scholarly journals The relation and development of expenditure inequality and income inequality of Czech households

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (192) ◽  
pp. 55-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdeňka Malá ◽  
Gabriela Cervená
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
Methodological Tool ◽  
Relationship Of

The paper focuses on an analysis of income inequality and expenditure inequality of households in the Czech Republic for the period 2001 - 2009, based on data from the Statistics of Family Accounts. The basic methodological tool is the Gini coefficient and its decomposition according to individual categories of consumer expenditure. The conducted research reaches the conclusion that income inequality is higher than inequality in consumer expenditure, and income inequality for the analyzed period is growing at a higher rate than expenditure inequality. Tax-transfer tools effectively eliminate income inequality, but nevertheless inequality of disposable income exceeds the inequality of net monetary expenditure. As regards the mutual relationship of income inequality and expenditure inequality, expenditure inequality within a period of economic growth and boom copied the course of income inequality, while within a period of economic decline and recession both inequalities showed a completely different development. The main determinant affecting income inequality may be considered to be non-consumer expenditure, particularly expenditure for the acquisition of real estate.

Divergent Paths of Inequality in Poland and the Czech Republic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekrem Karakoç
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Two Factors

Employing most similar design and process-tracing methodology, this chapter focuses on Poland and the Czech Republic in the postcommunist region. It discusses the divergent paths these two countries have taken since their transitions. After discussing the similarities and dissimilarities of these two cases, it turns to the welfare policies shared by both countries with some differences under their former communist rule. It also traces voter turnout and linkage between political party and citizens, and explores how these two factors have affected social policies in each country. The last section offers a comparison of Polish and Czech social policies regarding the level and nature of their targeted spending and its effect on income inequality.

scholarly journals Carbon Footprint and Water Footprint of Electric Vehicles and Batteries Charging in View of Various Sources of Power Supply in the Czech Republic

Environments ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Jursova ◽  
Dorota Burchart-Korol ◽  
Pavlina Pustejovska
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Main Determinant

In the light of recent developments regarding electric vehicle market share, we assess the carbon footprint and water footprint of electric vehicles and provide a comparative analysis of energy use from the grid to charge electric vehicle batteries in the Czech Republic. The analysis builds on the electricity generation forecast for the Czech Republic for 2015–2050. The impact of different sources of electricity supply on carbon and water footprints were analyzed based on electricity generation by source for the period. Within the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the carbon footprint was calculated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method, while the water footprint was determined by the Water Scarcity method. The computational LCA model was provided by the SimaPro v. 8.5 package with the Ecoinvent v. 3 database. The functional unit of study was running an electric vehicle over 100 km. The system boundary covered an electric vehicle life cycle from cradle to grave. For the analysis, we chose a vehicle powered by a lithium-ion battery with assumed consumption 19.9 kWh/100 km. The results show that electricity generated to charge electric vehicle batteries is the main determinant of carbon and water footprints related to electric vehicles in the Czech Republic. Another important factor is passenger car production. Nuclear power is the main determinant of the water footprint for the current and future electric vehicle charging, while, currently, lignite and hard coal are the main determinants of carbon footprint.

scholarly journals Relationship of activities in reverse logistics according to sell point in Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 01016 ◽  
Author(s):  
František Milichovský
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Nominal Variables

The paper is focused on findings, if final customers in sell points reflect activities of reverse logistics. Main result of research provides relationship between sell point and reverse activity. The research was aimed at random chosen group of 811 respondents in the Czech Republic. Real participants have been 293, what is effectiveness in 36.13%. The primary research provides possible approaches for companies in sell points within reverse logistics activities to final consumers. To process the results of the questionnaire survey were used basic types of descriptive statistics on the selected data set. The data were processed by using the statistical program IBM SPSS Statistics 24, which was subsequently analysed the dependency between the two nominal variables by means of contingency tables and Pearson's chi-squared test. Limitation for this research is because of the chosen sample and targeting only on Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy and EU 2020 Target for Energy Efficiency in the Czech Republic and Slovakia

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Brożyna ◽  
Wadim Strielkowski ◽  
Alena Fomina ◽  
Natalya Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Eu

Our paper focuses on the renewable energy and EU 2020 target for energy efficiency in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. We study the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in these two EU Member States through the prism of the Europe 2020 strategy and the 3 × 20 climate and energy package and economic growth (represented by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) that allows to measure the national dynamics and provide cross-country comparisons) without attributing specific attention to issues such as the electrification of transport or heating, and thence leaving them outside the scope of this paper. Both Czech Republic and Slovakia are two post-Communist countries that still face the consequences of economic transformation and struggle with the optimal management of natural resources. Both countries encountered profound system transformation after 1989 that are apparent in all three measures of sustainable development used in our study. We show that it is unlikely that the planned increase in renewable energy in the Czech Republic and Slovakia will reach its targets, but they might succeed in reducing their energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Our findings show that the energy intensity of Czech and Slovak economies increased in the early 2000s and then stabilized at a level about twice of the EU average. It appears that this value is likely to remain the same in the forthcoming years. However, implementation of GHG emissions in the Czech Republic and Slovakia may be at risk in case the proper energy policy is not maintained. Moreover, our results show how the increase in the share of renewable energy and improvement in energy efficiency go hand-in-hand with mining and exploiting the energy sources that is notorious for the transition economies. We also demonstrate that a proper energy policy is required for effectively reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. There is a need for commitments made by relevant stakeholders and policymakers targeted at achieving sustainable economic growth and energy efficiency. In addition, we demonstrate that there is a need for maintaining a proper balance between economic development and environmental protection, which is a must for the EU sustainable energy development agenda and all its accompanying targets for all its Member States.

scholarly journals Detection of mosquito-only flaviviruses in Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Calzolari ◽  
Líbia Zé-Zé ◽  
Daniel Růžek ◽  
Ana Vázquez ◽  
Claire Jeffries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Aedes Vexans ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Aedes Caspius ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Relationship Of

The genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, includes a number of important arthropod-transmitted human pathogens such as dengue viruses, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and yellow fever virus. In addition, the genus includes flaviviruses without a known vertebrate reservoir, which have been detected only in insects, particularly in mosquitoes, such as cell fusing agent virus, Kamiti River virus, Culex flavivirus, Aedes flavivirus, Quang Binh virus, Nakiwogo virus and Calbertado virus. Reports of the detection of these viruses with no recognized pathogenic role in humans are increasing in mosquitoes collected around the world, particularly in those sampled in entomological surveys targeting pathogenic flaviviruses. The presence of six potential flaviviruses, detected from independent European arbovirus surveys undertaken in the Czech Republic, Italy,Portugal, Spain and the UK between 2007 and 2010, is reported in this work. Whilst the Aedes flaviviruses, detected in Italy from Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, had already been isolated in Japan, the remaining five viruses have not been reported previously: one was detected in Italy, Portugal and Spain from Aedes mosquitoes (particularly from Aedes caspius), one in Portugal and Spain from Culex theileri mosquitoes, one in the Czech Republic and Italy from Aedes vexans, one in the Czech Republic from Aedes vexans and the last in the UK from Aedes cinereus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close relationship of these putative viruses to other insect-only flaviviruses.

Financial depth and economic growth - the case of Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland

2004 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-321
Author(s):  
Katalin Mérő
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Financial Intermediation ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Financial Deepening ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
European Economies ◽  
The Relationship

The article focuses on the relationship between economic growth and financial intermediation, with special focus on the process of catching up in three Central and Eastern European economies: Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland (CEC-3). The depth of financial intermediation and economic growth exhibit a close, direct relationship with each other. According to recent studies the relationship is causal and the level of financial development is a good indicator of future economic growth. Examining the relationship between the two factors is especially important for these Central and Eastern European economies, where the level of financial intermediation is very low compared to that of developed countries. The lack of financial deepening is even more pronounced taking into consideration that there is a significant catching-up process in every other areas of the economy. The initial proposition here is that in order to these countries catching up, their economic growth must necessarily be accompanied by a marked financial deepening, without which long-term economic growth is impossible. It is absolutely necessary that in the future the role of bank loans in these economies increases significantly and that a period characterised by a lending boom follows. The lending boom should occur in CEC-3 is not an unequivocal sign of imprudent lending or a supply-side expansion of bank loans - on the contrary, it should be viewed as complementary to the economic development at the given economic stage.

scholarly journals Does the Quality of a Place Affect Well-being?

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
František Murgaš ◽  
Michal Klobučník
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Golden Standard ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractAn important methodological question in the general discourses concerning the quality of life is scale and mutual relationship of its two dimensions. In this article, the subjective dimension is understood as well-being; data from its spatial differentiation in districts of the Czech Republic were obtained from a face-to-face interview. The objective dimension is understood from the geographical aspect as quality of a place; it is quantified by the indicators of the golden standard of quality of life. Data from its spatial differentiation in districts of the Czech Republic are secondary. The article aims to compare the data of well-being and quality of a place for all the districts, with a premise of a higher level of well-being in the districts with a higher quality of a place, and vice-versa. This would answer the question of whether the quality of a place affects well-being.

scholarly journals Czech trade integration over the last two decades

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 507-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libor Žídek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trade Integration ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Developed Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Advanced Production

Development of international trade is (in our view) one of the greatest achievements of the transformation process in Eastern Europe. In the paper we illustrate this achievement by the example of the Czech Republic. We conclude that the economy has enormously changed from closed one with backward production and orientation towards the Eastern markets to one that is among the most open economies in the world, with nearly entire orientation towards the developed markets and with relatively advanced production. This development was partly a result of quick (and in our view brave) liberalization at the beginning of the transformation process. At the same time, we have to conclude that the level of dependency has enormously increased in the course of the respective period and the Czech economy is now highly dependent on the economic development of the main trading partners – foremost the other European countries. This dependency is largely positive but can bring negative aspects in the periods of economic decline.

scholarly journals Income inequality and poverty - protecting implementations in the czech republic

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Vavrejnová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Transformation Period

Deep changes in the population's income structure and in income distribution during the transformation period reflect the main changes in the social structure of society. From the totalitarian model of one owner - the state - and its employees there has been a transition to the society of private owners and their employees, and of self-employed members of society.

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