The electrical conductivity and other properties of sodium hydroxide in aqueous solution, as elucidating the mechanism of conduction.

1905 ◽  
Vol 74 (497-506) ◽  
pp. 280-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Robert Bousfield ◽  
Thomas Martin Lowry ◽  
Henry Edward Armstrong

The original object of the research was to investigate the decay, as the temperature rises, in the “ionising” properties of water; which is manifest, especially in the case of the alkalies, in the inflected character of the curves expressing the relation between temperature and conductivity in aqueous solutions.

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ksenia A. Nurislamova ◽  
◽  
Alena S. Franz ◽  
Vyacheslav F. Markov ◽  
Larisa N. Maskaeva ◽  
...  

A brief analysis of scientific publications on the changes in the physicochemical properties of water and aqueous solutions under the influence of temperature, magnetic and electric fields, laser and microwave radiation, ultrasound, and mechanical mixing was performed. A number of researchers have shown the influence of such effects on changes in pH and redox potential, electrical conductivity, surface tension and viscosity of an aqueous solution. The question of influence of external physical effects on water and aqueous solutions remains controversial. Some scientists suggest that water has a cluster structure, which is influenced by physical effects. An important aspect of the problem is the impact on the subsequent behavior and the final result of a chemical process involving previously treated aqueous solutions. Using water solutions of lead and thiourea as an example, the effect of their temperature prehistory in the range of 275-369 K on the kinetics of precipitation of the solid phase of lead sulfide and their microstructure is demonstrated. A threefold change in the composition of supersaturated CdxPb1–xS solid solutions precipitated from solutions containing a lead salt with different temperature prehistory was established. It is shown that the “memory” on the preliminary temperature effect is maintained for at least a day. The influence of electromagnetic treatment of water and aqueous solutions on the content of dissolved oxygen, pH and electrical conductivity is analyzed. Some scientists explain these results by the influence of the field on the structure of hydrogen bonds, others by a change in the cluster structure of water, as well as by the presence of ferromagnetic particles in water. The review presents the current state of the problem of the “memory” effect and the related influence of the prehistory of the impact of physical factors. The review suggested that the “memory” of an aqueous solution is the preservation for a certain time of the changes in its structure and properties that have arisen as a result of the effect. The basic ideas about the mechanisms of influence of the prehistory of physical effects on aqueous solutions are given.


2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Mori ◽  
X. Shi ◽  
H. Hirahara ◽  
Y. Oishi

Abstract The authors investigated the adhesion of rubber compounds containing nickel blanched alkyl carboxylate to surface treated magnesium alloys during curing. Ni i-octylate and Ni i-stearate were used as nickel branched alkyl carboxylate. Rubbers used in the study did not adhere at all to magnesium alloys, such as AZ91, AZ31, AZ 21, and M1 washed with acetone; not even in the presence of Ni i-octylate. Among numerous treating solutions, only sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was effective for adhesion of rubber to magnesium alloys. Adhesion of rubber to magnesium alloy AZ31 treated in 0.5M- sodium hydroxide aqueous solution for 10 min at 80 °C yielded high peel strength and a 100% rubber coverage. Peel strength and a 100% rubber coverage varied with the concentration of additives, such as curing accelerators, sulfur, zinc oxide and Ni-type adhesive accelerators. Ni branched alkyl carboxylates such as Ni i-octylate and Ni i-stearate were effective for accelerating the adhesion of rubber to magnesium alloys treated in sodium hydroxide aqueous solutions during curing. The authors postulate that Ni branched alkyl carboxylate acts to yield interface bonds between magnesium alloys and rubber or Ni-S-rubber linkage.


2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Krzyżanowska ◽  
Eugeniusz Milchert ◽  
Marcin Bartkowiak

Abstract The results of dehydrochlorination of 88 wt% aqueous solution of 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol to epichlorohydrin are reported. The process was carried out in the reaction-stripping column system with a continuous removal of epichlorohydrin in the steam stream. Aqueous solutions of sodium and calcium hydroxides at concentrations in the range of 3-14 wt% were used for the dehydrochlorination. The infl uence of the type and concentration of dehydrochlorination agent on 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol conversion, the selectivity of transformation to epichlorohydrin and by-products, and the composition of distillate and wastewater were studied.


2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 381-385
Author(s):  
Ljubica Pavlovic ◽  
Zagorka Acimovic-Pavlovic ◽  
Ljubisa Andric ◽  
Aurel Prstic

In order to study the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction, laboratory leaching was carried out with industrially produced gibbsite ?-Al(OH)3 in aqueous solutions containing an excess of sodium hydroxide. The results obtained reaction temperature, duration and base concentration varied. The basic kinetic parameters were determined from: the reaction rate constant k=8.72?107 exp (-74990/RT) and the process activation energy in the range Ea=72.5-96.81 kJ/mol.


Author(s):  
Livia Salgado

RESUMO Foi avaliada a rugosidade superfícial de resinas compostas, antes e após a sua imersão em solução aquosa com diferentes pHs e solução enzimática. Foram confeccionados 60 corpos de prova, 30 para cada material, com auxílio de uma matriz de acrílico com 5mm de diâmetro e 2mm de espessura, as quais foram preenchidas com as resinas compostas Filtek Z350 e Empress Direct, em único incremento e realizada a fotopolimerização por 40segundos. Os corpos de prova foram divididos em06 grupos (n=10) de acordo com a solução empregada: água deionizada (Grupos ZA e EA); hidróxido de sódio com pH 13.2 (Grupos ZNa e ENa) e solução enzimática de colesterol esterase (Grupos ZE e EE). Para dar acabamento utilizou-se uma sequência decrescente de granulação de lixas d’água: 600, 1000, 1200, 1500 e 2000 e para o polimento, suspensões de alumina: 1µm, 0,3µm e 0,05µm. Após o polimento foram armazenados em estufa a 37°C durante 7 dias, para então realizar 3 medições de cada superfície no rugosímetro. Os corpos de prova foram imersos saparadamente nas soluções por 30 dias e mantidos em estufa a 37°C, a cada 7 dias as soluções eram trocadas. Após 30 dias foram realizadas mais 3 medições da rugosidade das superfícies. Os resultados foram tabulados e submetidos a análise estatística com os testes ANOVA e Tukey. Pode-se concluir que: As resinas compostas testadas apresentaram degradação hidrolítica na solução aquosa após um período de imersão de 30 dias, fato que não foi observado nas soluções de NaOH e Esterase.ABSTRACT The surface roughness of resin before and after their immersion in aqueous solutions with different pH and the enzyme solution was evaluated. They were made 60 specimens, 30 for each material with the aid of an acrylic matrix with 5mm diameter and 2mm thick, which were filled with composite resin Filtek Z350 and Empress Direct in single increment and held light curing by 40 seconds. The specimens were divided in 06 groups (n = 10) according to the used solution: deionized water (ZA Groups and EA); sodium hydroxide to pH 13.2 (ZNA Groups ENA) and enzyme solution of cholesterol esterase (ZE and EE groups). To give finishing used a descending sequence of sanding granulation water: 600, 1000, 1200, 1500 and 2000 and for polishing, alumina suspensions: 1μm, 0,3μm and 0,05μm. After polishing were stored in an oven at 37 ° C for 7 days, and then perform three measurements on each surface roughness. The specimens were immersed separately solutions for 30 days and kept in oven at 37°C every 7 days, the solutions were changed. After 30 days there were over 3 measurements of surface roughness. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey tests. It can be concluded that: The composites tested showed hydrolytic degradation in aqueous solution after a period of 30 days immersion, a fact that was not observed in NaOH and Esterase solutions.


1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115
Author(s):  
Jindřich Novák ◽  
Zdeněk Kodejš ◽  
Ivo Sláma

The density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of highly concentrated solutions of ammonium nitrate in dimethyl sulphoxide have been determined over the temperature range 10-60 °C and the concentration range 7-50 mol% of the salt. The variations in the quantities as a function of temperature and concentration have been correlated by empirical equations. A comparison is made between the transport properties for the present system, aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate solutions in dimethyl sulphoxide.


1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Nývlt

The metastable zone width of an aqueous solution of KCI was measured as a function of the time and temperature of overheating above the equilibrium solubility temperature. It has been found that when the experiments follow close upon one another, the parameters of the preceding experiment affect the results of the experiment to follow.The results are interpreted in terms of hypotheses advanced in the literature to account for the effect of thermal history of solution. The plausibility and applicability of these hypotheses are assessed for the given cause of aqueous solution of a well soluble electrolyte.


Carbon ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1081-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Mugisidi ◽  
Aria Ranaldo ◽  
Johny W. Soedarsono ◽  
Muhammad Hikam

1879 ◽  
Vol 29 (196-199) ◽  
pp. 472-482 ◽  

In order to investigate this subject, I devised and constructed the following apparatus :—A and B are two thin glass basins, 81 millims. internal diameter (= 5,153 sq. millims. of mercury surface), and 6·0 centims. deep; each containing a layer of mercury about 1·0 centim. deep, covered by a layer, about 3 centims. deep, of the aqueous solution to be examined.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyi Li ◽  
Zoltán Szabó ◽  
Mats Jonsson

Four different uranyl-(peroxide)-carbonate complexes were identified during studtite and meta-studtite dissolution in aqueous solution containing 10 mM HCO3− by 13C NMR.


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