scholarly journals Silent oceans: ocean acidification impoverishes natural soundscapes by altering sound production of the world's noisiest marine invertebrate

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1826) ◽  
pp. 20153046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tullio Rossi ◽  
Sean D. Connell ◽  
Ivan Nagelkerken
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Snapping Shrimp ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Ecological Importance

Soundscapes are multidimensional spaces that carry meaningful information for many species about the location and quality of nearby and distant resources. Because soundscapes are the sum of the acoustic signals produced by individual organisms and their interactions, they can be used as a proxy for the condition of whole ecosystems and their occupants. Ocean acidification resulting from anthropogenic CO 2 emissions is known to have profound effects on marine life. However, despite the increasingly recognized ecological importance of soundscapes, there is no empirical test of whether ocean acidification can affect biological sound production. Using field recordings obtained from three geographically separated natural CO 2 vents, we show that forecasted end-of-century ocean acidification conditions can profoundly reduce the biological sound level and frequency of snapping shrimp snaps. Snapping shrimp were among the noisiest marine organisms and the suppression of their sound production at vents was responsible for the vast majority of the soundscape alteration observed. To assess mechanisms that could account for these observations, we tested whether long-term exposure (two to three months) to elevated CO 2 induced a similar reduction in the snapping behaviour (loudness and frequency) of snapping shrimp. The results indicated that the soniferous behaviour of these animals was substantially reduced in both frequency (snaps per minute) and sound level of snaps produced. As coastal marine soundscapes are dominated by biological sounds produced by snapping shrimp, the observed suppression of this component of soundscapes could have important and possibly pervasive ecological consequences for organisms that use soundscapes as a source of information. This trend towards silence could be of particular importance for those species whose larval stages use sound for orientation towards settlement habitats.

scholarly journals Variability in larval gut pH regulation defines sensitivity to ocean acidification in six species of the Ambulacraria superphylum

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1864) ◽  
pp. 20171066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Hu ◽  
Yung-Che Tseng ◽  
Yi-Hsien Su ◽  
Etienne Lein ◽  
Hae-Gyeong Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Gastric Ph ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
Gut Ph

The unusual rate and extent of environmental changes due to human activities may exceed the capacity of marine organisms to deal with this phenomenon. The identification of physiological systems that set the tolerance limits and their potential for phenotypic buffering in the most vulnerable ontogenetic stages become increasingly important to make large-scale projections. Here, we demonstrate that the differential sensitivity of non-calcifying Ambulacraria (echinoderms and hemichordates) larvae towards simulated ocean acidification is dictated by the physiology of their digestive systems. Gastric pH regulation upon experimental ocean acidification was compared in six species of the superphylum Ambulacraria. We observed a strong correlation between sensitivity to ocean acidification and the ability to regulate gut pH. Surprisingly, species with tightly regulated gastric pH were more sensitive to ocean acidification. This study provides evidence that strict maintenance of highly alkaline conditions in the larval gut of Ambulacraria early life stages may dictate their sensitivity to decreases in seawater pH. These findings highlight the importance of identifying and understanding pH regulatory systems in marine larval stages that may contribute to substantial energetic challenges under near-future ocean acidification scenarios.

An analysis of the mechanics of phonation

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Cavagna ◽  
R. Margaria
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Mechanical Models ◽  
Fine Regulation ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Work Done

The mechanical work done by the chest in phonation has been measured together with the sound intensity level. The regulation of the sound intensity is done by regulating the intrapulmonary pressure. This is achieved at high intensity levels through the activity of the respiratory muscles that, together with the elastic recoil of the chest, sustain the work of phonation. At sound intensities below a critical level an additional mechanism for changing the intensity is given by a fine regulation of the opening of the glottis, thus allowing more air to escape without contributing to sound production. The contribution of the respiratory muscles, of the chest elasticity, and of the opening of the glottis to phonation at different intensity levels depend on the degree of inflation of the chest. The efficiency of phonation, as of sound production in mechanical models, seems to increase with increasing intensity and pitch. voice production; work done by chest during phonation; mechanical models of glottis generator; subglottic pressure as a function of sound level; air flow through glottis during phonation; efficiency changes of sound production; variation of sound intensity by regulating opening of glottis; variations of the area of glottis depending on extent of elastic recoil of chest Submitted on February 10, 1964

scholarly journals Ocean acidification alters predator behaviour and reduces predation rate

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 20160797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue-Ann Watson ◽  
Jennifer B. Fields ◽  
Philip L. Munday
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Cone Snail ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Food Web Interactions ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Increased Activity

Ocean acidification poses a range of threats to marine invertebrates; however, the emerging and likely widespread effects of rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels on marine invertebrate behaviour are still little understood. Here, we show that ocean acidification alters and impairs key ecological behaviours of the predatory cone snail Conus marmoreus . Projected near-future seawater CO 2 levels (975 µatm) increased activity in this coral reef molluscivore more than threefold (from less than 4 to more than 12 mm min −1 ) and decreased the time spent buried to less than one-third when compared with the present-day control conditions (390 µatm). Despite increasing activity, elevated CO 2 reduced predation rate during predator–prey interactions with control-treated humpbacked conch, Gibberulus gibberulus gibbosus ; 60% of control predators successfully captured and consumed their prey, compared with only 10% of elevated CO 2 predators. The alteration of key ecological behaviours of predatory invertebrates by near-future ocean acidification could have potentially far-reaching implications for predator–prey interactions and trophic dynamics in marine ecosystems. Combined evidence that the behaviours of both species in this predator–prey relationship are altered by elevated CO 2 suggests food web interactions and ecosystem structure will become increasingly difficult to predict as ocean acidification advances over coming decades.

Sound production patterns of big-clawed snapping shrimp (Alpheus spp.) are influenced by time-of-day and social context

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 3311-3320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashlee Lillis ◽  
Jessica N. Perelman ◽  
Apryle Panyi ◽  
T. Aran Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Snapping Shrimp

scholarly journals Impact of CO<sub>2</sub>-driven ocean acidification on invertebrates early life-history – What we know, what we need to know and what we can do

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3109-3131 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dupont ◽  
M. C. Thorndyke
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract. As a consequence of increasing atmospheric CO2, the world's oceans are becoming more acidic and the rate of change is increasingly fast. This ocean acidification is expected to have significant physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences at many organizational levels of marine biodiversity. Alarmingly little is known about the long term impact of predicted pH changes (a decrease of −0.3/−0.4 units for the end of this century) on marine invertebrates in general and their early developmental stages in particular, which are believed to be the more sensitive to environmental disturbances, are essential as unit of selection, recruitment and population maintenance. Ocean acidification (OA) research is in its infancy and although the field is moving forward rapidly, good data are still scarce. Available data reveal contradictory results and apparent paradoxes. In this article, we will review available information both from published sources and work in progress, drawing a general picture of what is currently known, with an emphasis on early life-history larval stages. We will also discuss what we need to know in a field with very limited time resources to obtain data and where there is a high expectation that the scientific community should rapidly be able to provide clear answers that help politicians and the public to take action. We will also provide some suggestions about what can be done to protect and rescue future ecosystems.

Larval Ecology in the Face of Changing Climate—Impacts of Ocean Warming and Ocean Acidification

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Larval Ecology ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Marine Communities ◽  
Bivalve Larvae ◽  
The Face ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae

Ocean warming and acidification are major climate change stressors for marine invertebrate larvae, and their impacts differ between habitats and regions. In many regions species with pelagic propagules are on the move, exhibiting poleward trends as temperatures rise and ocean currents change. Larval sensitivity to warming varies among species, influencing their invasive potential. Broadly distributed species with wide developmental thermotolerances appear best able to avail of the new opportunities provided by warming. Ocean acidification is a multi-stressor in itself and the impacts of its covarying stressors differ among taxa. Increased pCO2 is the key stressor impairing calcification in echinoid larvae while decreased mineral saturation is more important for calcification in bivalve larvae. Non-feeding, non-calcifying larvae appear more resilient to warming and acidification. Some species may be able to persist through acclimatization/adaptation to produce resilient offspring. Understanding the capacity for adaptation/acclimatization across generations is important to predicting the future species composition of marine communities.

scholarly journals A laboratory-based, experimental system for the study of ocean acidification effects on marine invertebrate larvae

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 441-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nann A. Fangue ◽  
Michael J. O'Donnell ◽  
Mary A. Sewell ◽  
Paul G. Matson ◽  
Anna C. MacPherson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae
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