozak ◽

Agnieszka Lasota ◽

Renata Chałas

Keyword(s):

Oral Hygiene ◽

Dental Plaque ◽

General Health ◽

Control Group ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Fixed Appliance ◽

Dental Biofilm ◽

Supragingival Plaque ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

The Impact

Good oral hygiene is an important factor in oral and general health, especially in orthodontic patients, because fixed appliances might impede effective oral hygiene and thus increase the risks of tooth decay, periodontal disease and general health complications. This study investigated the impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on the distribution of dental biofilm in teenagers. Supragingival plaque was assessed at T0, T1 and T2. The distribution of the biofilm was analyzed. Approximal Plaque Index (API) and Bonded Bracket Index (BBI) were used to measure the presence of dental plaque. After insertion of the fixed appliance, the dental plaque indices values in the orthodontically treated group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the control group. Fixed orthodontic appliances caused significant changes in the distribution of the biofilm. This was characterized by the change of location of the dental plaque. In the orthodontic group, we observed an increase in the amount of the supragingival plaque on the vestibular surface of the teeth.

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A single-centre investigator-blinded randomised parallel group clinical trial to investigate the effect of probiotic strainsStreptococcus salivariusM18 andLactobacillus acidophiluson gingival health of paediatric patients undergoing treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances: study protocol

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030638 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. e030638 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eleftherios G Kaklamanos ◽

Rania Nassar ◽

Sotirios Kalfas ◽

Manal Al Halabi ◽

Mawlood Kowash ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Control Group ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Single Centre ◽

Paediatric Patients ◽

Gingival Health ◽

Parallel Group ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

BackgroundThere is limited data on the beneficial effects of probiotics on the gingival health of patients undergoing treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. This study aims to compare the effect of probiotic tablets combined with regular oral hygiene versus regular oral hygiene alone on gingival status in these patients. The effect of probiotic intake on plaque formation and salivary microbiome composition will be also assessed.Methods and analysisThis is a 3 month single-centre, single blind (clinical and laboratory examiners), parallel group randomised controlled two arm superiority trial. Fifty paediatric patients attending the Postgraduate Orthodontic Clinic at the Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, who meet the eligibility criteria will be recruited. Block randomisation with 1:1 allocation and concealment of allocation will be carried out. The treatment group will receive probiotic tablets containingStreptococcus salivariusM18 andLactobacillus acidophilustogether with regular oral hygiene versus the control group on regular oral hygiene alone. Clinical examination and collection of saliva for microbiome assay will be carried out at baseline and end of study. Self-reporting by patients will be used to document acceptability and adverse effects. Statistically significant decrease in gingival bleeding on probing in the treatment group will be classified as primary outcome of treatment success. Statistically significant reduction in Plaque Index, Gingival Index and shift in the composition of the oral microbiome in favour of beneficial bacteria are secondary outcomes indicative of efficacy of probiotic intake.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for the study has been granted by the HBMCDM, MBRU, Institutional Review Board (Reference #: MBRU-IRB-2018–015). Study findings will be disseminated via publication in peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberISRCTN95085398

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The Effect of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances and Fluoride Mouthwash on the Oral Microbiome of Adolescents – A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0137318 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. e0137318 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Jessica E. Koopman ◽

Nicoline C. W. van der Kaaij ◽

Mark J. Buijs ◽

Yassaman Elyassi ◽

Monique H. van der Veen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

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Impact of Mouthwashes on Antibacterial Activity of Subjects with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: A Randomized Clinical Trial

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2185 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 1112-1116

Author(s):

A Nishad ◽

NS Sreesan ◽

Joseph Joy ◽

Lakshmi Lakshmanan ◽

Joyce Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Randomized Clinical Trial ◽

Control Group ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Group I ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact ◽

Experimental Group

ABSTRACT Aim The study aimed to assess the impact of mouthwashes on antibacterial activity of individuals with fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and methods A total of 60 individuals were considered in the study. Sixty (20 each group) nonextraction class I individuals were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Group I: Experimental group [chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash], group II: Experimental group (neem mouthwash), group III: Control group (distilled water). All the clinical examinations were done at baseline and 30th day respectively, after the start of orthodontic treatment. The mean differences between the different experimental groups were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Results There was no statistical significance at baseline mean plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) scores, and Streptococcus mutans (SM) colony count between groups. The PI and GI scores among CHX and neem mouthwash groups (p = 0.002, p = 0.032 respectively) were significantly reduced after intervention and also the SM colonies count was reduced in CHX and neem mouthwash groups and there was significant difference between the groups. Conclusion As both mouthwashes showed significant effectiveness on antibacterial activity in individuals with fixed orthodontic appliances, neem mouthwash can be used as an alternative to CHX. Clinical significance It is better to have a sound knowledge regarding the use of mouthwash in long term as fixed orthodontics are associated with accumulation of SM, enamel demineralization, and an increased number of carious lesions, predominantly in sites adjacent to bracket. How to cite this article Nishad A, Sreesan NS, Joy J, Lakshmanan L, Thomas J, Anjali VA. Impact of Mouthwashes on Antibacterial Activity of Subjects with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(12):1112-1116.

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Early impact of fixed orthodontic therapy on gingival health status in relation to weight status

Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry ◽

10.26477/jbcd.v30i4.2731 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Zaid A Alasadi ◽

Alhan A Qasim

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Weight Status ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Gingival Index ◽

Orthodontic Therapy ◽

Gingival Health ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Background: fixed orthodontic appliances deleterious influence on gingival health is well documented. Association between weight status and gingival health is presented in many studies. This study aimed to evaluate how early the impact of fixed orthodontic therapy on patients` gingival health, and if there are differences of that impact among different weight status groups. Materials and Methods: Sample consisted of 54 patients (25 males, 29 females; age limits are 16 -18 years) going under the course of treatment with fixed orthodontic appliance. Patients were categorized according to their Body Mass Index (BMI) into 3 weight status groups considering WHO charts in 2007 (underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese), then determination of each patient`s gingival health status was through the criteria of the gingival index (GI) by Loe and Silness in 1963 which modified by Loe in 1967. Records of gingival index for all patients who met specific criteria were taken in three time points [before bonding (1st visit), 2 weeks after bonding (2nd visit), and 4 weeks after bonding (3rd visit)]. Also BMI of the patients were checked at each of the three visits. Results: There was a significant increase in gingival index for all BMI weight status groups after just two weeks of treatment, and the increase continues during the 3rd visit, with no significant difference in impact among weight status groups. Conclusions: oral health preventive measures should be applied rapidly and equally to all patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances, without taking their BMI weight status in consideration.

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Minimal Associations between Short-Term Dietary Intake and Salivary Microbiome Composition

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9081739 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1739

Author(s):

Judith Kim ◽

Minyi Lee ◽

Brittany Baldwin-Hunter ◽

Quinn S. Solfisburg ◽

Charles J. Lightdale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Red Meat ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Short Term ◽

Meat Intake ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Esophageal Neoplasia ◽

Red Meat Intake ◽

The Impact

Background: Increasing evidence points to the esophageal microbiome as an important co-factor in esophageal neoplasia. Esophageal microbiome composition is strongly influenced by the oral microbiome. Salivary microbiome assessment has emerged as a potential non-invasive tool to identify patients at risk for esophageal cancer, but key host and environmental factors that may affect the salivary microbiome have not been well-defined. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of short-term dietary intake on salivary microbiome composition. Methods: Saliva samples were collected from 69 subjects prior to upper endoscopy who completed the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour (ASA24) Dietary Assessment. Salivary microbiome composition was determined using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results: There was no significant correlation between alpha diversity and primary measures of short-term dietary intake (total daily calories, fat, fiber, fruit/vegetables, red meat intake, and fasting time). There was no evidence of clustering on beta diversity analyses. Very few taxonomic alterations were found for short-term dietary intake; an increased relative abundance of Neisseria oralis and Lautropia sp. was associated with high fruit and vegetable intake, and an increased relative abundance of a taxon in the family Gemellaceae was associated with increased red meat intake. Conclusions: Short-term dietary intake was associated with only minimal salivary microbiome alterations and does not appear to have a major impact on the potential use of the salivary microbiome as a biomarker for esophageal neoplasia.

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Characterization of the Oral Microbiome in Canine Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis

Journal of Immune Research ◽

10.26420/jimmunres.2021.1037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anderson JG ◽

◽

Paster BJ ◽

Chen T ◽

Kokaras A ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tooth Extraction ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Rank Test ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Microbial Profile ◽

Supragingival Plaque ◽

Mucosal Lesions ◽

Bacterial Plaque ◽

Ulcerative Stomatitis

Canine chronic ulcerative stomatitis is a debilitating, oral mucosal disorder of dogs. A commonly held hypothesis for pathogenesis is that bacterial plaque on tooth surfaces is responsible for the ulcerative mucosal lesions. As such, therapy has focused on full-mouth, tooth extraction. Recent studies revealed a unique leukocyte profile in canine ulcerative stomatitis that is amenable to immune modulating therapy. What remains unknown is the role bacteria may play in dysbiosis and immune-inflammatory mechanisms. The microbiota of canine ulcerative stomatitis has not been characterized. Aims of the present study include determination of the microbiome of mucosal lesions in canine ulcerative stomatitis and that of the supragingival plaque of the opposing tooth. The microbiota of these surfaces was compared to healthy mucosa in the canine ulcerative stomatitis patient, and three non-stomatitis control patients. Our hypothesis was that specific microbial species or complexes are associated with ulcerative stomatitis. DNA from 100 clinical samples was evaluated using Next Generation Sequencing methods and was analyzed using LDA Effect Size and the non-parametric factorial Kruskal-Wallis sum-rank test. Statistically significant differences in species were determined from mucosal ulcers versus normal sites in ulcerative stomatitis patients. Species that were more prevalent on the ulcer lesions included putative periodontal pathogens, such as a Tannerella forsythia-like phylotype and Porphyromonas gingivicanis, a species related to the human pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. The microbial profile of the supragingival plaque of the abutting tooth to the ulcer revealed similar pathogens. This study showed that in dogs with stomatitis, the mucosal ulcer is inhabited by a unique, species-specific bacterial community and suggests significant differences between the oral mucosa of healthy dogs, dogs with severe periodontal disease, or dogs with oral mucosal tumors. Based on our results, full-mouth, tooth extraction may not be the optimal treatment of the disease.

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Initial Vertical and Horizontal Position of Palatally Impacted Maxillary Canine and Effect on Periodontal Status Following Surgical-Orthodontic Treatment

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/010907-8.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 275-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Egle Zasciurinskiene ◽

Krister Bjerklin ◽

Dalia Smailiene ◽

Antanas Sidlauskas ◽

Algirdas Puisys

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Treatment Protocol ◽

Vertical Position ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Periodontal Status ◽

Impacted Canines ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Impacted Canine ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the impact of surgical-orthodontic treatment and the initial vertical and mesiodistal position of palatally impacted maxillary canines on the periodontal health of impacted canines and adjacent teeth. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 32 patients with unilateral palatally impacted maxillary canines. The initial position of the impacted canines was assessed on panoramic images. The treatment protocol of the impacted canines included surgical exposure with the closed-eruption technique and fixed orthodontic appliances. Results: A significant increase in pocket depth was found at the canine mesiopalatal point after surgical-orthodontic treatment. Also, a correlation was found between the initial mesiodistal and vertical position of the impacted canine and the posttreatment periodontal status of the impacted canine, the adjacent lateral incisor, and the first premolar. Conclusions: A combined surgical-orthodontic approach in the treatment of impacted maxillary canines produces clinically acceptable periodontal conditions. The average increase in pocket depth was less than 4 mm and clinically unimportant for most patients.

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Impact of wearing fixed orthodontic appliances on quality of life among adolescents: Case-control study

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/100514716.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 121-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andréa A. Costa ◽

Júnia M. Serra-Negra ◽

Cristiane B. Bendo ◽

Isabela A. Pordeus ◽

Saul M. Paiva

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

The Impact ◽

Type Of School ◽

Control Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the impact of wearing a fixed orthodontic appliance on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among adolescents. Materials and Methods: A case-control study (1∶2) was carried out with a population-based randomized sample of 327 adolescents aged 11 to 14 years enrolled at public and private schools in the City of Brumadinho, southeast of Brazil. The case group (n = 109) was made up of adolescents with a high negative impact on OHRQoL, and the control group (n = 218) was made up of adolescents with a low negative impact. The outcome variable was the impact on OHRQoL measured by the Brazilian version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11–14) – Impact Short Form (ISF:16). The main independent variable was wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. Malocclusion and the type of school were identified as possible confounding variables. Bivariate and multiple conditional logistic regressions were employed in the statistical analysis. Results: A multiple conditional logistic regression model demonstrated that adolescents wearing fixed orthodontic appliances had a 4.88-fold greater chance of presenting high negative impact on OHRQoL (95% CI: 2.93–8.13; P < .001) than those who did not wear fixed orthodontic appliances. A bivariate conditional logistic regression demonstrated that malocclusion was significantly associated with OHRQoL (P = .017), whereas no statistically significant association was found between the type of school and OHRQoL (P = .108). Conclusions: Adolescents who wore fixed orthodontic appliances had a greater chance of reporting a negative impact on OHRQoL than those who did not wear such appliances.

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