scholarly journals A sensory bias overrides learned preferences of bumblebees for honest signals in Mimulus guttatus

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1948) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariela I. Haber ◽  
James W. Sims ◽  
Mark C. Mescher ◽  
Consuelo M. De Moraes ◽  
David E. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Floral Scent ◽  
Mimulus Guttatus ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Sensory Bias ◽  
Honest Signals ◽  
Signal Honesty ◽  
Floral Volatile ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Pollination Strategy ◽  
Different Levels

Insect pollinators readily learn olfactory cues, and this is expected to select for ‘honest signals' that provide reliable information about floral rewards. However, plants might alternatively produce signals that exploit pollinators' sensory biases, thereby relaxing selection for signal honesty. We examined the innate and learned preferences of Bombus impatiens for Mimulus guttatus floral scent phenotypes corresponding to different levels of pollen rewards in the presence and absence of the innately attractive floral volatile compound β-trans-bergamotene. Bees learned to prefer honest signals after foraging on live M. guttatus flowers, but only exhibited this preference when presented floral scent phenotypes that did not include β-trans-bergamotene. Our results suggest that a sensory bias for β-trans-bergamotene overrides the ability of B. impatiens to use honest signals when foraging on M. guttatus . This may represent a deceptive pollination strategy that allows plants to minimize investment in costly rewards without incurring reduced rates of pollinator visitation.

scholarly journals What maintains signal honesty in animal colour displays used in mate choice?

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1724) ◽  
pp. 20160343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Weaver ◽  
Rebecca E. Koch ◽  
Geoffrey E. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Honest Signals ◽  
Explicit Consideration ◽  
Signal Honesty ◽  
Physiological Pathways ◽  
Index Hypothesis ◽  
Male Ornaments ◽  
Colour Signals

Many of the colour displays of animals are proposed to have evolved in response to female mate choice for honest signals of quality, but such honest signalling requires mechanisms to prevent cheating. The most widely accepted and cited mechanisms for ensuring signal honesty are based on the costly signalling hypothesis, which posits that costs associated with ornamentation prevent low-quality males from being highly ornamented. Alternatively, by the index hypothesis, honesty can be achieved via cost-free mechanisms if ornament production is causally linked to core physiological pathways. In this essay, we review how a costly signalling framework has shaped empirical research in mate choice for colourful male ornaments and emphasize that alternative interpretations are plausible under an index signalling framework. We discuss the challenges in both empirically testing and distinguishing between the two hypotheses, noting that they need not be mutually exclusive. Finally, we advocate for a comprehensive approach to studies of colour signals that includes the explicit consideration of cost-free mechanisms for honesty. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application’.

A Perturbation Method Based on Singular Value Decomposition and Feature Selection for Privacy Preserving Data Mining

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Keyvanpour ◽  
Somayyeh Seifi Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Feature Selection ◽  
Singular Value Decomposition ◽  
Perturbation Method ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
Singular Value ◽  
Privacy Preserving Data Mining ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Value Decomposition ◽  
Different Levels

In this study, a new model is provided for customized privacy in privacy preserving data mining in which the data owners define different levels for privacy for different features. Additionally, in order to improve perturbation methods, a method combined of singular value decomposition (SVD) and feature selection methods is defined so as to benefit from the advantages of both domains. Also, to assess the amount of distortion created by the proposed perturbation method, new distortion criteria are defined in which the amount of created distortion in the process of feature selection is considered based on the value of privacy in each feature. Different tests and results analysis show that offered method based on this model compared to previous approaches, caused the improved privacy, accuracy of mining results and efficiency of privacy preserving data mining systems.

scholarly journals Stable eusociality via maternal manipulation when resistance is costless

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio González-Forero
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Honest Signaling ◽  
Queen Pheromones ◽  
Honest Signals ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Maternal Manipulation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Eusocial Species

In many eusocial species, queens use pheromones to influence offspring to express worker phenotypes. While evidence suggests that queen pheromones are honest signals of the queen's reproductive health, here I show that queen's honest signaling can result from ancestral maternal manipulation. I develop a mathematical model to study the coevolution of maternal manipulation, offspring resistance to manipulation, and maternal resource allocation. I assume that (1) maternal manipulation causes offspring to be workers against offspring's interests; (2) offspring can resist at no direct cost, as is thought to be the case with pheromonal manipulation; and (3) the mother chooses how much resource to allocate to fertility and maternal care. In the coevolution of these traits, I find that maternal care decreases, thereby increasing the benefit that offspring obtain from help, which in the long run eliminates selection for resistance. Consequently, ancestral maternal manipulation yields stable eusociality despite costless resistance. Additionally, ancestral manipulation in the long run becomes honest signaling that induces offspring to help. These results indicate that both eusociality and its commonly associated queen honest signaling can be likely to originate from ancestral manipulation.

scholarly journals Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of CpMYC2 and CpBHLH13 Transcription Factors from Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox L.)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 785
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zeshan Aslam ◽  
Xiang Lin ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Nan Yang ◽  
Longqing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
High Expression ◽  
Floral Volatile ◽  
Chimonanthus Praecox

Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox L.) is an ornamental and economically significant shrub known for its unique flowering characteristics, especially the emission of abundant floral volatile organic compounds. Thus, an understanding of the molecular mechanism of the production of these compounds is necessary to create new breeds with high volatile production. In this study, two bHLH transcription factors (CpMYC2 and CpbHLH13) of Wintersweet H29 were functionally characterized to illustrate their possible role in the production of volatile compounds. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of CpMYC2 and CpbHLH13 increased from the flower budding to full bloom stage, indicating that these two genes may play an essential role in blooming and aroma production in wintersweet. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the overexpression of CpMYC2 in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtMYC2-2 mutant (Salk_083483) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum) genotype Petit Havana SR1 significantly increased floral volatile monoterpene, especially linalool, while the overexpression of CpbHLH13 in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0 (Col-0) and tobacco genotype SR1 increased floral sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene production in both types of transgenic plants respectively. High expression of terpene synthase (TPS) genes in transgenic A. thaliana along with high expression of CpMYC2 and CpbHLH13 in transgenic plants was also observed. The application of a combination of methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) showed an increment in linalool production in CpMYC2-overexpressing arabidopsis plants, and the high transcript level of TPS genes also suggested the involvement of CpMYC2 in the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. These results indicate that both the CpMYC2 and CpbHLH13 transcription factors of wintersweet are possibly involved in the positive regulation and biosynthesis of monoterpene (linalool) and sesquiterpene (β-caryophyllene) in transgenic plants. This study also indicates the potential application of wintersweet as a valuable genomic material for the genetic modification of floral scent in other flowering plants that produce less volatile compounds.

scholarly journals Heritability of Cylindrocladium Black Rot Resistance in Peanut1

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Hadley ◽  
M. K. Beute ◽  
J. C. Wynne
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
General Combining Ability ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Early Generation ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Estimate Heritability ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract In order to estimate heritability of resistance to Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR), caused by Cylindrocladium crotalariae, in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), the F1 F2 and parental generations from a four-parent diallel cross were rated for resistance under optimum greenhouse conditions. General combining ability was significant for both generations suggesting that resistance to Cylindrocladium black rot in these lines was primarily due to additive genetic effects. The four parents produced progeny having different levels of resistance. NC3033, Argentine and NC2 produced progeny from which resistant selections could be made, while Florigiant produced susceptible progenies in all crosses. Estimates of heritability ranged from 0.48 to 0.65 depending on the method of calculation. Based on these estimates, early generation selection for CBR-resistance in the greenhouse should be effective.

The influence of plant raising conditions and transplant age on the growth and development of crisp lettuce

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. E. Wurr ◽  
Jane R. Fellows ◽  
Angela J. Pittam
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Total Solar Radiation ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Head Weight ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Crop Maturity ◽  
Different Levels

SummaryThe influences of the temperature during plant raising and the age of plants at transplanting on the time of hearting and head weight at maturity of the crisp lettuce variety Saladin R100 were determined in seven experiments between 1984 and 1986.Plants raised at ambient temperatures and transplanted before the end of May produced heads which were heavier and matured later than those from plants raised at higher temperatures under glass. The influence of transplant age on head weight was much smaller than that of raising conditions and there were inconsistent effects on the time of crop maturity. When the head weights at maturity of all treatments were considered there were highly significant positive correlations with total solar radiation in the periods 7 and 10 days before 50% hearting occurred. Further examination of this effect revealed that heads heavier than 800 g were strongly associated with mean daily solar radiation exceeding 15MJ/m2 in the periods 7 and 14 days before 50% hearting. This suggests that breeding for stability of head weight from crop to crop is likely to be aided by selection for consistency of head weight under a range of light levels in the prehearting phase.The coefficient of variation of the period from transplanting to maturity, measured in terms of various environmental characters, was lowest using effective day-degrees, which take account of different levels of solar radiation at the same mean temperature. This suggests that effective day-degrees may be the best indicator of the duration of crop growth and therefore of benefit in developing techniques to predict the time of crop maturity.

scholarly journals Evolution of a novel and adaptive floral scent in wild tobacco

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Guo ◽  
Nathalie D. Lackus ◽  
Tobias G. Köllner ◽  
Ran Li ◽  
Julia Bing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Nicotiana Attenuata ◽  
Plant Environment ◽  
Intraspecific Variations ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Isoflavone Reductase ◽  
Floral Volatile ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractMany plants emit diverse floral scents that mediate plant-environment interactions and attain reproductive success. However, how plants evolve novel adaptive floral volatiles remains unclear. Here, we show that in the wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, a dominant species-specific floral volatile (benzyl acetone, BA) that attracts pollinators and deters florivore is synthesized by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 4 (NaPAL4), isoflavone reductase 3 (NaIFR3), and chalcone synthase 3 (NaCHAL3). Transient expression of NaFIR3 alone in N. attenuata leaves is sufficient and necessary for ectopic foliar BA emissions, and the BA emission level is increased by co-expressing NaIFR3 with NaPAL4 and NaCHAL3. Independent changes in transcription in all three genes contributed to intraspecific variations of floral BA emission. However, among species, the gain-of-expression in NaIFR3 resulted in the biosynthesis of BA that was only found in N. attenuata. This study suggests that novel metabolic pathways associated with adaptation can arise via re-configurations of gene expression.

scholarly journals Feature Selection for ECG Beat Classification using Genetic Algorithms

2018 ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
Cagla Sarvan ◽  
Nalan Ozkurt ◽  
Korhan Karabulut
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Ecg Signals ◽  
Beat Classification ◽  
Genetic Algorithm Method ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Ecg Arrhythmia Classification ◽  
Ecg Arrhythmia ◽  
Different Levels

In this study, genetic algorithm method was used to select the most suitable set of features for classification of arrhythmia types of heart beats. Normal, right branch block, left branch block and pace rhythm samples of electrocardiography (ECG) signals which obtained from the MIT-BIH cardiac arrhythmia database were used in the classification. Mean, standard deviation, energy and entropy of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) coefficients were proposed as the features for the classification. By using the proposed DWT method, 16 features which have high classification accuracy were obtained among the 208 feature sets constructed from 13 different wavelet types by applying the genetic algorithm method. It was observed that the features that increase accuracy can be detected by the genetic algorithm and the feature set obtained from the coefficients of the different types of wavelets selected at different levels show higher performance than the coefficients obtained from the standard individual wavelet in the ECG arrhythmia classification.

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