scholarly journals Multicellular group formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1910) ◽  
pp. 20191098 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Fisher ◽  
B. Regenberg
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Clonal Development ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Understanding how and why cells cooperate to form multicellular organisms is a central aim of evolutionary biology. Multicellular groups can form through clonal development (where daughter cells stick to mother cells after division) or by aggregation (where cells aggregate to form groups). These different ways of forming groups directly affect relatedness between individual cells, which in turn can influence the degree of cooperation and conflict within the multicellular group. It is hard to study the evolution of multicellularity by focusing only on obligately multicellular organisms, like complex animals and plants, because the factors that favour multicellular cooperation cannot be disentangled, as cells cannot survive and reproduce independently. We support the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an ideal model for studying the very first stages of the evolution of multicellularity. This is because it can form multicellular groups both clonally and through aggregation and uses a family of proteins called ‘flocculins’ that determine the way in which groups form, making it particularly amenable to laboratory experiments. We briefly review current knowledge about multicellularity in S. cerevisiae and then propose a framework for making predictions about the evolution of multicellular phenotypes in yeast based on social evolution theory. We finish by explaining how S. cerevisiae is a particularly useful experimental model for the analysis of open questions concerning multicellularity.

scholarly journals Multicellular Group Formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Fisher ◽  
Birgitte Regenberg
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Clonal Development ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Understanding how and why cells cooperate to form multicellular organisms is a central aim of evolutionary biology. Multicellular groups can form through clonal development (where daughter cells stick to mother cells after division) or by aggregation (where cells aggregate to form groups). These different ways of forming groups directly affect relatedness between individual cells, which in turn influences the degree of cooperation and conflict within the multicellular group. It is hard to study the factors that favoured multicellularity by focusing only on obligately multicellular organisms, like complex animals and plants, because the factors that favour multicellular cooperation cannot be disentangled, as cells cannot survive and reproduce independently. We propose bakers yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as an ideal model for studying the very first stages of the evolution of multicellularity. This is because it can form multicellular groups both clonally and through aggregation and uses a family of proteins called ‘flocculins’ that determine the way in which groups form, making it particularly amenable to lab experiments. We briefly review current knowledge about multicellularity in S. cerevisiae and then propose a framework for making predictions about the evolution of multicellular phenotypes in yeast based on social evolution theory. We finish by suggesting outstanding questions and potentially fruitful avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Daughter cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from old mothers display a reduced life span.

1994 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 1985-1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
B K Kennedy ◽  
N R Austriaco ◽  
L Guarente
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Daughter Cell ◽  
Young Mothers ◽  
Young Mother ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Maximum Occurrence

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae typically divides asymmetrically to give a large mother cell and a smaller daughter cell. As mother cells become old, they enlarge and produce daughter cells that are larger than daughters derived from young mother cells. We found that occasional daughter cells were indistinguishable in size from their mothers, giving rise to a symmetric division. The frequency of symmetric divisions became greater as mother cells aged and reached a maximum occurrence of 30% in mothers undergoing their last cell division. Symmetric divisions occurred similarly in rad9 and ste12 mutants. Strikingly, daughters from old mothers, whether they arose from symmetric divisions or not, displayed reduced life spans relative to daughters from young mothers. Because daughters from old mothers were larger than daughters from young mothers, we investigated whether an increased size per se shortened life span and found that it did not. These findings are consistent with a model for aging that invokes a senescence substance which accumulates in old mother cells and is inherited by their daughters.

scholarly journals FACT and Ash1 promote long-range and bidirectional nucleosome eviction at the HO promoter

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (19) ◽  
pp. 10877-10889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaxin Yu ◽  
Robert M Yarrington ◽  
David J Stillman
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mothers And Daughters ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Dna Binding Factors ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Promoter Recruitment ◽  
Ho Gene

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae HO gene is a model regulatory system with complex transcriptional regulation. Budding yeast divide asymmetrically and HO is expressed only in mother cells where a nucleosome eviction cascade along the promoter during the cell cycle enables activation. HO expression in daughter cells is inhibited by high concentration of Ash1 in daughters. To understand how Ash1 represses transcription, we used a myo4 mutation which boosts Ash1 accumulation in both mothers and daughters and show that Ash1 inhibits promoter recruitment of SWI/SNF and Gcn5. We show Ash1 is also required for the efficient nucleosome repopulation that occurs after eviction, and the strongest effects of Ash1 are seen when Ash1 has been degraded and at promoter locations distant from where Ash1 bound. Additionally, we defined a specific nucleosome/nucleosome-depleted region structure that restricts HO activation to one of two paralogous DNA-binding factors. We also show that nucleosome eviction occurs bidirectionally over a large distance. Significantly, eviction of the more distant nucleosomes is dependent upon the FACT histone chaperone, and FACT is recruited to these regions when eviction is beginning. These last observations, along with ChIP experiments involving the SBF factor, suggest a long-distance loop transiently forms at the HO promoter.

scholarly journals Cell cycle phases in the unequal mother/daughter cell cycles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 2529-2531 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J Brewer ◽  
E Chlebowicz-Sledziewska ◽  
W L Fangman
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Cell Cycle Time ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Cycles ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Mother And Daughter ◽  
Cell Cycle Phases ◽  
Mother Cells

During cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae mother cells produce buds (daughter cells) which are smaller and have longer cell cycles. We performed experiments to compare the lengths of cell cycle phases in mothers and daughters. As anticipated from earlier indirect observations, the longer cell cycle time of daughter cells is accounted for by a longer G1 interval. The S-phase and the G2-phase are of the same duration in mother and daughter cells. An analysis of five isogenic strains shows that cell cycle phase lengths are independent of cell ploidy and mating type.

scholarly journals The evolution of multicellular complexity: the role of relatedness and environmental constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1931) ◽  
pp. 20192963
Author(s):  
R. M. Fisher ◽  
J. Z. Shik ◽  
J. J. Boomsma
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Organizational Complexity ◽  
Slime Moulds ◽  
The Many

A major challenge in evolutionary biology has been to explain the variation in multicellularity across the many independently evolved multicellular lineages, from slime moulds to vertebrates. Social evolution theory has highlighted the key role of relatedness in determining multicellular complexity and obligateness; however, there is a need to extend this to a broader perspective incorporating the role of the environment. In this paper, we formally test Bonner's 1998 hypothesis that the environment is crucial in determining the course of multicellular evolution, with aggregative multicellularity evolving more frequently on land and clonal multicellularity more frequently in water. Using a combination of scaling theory and phylogenetic comparative analyses, we describe multicellular organizational complexity across 139 species spanning 14 independent transitions to multicellularity and investigate the role of the environment in determining multicellular group formation and in imposing constraints on multicellular evolution. Our results, showing that the physical environment has impacted the way in which multicellular groups form, highlight that environmental conditions might have affected the major evolutionary transition to obligate multicellularity.

scholarly journals Temporal integration of mitogen history in mother cells controls proliferation of daughter cells

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 368 (6496) ◽  
pp. 1261-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingwei Min ◽  
Yao Rong ◽  
Chengzhe Tian ◽  
Sabrina L. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Mother Cell ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Multicellular organisms use mitogens to regulate cell proliferation, but how fluctuating mitogenic signals are converted into proliferation-quiescence decisions is poorly understood. In this work, we combined live-cell imaging with temporally controlled perturbations to determine the time scale and mechanisms underlying this system in human cells. Contrary to the textbook model that cells sense mitogen availability only in the G1 cell cycle phase, we find that mitogenic signaling is temporally integrated throughout the entire mother cell cycle and that even a 1-hour lapse in mitogen signaling can influence cell proliferation more than 12 hours later. Protein translation rates serve as the integrator that proportionally converts mitogen history into corresponding levels of cyclin D in the G2 phase of the mother cell, which controls the proliferation-quiescence decision in daughter cells and thereby couples protein production with cell proliferation.

scholarly journals O-Glycosylation of Axl2/Bud10p by Pmt4p Is Required for Its Stability, Localization, and Function in Daughter Cells

1999 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia L. Sanders ◽  
Martina Gentzsch ◽  
Widmar Tanner ◽  
Ira Herskowitz
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Surface Proteins ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
And Function ◽  
Bud Site

Cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae choose bud sites in a manner that is dependent upon cell type: a and α cells select axial sites; a/α cells utilize bipolar sites. Mutants specifically defective in axial budding were isolated from an α strain using pseudohyphal growth as an assay. We found that a and α mutants defective in the previously identified PMT4 gene exhibit unipolar, rather than axial budding: mother cells choose axial bud sites, but daughter cells do not. PMT4 encodes a protein mannosyl transferase (pmt) required for O-linked glycosylation of some secretory and cell surface proteins (Immervoll, T., M. Gentzsch, and W. Tanner. 1995. Yeast. 11:1345–1351). We demonstrate that Axl2/Bud10p, which is required for the axial budding pattern, is an O-linked glycoprotein and is incompletely glycosylated, unstable, and mislocalized in cells lacking PMT4. Overexpression of AXL2 can partially restore proper bud-site selection to pmt4 mutants. These data indicate that Axl2/Bud10p is glycosylated by Pmt4p and that O-linked glycosylation increases Axl2/ Bud10p activity in daughter cells, apparently by enhancing its stability and promoting its localization to the plasma membrane.

scholarly journals Multiple classes of yeast mutants are defective in vacuole partitioning yet target vacuole proteins correctly.

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1375-1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y X Wang ◽  
H Zhao ◽  
T M Harding ◽  
D S Gomes de Mesquita ◽  
C L Woldringh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Protein Delivery ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Vacuole Inheritance ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Yeast Mutants

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the vacuoles are partitioned from mother cells to daughter cells in a cell-cycle-coordinated process. The molecular basis of this event remains obscure. To date, few yeast mutants had been identified that are defective in vacuole partitioning (vac), and most such mutants are also defective in vacuole protein sorting (vps) from the Golgi to the vacuole. Both the vps mutants and previously identified non-vps vac mutants display an altered vacuolar morphology. Here, we report a new method to monitor vacuole inheritance and the isolation of six new non-vps vac mutants. They define five complementation groups (VAC8-VAC12). Unlike mutants identified previously, three of the complementation groups exhibit normal vacuolar morphology. Zygote studies revealed that these vac mutants are also defective in intervacuole communication. Although at least four pathways of protein delivery to the vacuole are known, only the Vps pathway seems to significantly overlap with vacuole partitioning. Mutants defective in both vacuole partitioning and endocytosis or vacuole partitioning and autophagy were not observed. However, one of the new vac mutants was additionally defective in direct protein transport from the cytoplasm to the vacuole.

scholarly journals Patterns of bud-site selection in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1995 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Chant ◽  
J R Pringle
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Alpha Cells ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Cycles ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Division Site ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Bud Site

Cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae select bud sites in either of two distinct spatial patterns, known as axial (expressed by a and alpha cells) and bipolar (expressed by a/alpha cells). Fluorescence, time-lapse, and scanning electron microscopy have been used to obtain more precise descriptions of these patterns. From these descriptions, we conclude that in the axial pattern, the new bud forms directly adjacent to the division site in daughter cells and directly adjacent to the immediately preceding division site (bud site) in mother cells, with little influence from earlier sites. Thus, the division site appears to be marked by a spatial signal(s) that specifies the location of the new bud site and is transient in that it only lasts from one budding event to the next. Consistent with this conclusion, starvation and refeeding of axially budding cells results in the formation of new buds at nonaxial sites. In contrast, in bipolar budding cells, both poles are specified persistently as potential bud sites, as shown by the observations that a pole remains competent for budding even after several generations of nonuse and that the poles continue to be used for budding after starvation and refeeding. It appears that the specification of the two poles as potential bud sites occurs before a daughter cell forms its first bud, as a daughter can form this bud near either pole. However, there is a bias towards use of the pole distal to the division site. The strength of this bias varies from strain to strain, is affected by growth conditions, and diminishes in successive cell cycles. The first bud that forms near the distal pole appears to form at the very tip of the cell, whereas the first bud that forms near the pole proximal to the original division site (as marked by the birth scar) is generally somewhat offset from the tip and adjacent to (or overlapping) the birth scar. Subsequent buds can form near either pole and appear almost always to be adjacent either to the birth scar or to a previous bud site. These observations suggest that the distal tip of the cell and each division site carry persistent signals that can direct the selection of a bud site in any subsequent cell cycle.

scholarly journals Aspects of Multicellularity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast: A Review of Evolutionary and Physiological Mechanisms

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Opalek ◽  
Dominika Wloch-Salamon
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Cell Aggregation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Benefits And Costs

The evolutionary transition from single-celled to multicellular growth is a classic and intriguing problem in biology. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a useful model to study questions regarding cell aggregation, heterogeneity and cooperation. In this review, we discuss scenarios of group formation and how this promotes facultative multicellularity in S. cerevisiae. We first describe proximate mechanisms leading to aggregation. These mechanisms include staying together and coming together, and can lead to group heterogeneity. Heterogeneity is promoted by nutrient limitation, structured environments and aging. We then characterize the evolutionary benefits and costs of facultative multicellularity in yeast. We summarize current knowledge and focus on the newest state-of-the-art discoveries that will fuel future research programmes aiming to understand facultative microbial multicellularity.

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