scholarly journals Adaptation to a latitudinal thermal gradient within a widespread copepod species: the contributions of genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1853) ◽  
pp. 20170236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo J. Pereira ◽  
Matthew C. Sasaki ◽  
Ronald S. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Understanding how populations adapt to heterogeneous thermal regimes is essential for comprehending how latitudinal gradients in species diversification are formed, and how taxa will respond to ongoing climate change. Adaptation can occur by innate genetic factors, by phenotypic plasticity, or by a combination of both mechanisms. Yet, the relative contribution of such mechanisms to large-scale latitudinal gradients of thermal tolerance across conspecific populations remains unclear. We examine thermal performance in 11 populations of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus , ranging from Baja California Sur (Mexico) to British Columbia (Canada). Common garden experiments show that survivorship to acute heat-stress differs between populations (by up to 3.8°C in LD 50 values), reflecting a strong genetic thermal adaptation. Using a split-brood experiment with two rearing temperatures, we also show that developmental phenotypic plasticity is beneficial to thermal tolerance (by up to 1.3°C), and that this effect differs across populations. Although genetic divergence in heat tolerance strongly correlates with latitude and temperature, differences in the plastic response do not. In the context of climate warming, our results confirm the general prediction that low-latitude populations are most susceptible to local extinction because genetic adaptation has placed physiological limits closer to current environmental maxima, but our results also contradict the prediction that phenotypic plasticity is constrained at lower latitudes.

Thermal adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in a warming world: Insights from common garden experiments on Alaskan sockeye salmon

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 5203-5217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan M. Sparks ◽  
Peter A. H. Westley ◽  
Jeffrey A. Falke ◽  
Thomas P. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Common Garden Experiments ◽  
Warming World

scholarly journals Complex interactions between local adaptation, phenotypic plasticity and sex affect vulnerability to warming in a widespread marine copepod

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 182115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Sasaki ◽  
Sydney Hedberg ◽  
Kailin Richardson ◽  
Hans G. Dam
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Marine Copepod ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Predicting the response of populations to climate change requires an understanding of how various factors affect thermal performance. Genetic differentiation is well known to affect thermal performance, but the effects of sex and developmental phenotypic plasticity often go uncharacterized. We used common garden experiments to test for effects of local adaptation, developmental phenotypic plasticity and individual sex on thermal performance of the ubiquitous copepod,Acartia tonsa(Calanoida, Crustacea) from two populations strongly differing in thermal regimes (Florida and Connecticut, USA). Females had higher thermal tolerance than males in both populations, while the Florida population had higher thermal tolerance compared with the Connecticut population. An effect of developmental phenotypic plasticity on thermal tolerance was observed only in the Connecticut population. Our results show clearly that thermal performance is affected by complex interactions of the three tested variables. Ignoring sex-specific differences in thermal performance may result in a severe underestimation of population-level impacts of warming because of population decline due to sperm limitation. Furthermore, despite having a higher thermal tolerance, low-latitude populations may be more vulnerable to warming as they lack the ability to respond to increases in temperature through phenotypic plasticity.

scholarly journals Complex interactions between local adaptation, plasticity, and sex affect vulnerability to warming in a widespread marine copepod

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Sasaki ◽  
Sydney Hedberg ◽  
Kailin Richardson ◽  
Hans G. Dam
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Marine Copepod ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

AbstractPredicting the response of populations to climate change requires knowledge of thermal performance. Genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity affect thermal performance, but the effects of sex and developmental temperatures often go uncharacterized. We used common garden experiments to test for effects of local adaptation, developmental phenotypic plasticity, and individual sex on thermal performance of the ubiquitous copepod, Acartia tonsa. Females had higher thermal tolerance than males in both populations, while the Florida population had higher thermal tolerance compared to the Connecticut population. An effect of developmental phenotypic plasticity on thermal tolerance was observed only in the Connecticut population. Ignoring sex-specific differences may result in a severe underestimation of population-level impacts of warming (i.e. - population decline due to sperm limitation). Further, despite having a higher thermal tolerance, southern populations may be more vulnerable to warming as they lack the ability to respond to increases in temperature through phenotypic plasticity.

scholarly journals Phenotypic plasticity and evolution of thermal tolerance in two lineages of bacteria from temperate and hot environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Hurtado-Bautista ◽  
Laura F. Pérez-Sánchez ◽  
África Islas-Robles ◽  
Gustavo Santoyo ◽  
Gabriela Olmedo-Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Thermal Reaction ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
The Face ◽  
Life On Earth

AbstractDespite the crucial role of microorganisms to sustain life on Earth, there is little research on the evolution of thermal tolerance of bacteria in the face of the challenge that global warming poses. Phenotypic adaptation to a new environment requires plasticity to allow individuals to respond to selective forces, followed by adaptive evolution. We do not know to what extent phenotypic plasticity allows thermal tolerance evolution in bacteria at the border of their physiological limits. We analyzed growth and thermal reaction norms to temperature of strains of two bacterial lineages, Bacillus cereus sensu lato and Bacillus subtilis sensu lato, that evolved in two contrasting environments, a temperate lagoon (T) and a hot spring (H). Our results showed that despite co-occurrence of members of both lineages in the two contrasting environments, norms of reactions to temperature exhibited a similar pattern only within the lineages, suggesting fixed phenotypic plasticity. Additionally, within the B. cereus lineage, strains from the H environment showed only two to three °C more heat tolerance than strains from the T environment. The limited evolutionary changes towards an increase in heat tolerance in bacteria should alert us of the negative impact that climate change can have on all biological cycles in the planet.

Phenotypic Plasticity in the Invasion of Crofton Weed (Eupatorium adenophorum) in China

Weed Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Zhao ◽  
Xuejun Yang ◽  
Xinqiang Xi ◽  
Xianming Gao ◽  
Shucun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Similar Reaction ◽  
Crofton Weed ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Population Origin ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolution are two important strategies by which invasive species adapt to a wide range of environments and consequently are closely associated with plant invasion. To test their importance in invasion success of Crofton weed, we examined the phenotypic response and genetic variation of the weed by conducting a field investigation, common garden experiments, and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker analysis on 16 populations in China. Molecular markers revealed low genetic variation among and within the sampled populations. There were significant differences in leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), and seed number (SN) among field populations, and plasticity index (PIv) for LA, SLA, and SN were 0.62, 0.46 and 0.85, respectively. Regression analyses revealed a significant quadratic effect of latitude of population origin on LA, SLA, and SN based on field data but not on traits in the common garden experiments (greenhouse and open air). Plants from different populations showed similar reaction norms across the two common gardens for functional traits. LA, SLA, aboveground biomass, plant height at harvest, first flowering day, and life span were higher in the greenhouse than in the open-air garden, whereas SN was lower. Growth conditions (greenhouse vs. open air) and the interactions between growth condition and population origin significantly affect plant traits. The combined evidence suggests high phenotypic plasticity but low genetically based variation for functional traits of Crofton weed in the invaded range. Therefore, we suggest that phenotypic plasticity is the primary strategy for Crofton weed as an aggressive invader that can adapt to diverse environments in China.

scholarly journals Phenotypic plasticity and evolution of thermal tolerance in bacteria from temperate and hot spring environments

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11734
Author(s):  
Enrique Hurtado-Bautista ◽  
Laura F. Pérez Sánchez ◽  
Africa Islas-Robles ◽  
Gustavo Santoyo ◽  
Gabriela Olmedo-Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Population Heterogeneity ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Germination And Growth

Phenotypic plasticity allows individuals to respond to the selective forces of a new environment, followed by adaptive evolution. We do not know to what extent phenotypic plasticity allows thermal tolerance evolution in bacteria at the border of their physiological limits. We analyzed growth and reaction norms to temperature of strains of two bacterial lineages, Bacillus cereus sensu lato and Bacillus subtilis sensu lato, that evolved in two contrasting environments, a temperate lagoon (T) and a hot spring (H). Our results showed that despite the co-occurrence of members of both lineages in the two contrasting environments, norms of reactions to temperature exhibited a similar pattern only in strains within the lineages, suggesting fixed phenotypic plasticity. Additionally, strains from the H environment showed only two to three degrees centigrade more heat tolerance than strains from the T environment. Their viability decreased at temperatures above their optimal for growth, particularly for the B. cereus lineage. However, sporulation occurred at all temperatures, consistent with the known cell population heterogeneity that allows the Bacillus to anticipate adversity. We suggest that these mesophilic strains survive in the hot-spring as spores and complete their life cycle of germination and growth during intermittent opportunities of moderate temperatures. The limited evolutionary changes towards an increase in heat tolerance in bacteria should alert us of the negative impact of climate change on all biological cycles in the planet, which at its most basic level depends on microorganisms.

scholarly journals Integrating patterns of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity with population genetics to improve understanding of vulnerability to warming in a widespread copepod

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Sasaki ◽  
Hans G. Dam
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Florida Keys ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
Performance Curves

AbstractDifferences in population vulnerability to warming are defined by spatial patterns in thermal adaptation. These patterns may be driven by natural selection over spatial environmental gradients, but can also be shaped by gene flow, especially in marine taxa with high dispersal potential. Understanding and predicting organismal responses to warming requires disentangling the opposing effects of selection and gene flow. We begin by documenting genetic divergence of thermal tolerance and developmental phenotypic plasticity. Ten populations of the widespread copepodAcartia tonsawere collected from sites across a large thermal gradient, ranging from the Florida Keys to Northern New Brunswick, Canada (spanning over 20 degrees latitude). Thermal performance curves from common garden experiments revealed local adaptation at the sampling range extremes, with thermal tolerance increasing at low latitudes and decreasing at high latitudes. The opposite pattern was observed in phenotypic plasticity, which was strongest at high latitudes. Over a large portion of the sampled range, however, we observed a remarkable lack of differentiation of thermal performance curves. To examine whether this lack of divergence is the result of selection for a generalist performance curve or constraint by gene flow, we analyzed cytochrome oxidase I mtDNA sequences, which revealed abundant genetic diversity and widely-distributed haplotypes. Strong divergence in thermal performance within genetic clades, however, suggests that the pace of thermal adaptation can be relatively rapid. The combined insight from the laboratory physiological experiments and genetic data indicate that gene flow constrains differentiation of thermal performance curves. This balance between gene flow and selection has implications for patterns of vulnerability to warming. Taking both genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity into account, our results suggest that local adaptation does not increase vulnerability to warming, and that low latitude populations in general may be more vulnerable to predicted temperature change over the next century.

scholarly journals What drives phenotypic divergence in Leymus chinensis (Poaceae) on large-scale gradient, climate or genetic differentiation?

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Yuan ◽  
Linna Ma ◽  
Chengyuan Guo ◽  
Renzhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Leymus Chinensis ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Phenotypic Divergence ◽  
Western Group

Abstract Elucidating the driving factors among-population divergence is an important task in evolutionary biology, however the relative contribution from natural selection and neutral genetic differentiation has been less debated. A manipulation experiment was conducted to examine whether the phenotypic divergence of Leymus chinensis depended on climate variations or genetic differentiations at 18 wild sites along a longitudinal gradient from 114 to 124°E in northeast China and at common garden condition of transplantation. Demographical, morphological and physiological phenotypes of 18 L. chinensis populations exhibited significant divergence along the gradient, but these divergent variations narrowed significantly at the transplantation. Moreover, most of the phenotypes were significantly correlated with mean annual precipitation and temperature in wild sites, suggesting that climatic variables played vital roles in phenotypic divergence of the species. Relative greater heterozygosity (HE), genotype evenness (E) and Shannon-Wiener diversity (I) in western group of populations suggested that genetic differentiation also drove phenotypic divergence of the species. However, neutral genetic differentiation (FST = 0.041) was greatly lower than quantitative differentiation (QST = 0.199), indicating that divergent selection/climate variable was the main factor in determining the phenotypic divergence of the species along the large-scale gradient.

scholarly journals Strategic resources and smallholder performance at the bottom of the pyramid

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Olthaar ◽  
Wilfred Dolfsma ◽  
Clemens Lutz ◽  
Florian Noseleit
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Bottom Of The Pyramid ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Strategic Resources ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resource Based Theory

In a competitive business environment at the Bottom of the Pyramid smallholders supplying global value chains may be thought to be at the whims of downstream large-scale players and local market forces, leaving no room for strategic entrepreneurial behavior. In such a context we test the relationship between the use of strategic resources and firm performance. We adopt the Resource Based Theory and show that seemingly homogenous smallholders deploy resources differently and, consequently, some do outperform others. We argue that the ‘resource-based theory’ results in a more fine-grained understanding of smallholder performance than approaches generally applied in agricultural economics. We develop a mixed-method approach that allows one to pinpoint relevant, industry-specific resources, and allows for empirical identification of the relative contribution of each resource to competitive advantage. The results show that proper use of quality labor, storage facilities, time of selling, and availability of animals are key capabilities.

Sex ratio and life history traits at reaching sexual maturity in the dioecious shrub Fuchsia parviflora: field and common garden experiments

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jessica S. Ambriz ◽  
Clementina González ◽  
Eduardo Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Common Garden Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Reproductive Biomass ◽  
Common Garden Experiments ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Abstract Fuchsia parviflora is a dioecious shrub that depends on biotic pollination for reproduction. Previous studies suggest that the male plants produce more flowers, and male-biased sex ratios have been found in some natural populations. To assess whether the biased sex ratios found between genders in natural populations are present at the point at which plants reach sexual maturity, and to identify possible trade-offs between growth and reproduction, we performed a common garden experiment. Finally, to complement the information of the common garden experiment, we estimated the reproductive biomass allocation between genders in one natural population. Sex ratios at reaching sexual maturity in F. parviflora did not differ from 0.5, except in one population, which was the smallest seedling population. We found no differences between genders in terms of the probability of germination or flowering. When flowering began, female plants were taller than males and the tallest plants of both genders required more time to reach sexual maturity. Males produced significantly more flowers than females, and the number of flowers increased with plant height in both genders. Finally, in the natural population studied, the investment in reproductive biomass was seven-fold greater in female plants than in male plants. Our results showed no evidence of possible trade-offs between growth and reproduction. Despite the fact that female plants invest more in reproductive biomass, they were taller than the males after flowering, possibly at the expense of herbivory defence.

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