scholarly journals I. On the law which regulates the relative magnitude of the areas of the four orifices of the heart

1870 ◽  
Vol 18 (114-122) ◽  
pp. 265-286
Keyword(s):  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
The Law ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Different Parts

I propose in this communication to inquire whether any law can be discovered which determines the relative magnitude of the areas of the tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic orifices—the four principal openings in the heart. Although to ordinary observation these orifices appear to exhibit no mutual relationship of size, there can be no doubt that an instrument so accurate in the adaptation of its valvular apparatus, and so exact in the working of its different parts, must reveal on close examination the existence of laws which not only determine the force required to be impressed upon the blood traversing its chambers, but also the relative sizes of these apertures to one another.

Property Rights, Fiduciary Duties, and the Control of Assets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruna Nair
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Fiduciary Duties ◽  
Legal Power ◽  
The Law ◽  
Fiduciary Relationships ◽  
Relationship Of

This chapter examines the law governing the availability of claims to traceable proceeds. It argues that the language used in the case law—which uses the terminology of property rights and of fiduciary relationships—cannot fully explain the law, since such claims are often available in the absence of fiduciary duties and are not available to holders of many types of property right. It argues that such claims instead presuppose a relationship of ‘control of assets’: where the defendant has a legal power to deal with some asset, correlating to a vulnerability to a loss of rights in that asset on the part of the claimant, and coupled with a duty not to exercise the power. It argues that relationships that have this formal structure also share normative characteristics that justify the subordination of defendant autonomy that has been shown to be at the heart of the tracing concept.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Government: The Role of Discretion for Engagement with Public Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Jette Steen Knudsen ◽  
Jeremy Moon
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Integrated Framework ◽  
The Law ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

We investigate the relationship of corporate social responsibility (CSR) (often assumed to reflect corporate voluntarism) and government (often assumed to reflect coercion). We distinguish two broad perspectives on the CSR and government relationship: the dichotomous (i.e., government and CSR are / should be independent of one another) and the related (i.e., government and CSR are / should be interconnected). Using typologies of CSR public policy and of CSR and the law, we present an integrated framework for corporate discretion for engagement with public policy for CSR. We make four related contributions. First, we explain the dichotomous and the related perspectives with reference to their various assumptions and analyses. Second, we demonstrate that public policy for CSR and corporate discretion coexist and interact. Specifically, we show, third, that public policy for CSR can inform and stimulate corporate discretion and, fourth, that corporations have discretion for CSR, particularly as to how corporations engage with such policy.

scholarly journals Merytoryczne, psychopedagogiczne i dydaktyczne aspekty kształcenia nauczycieli języków obcych. Rozważania teoretyczne z aneksem empirycznym

2019 ◽  
pp. 243-255
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Aleksander
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Language Teacher ◽  
Practical Education ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

When looking at the relationship between substantive education and the pedagogical background of a teacher (foreign language teacher included) there has been an eternal disagreement both in the academia, as well as among prospective employers. The most essential controversy pertains to the degree of expertise a teacher should possess in the field they teach versus how much psycho-pedagogical and educational knowledge they should have and the mutual relationship of the two. Another area of dispute and debate within the teachers’ education specialism seems to occur between two parties: proponents of theoretical research and the narrow circle of practical education advocates. The empirical annex, which points to the level of vocational preparation of a language teacher, focuses on the choice of didactic activities, the quality of their execution, and the working conditions which are under a teacher’s control.

scholarly journals The mutual relationship between the two molecular forms of the major fibrinolysis inhibitor alpha-2-antiplasmin in blood

Blood ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 616-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Kluft ◽  
P Los ◽  
AF Jie ◽  
VW van Hinsbergh ◽  
E Vellenga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Cell Line ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Congenital Deficiency ◽  
Fibrinolysis Inhibitor ◽  
Streptokinase Therapy ◽  
Relationship Of

Alpha-2-antiplasmin, a major inhibitor of fibrinolysis, is synthesized in the liver and occurs in blood in two molecular forms: a very active plasminogen-binding (PB) form and a less active nonplasminogen-binding (NPB) form. This study investigates the origin and mutual relationship of these two forms in vivo and in vitro. Despite wide variation in plasma concentration of the inhibitor (16% to 138%), the ratio between the two forms in vivo was found to be, in the main, constant among healthy volunteers, heterozygotes for a congenital deficiency of alpha- 2-antiplasmin, and patients with a stable liver cirrhosis: PB/NPB = 2.41 +/- 0.34 (SD). Resynthesis after depletion or increased synthesis in the acute-phase reaction showed a specific increase of the PB form of the molecule in blood after discontinuation of L-asparaginase or streptokinase therapy and after myocardial infarction. In vitro studies demonstrated that only the PB form was present after one day in the culture medium of the human cell line Hep G2, while the NPB form appeared after 11 days. Clearance after inhibition of synthesis by L- asparaginase therapy revealed a more rapid decrease in the PB form relative to the NPB form in blood, demonstrated by a change in the PB- NPB ratio from 2.86 +/- 0.55 to 1.74 +/- 0.24 (mean of 6, SD). An apparently spontaneous first order conversion from the PB to NPB form, with an apparent half-life of about eight days, was demonstrated at 37 degrees C in plasma and serum in vitro. The conversion was found to be temperature dependent and uninfluenced by the fibrinolytic components fibrinogen, fibrin, and plasminogen. Additions of a variety of enzymes or inhibitors did not interfere with the process. These results demonstrate that the PB form of alpha-2-antiplasmin is produced by the liver and that the NPB form is formed in the circulation.

scholarly journals The relation and development of expenditure inequality and income inequality of Czech households

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (192) ◽  
pp. 55-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdeňka Malá ◽  
Gabriela Cervená
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
Methodological Tool ◽  
Relationship Of

The paper focuses on an analysis of income inequality and expenditure inequality of households in the Czech Republic for the period 2001 - 2009, based on data from the Statistics of Family Accounts. The basic methodological tool is the Gini coefficient and its decomposition according to individual categories of consumer expenditure. The conducted research reaches the conclusion that income inequality is higher than inequality in consumer expenditure, and income inequality for the analyzed period is growing at a higher rate than expenditure inequality. Tax-transfer tools effectively eliminate income inequality, but nevertheless inequality of disposable income exceeds the inequality of net monetary expenditure. As regards the mutual relationship of income inequality and expenditure inequality, expenditure inequality within a period of economic growth and boom copied the course of income inequality, while within a period of economic decline and recession both inequalities showed a completely different development. The main determinant affecting income inequality may be considered to be non-consumer expenditure, particularly expenditure for the acquisition of real estate.

scholarly journals Fact Finding and the World Court

1969 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 150-191
Author(s):  
W. F. Foster
Keyword(s):  
State Sovereignty ◽  
The World ◽  
International Tribunals ◽  
The Law ◽  
International Adjudication ◽  
Fact Finding ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of state sovereignty and the jurisdiction of international tribunals presents one of the main problems in the law of international adjudication. Submission to the jurisdiction of a tribunal implies a partial surrender of sovereignty. The extent of the surrender may be said to be proportionate to the degree of discretion open to the tribunal concerned when deciding a case submitted to it. The present study will deal with an important aspect of this judicial freedom of determination, namely, the extent to which the World Court can seek to discover the facts and circumstances of a dispute independently of the evidence and information brought before it voluntarily by the parties.

Restoration of monuments and tourism

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-420
Author(s):  
Vjekoslav Vierda
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Financial Aid ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Protection And Renewal

The article considers the relationship between renewal of monuments and tourism from the aspect of a mutual experience of the future cultural historical monuments, as a part of a nation’s total cultural heritage and as one of the most important preconditions for tourism development. Renewal of monuments is partly aimed at increasing the attractiveness of the tourism offer; at the same time it displays the relationship of a given tourist destination towards a country’s cultural heritage and surroundings, and is a part of real tourism trends. The mutual relationship between renewal of monuments and tourism is considered through two aspects: 1. Renewal of monuments as a precondition for securing a tourist attraction i. e. a monument which is already a tourist attraction, monument renewal as a condition for increasing the attractiveness of the same, and 2. Renewal of monuments as a tourist attraction sui generis, where the scheme of renewal attached to the monument’s attractiveness is given as the initial theme, i.e. means of collecting financial aid for renewal, while a second theme considers the renewal as an attraction sui generis through all phases to finishing the renewal and introducing the monument. Finally, the article gives suggestions on how to organize co-operation between institutions responsible for tourism, i.e. for the protection and renewal of monuments.

Barriers to E-Application in Agrifood Supply Chain

2014 ◽  
pp. 227-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupesh Kumar ◽  
Rajat Agrawal ◽  
Vinay Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Food Supply Chain ◽  
Interpretive Structural Modeling ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Relationship Of

The paper aims to identify barriers to e-Application in the agri-food supply chain in India and helps in developing mutual relationship of these barriers using interpretive structural modeling (ISM) technique. The barriers are identified using secondary sources and expert opinions. The paper is a blend of theoretical framework and practical application and employs structural analysis to draw an interventional roadmap to facilitate the use of e-Application in the agri-food supply chain. The research shows that there exists a group of barriers having a high driving power and low dependence requiring maximum attention. These barriers are strategically important for e-Applications. This paper provides a useful insight to the policymakers and stakeholders by focusing on those key barriers which are important for effective e-Application in the agri-food supply chain.

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