scholarly journals VI. Electrification of air, of vapour of water, and of other gases

1898 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 187-228 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Atmospheric Electricity ◽  
British Association ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
The Subject

1. In this paper we describe a long series or experiments on the electrification of air and other gases, with which we have been occupied from May, 1894, up to the present time (June, 1897). Some results of our earlier experiments, and of preliminary efforts to find convenient methods of investigation, have from time to time been communicated to the Royal Society, the British Association, and the Glasgow Philosophical Society. 2. The method for testing the electrification of air, which we used in our earliest experiments, was an application of the water-dropper (long well-known in the ordinary observation of atmospheric electricity). Its use by Maclean and Goto, in 1890, led to an interesting discovery that air in an enclosed vessel, previously non-electrified, becomes electrified by a jet of water falling through it. An investigation of properties of matter concerned in this effect, related as it is to the “development of electricity in the breaking up of a liquid into drops,” which had been discovered by Holmgren as early as 1873, and to the later investigations and discoveries described by Lenard, in his paper on the “Electricity of Waterfalls,” forms the subject of 25-37 of the present communication.

scholarly journals XIX.—Magnetization and Resistance of Nickel Wire at High Temperatures. Part II.

1907 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-554
Author(s):  
C. G. Knott
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
British Association ◽  
Nickel Wire ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Association Meeting ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Wire

The experiments which form the subject of the present communication were carried out two years ago, and supplement results already published. A brief note of some of the results was read before the Society in June 1904, and was also read before the British Association Meeting at Cambridge in August of the same year.The previous paper discussed the effect of high temperature on the relation between electrical resistance and magnetization when the wire was magnetized longitudinally, that is, in the direction in which the resistance was measured.The present results have to do with the effect of high temperature on the relation between resistance and magnetization when the magnetization was transverse to the direction along which the resistance was measured.

scholarly journals III. Experimental researches in electricity. —eighteenth series

1843 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 17-32 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Atmospheric Electricity ◽  
Glass Tube ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
High Pressure Steam ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Pressure Steam ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Experimental Researches

2075. Two years ago an experiment was described by Mr. Armstrong and others, in which the issue of a stream of high pressure steam into the air produced abundance of electricity. The source of the electricity was not ascertained, but was supposed to be the evaporation or change of state of the water, and to have a direct relation to atmospheric electricity. I have at various times since May of last year been working upon the subject, and though I perceive Mr. Armstrong has, in recent communi­cations, anticipated by publication some of the facts which I also have obtained, the Royal Society may still perhaps think a compressed account of my results and con­clusions, which include many other important points, worthy its attention. 2076. The apparatus I· have used was not competent to furnish me with much steam or a high pressure, but I found it sufficient for my purpose, which was the in­vestigation of the effect and its cause, and not necessarily an increase of the electric development. Mr. Armstrong, as is shown by a recent paper, has well effected the latter. The boiler I used, belonging to the London Institution, would hold about ten gallons of water, and allow the evaporation of five gallons. A pipe 4½ feet long was attached to it, at the end of which was a large stop-cock and a metal globe, of the capacity of thirty-two cubic inches, which I will call the steam-globe , and to this globe, by its mouth-piece, could be attached various forms of apparatus, serving as vents for the issuing steam. Thus a cock could be connected with the steam-globe, and this cock be used as the experimental steam-passage; or a wooden tube could be screwed in; or a small metal or glass tube put through a good cork, and the cork screwed in; and in these cases the steam way of the globe and tube leading to the boiler was so large, that they might be considered as part of the boiler, and these terminal passages as the obstacles which, restraining the issue of steam, produced any important degree of friction.

scholarly journals Transparence or translucence of the surface film produced in polishing metals

1914 ◽  
Vol 89 (614) ◽  
pp. 593-595 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Metal Surfaces ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
British Association ◽  
Polished Surface ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Transparent Layer ◽  
Actual Formation

In a communication to the British Association it was suggested that all smooth metal surfaces are covered with an enamel-like transparent layer. In a subsequent communication to the Royal Society the actual formation of a surface layer or skin by polishing was demonstrated. Two of the photo­micrographs in the latter paper (figs. 5 and 6, Plate 9) showed that minute pits on a polished surface of antimony had been covered over by a film of this description. It was suggested that the diminished reflecting power of the film covering the pits probably indicated that it had become trans­lucent, but no direct evidence of this translucence was afforded by these particular observations. It was also suggested that the film might have been carried across the pits on a support provided by small granules or flakes which had filled up the pit to the level of the general surface. The purpose of the present communication is to record and illustrate certain recent observations which show:— (1) That the film which covers the pits is transparent, or at any rate highly translucent: and (2) That in the case of the smaller pits the mobile film has been carried across the empty pit without any support from below.

scholarly journals XXIV. On the Indian arc of meridian

1861 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 579-594 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Central India ◽  
Negative Sign ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Direct Process ◽  
Resultant Effect ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

It is with pleasure that I request the attention of the Royal Society to the present com­munication, in continuation and completion of my former papers, because I think that the anomalies which the Indian Arc has appeared to present are here traced to the true causes. 1. I will explain what those anomalies were. On completing a laborious and wellexecuted survey of the two northern portions of the Indian Arc of Meridian, between Kaliana (29° 30' 48") and Kalianpur (24° 7' 11"), and Kalianpur and Damargida (18° 3' 15"), Colonel Everest found that their astronomical and geodetical amplitudes differed considerably; in the higher arc the geodetic amplitude he found to be in excess by 5"·236, in the lower of the two ares in defect by 3"·791. The three stations had been selected with great care, and were finally chosen as being apparently free from all disturbing causes. Indeed, a fourth station which had been at one time adopted, Takal Khera in Central India, was rejected by Colonel Everest because a neighbouring hillrange was discovered on calculation to produce a deflection of about 5". Kaliana had been chosen nearly sixty miles from the lower hills at the foot of the Himmalaya Moun­tains, in the full conviction that it would be free from mountain influence. The surprise was therefore great when, on the completion of the survey of the two arcs in question, these two errors were brought to light. The first was attributed to the influence of the Himmalayas, but without any calculation; but the second, with its negative sign, received no interpretation. At this stage I devised a method of calculating the effect of the Himmalayas by a direct process; and found that the deflections produced are far greater than the errors which had to be explained, and the negative sign was left alto­gether unaccounted for. Thus the perplexity was increased. It next occurred to me that the vast Ocean to the south of India might have some influence on the plumb-line. On making the necessary calculations the effect of this cause was found, as the moun­tain attraction had been, to be far greater than had been anticipated; the negative sign was still unexplained, and the difficulties were not cleared up. No other cause of dis­turbance was apparent at the surface. But I showed by calculation that in the crust below one might exist sufficient to reduce the large deflections occasioned by the Moun­tains and the Ocean, and make them accord with the results deduced by Colonel Everest from the arcs themselves. But, being hidden from our sight, neither the magnitude nor indeed the existence of this cause could be à priori ascertained, much less reduced to calculation. Whether, moreover, the errors brought to light by Colonel Everest arose solely from local attraction, or from local attraction combined with some local peculiarity in the curvature of the Indian Arc, was not apparent; so that the subject of local attrac­tion and its influence on geodetic operations in this country, was still involved in obscu­rity, and the anomalies of the Indian Arc remained unexplained in the papers which I have hitherto forwarded to the Society. In the present communication I think ambi­guity is removed. It is demonstrated that no peculiarity in the curvature of the arc can produce any part of the errors brought to light by Colonel Everest; that those errors arise solely from local attraction; that they are in fact the exact measure of the difference of the resultant local attraction at the two extremities of each arc, from what­ ever causes the attraction may arise—mountains, ocean, or crust; lastly, it is proved that there are hidden causes in the crust below the Indian Arc, and the differences of their resultant effect upon the stations of the arc are computed. An inference from these results is, that the relative position of places in a Map, laid down from geodetic operations, is accurate, being altogether unaffected by local attraction; though the position of the Map itself on the terrestrial spheroid will be dependent upon the observed latitude of some one station in it, and that observed latitude will be affected by the local attraction at that place. To determine the absolute latitude in some one station connected with the geodetic operations is still a desideratum.

scholarly journals Observations upon the normal and pathological histology and bacteriology of the oyster

1899 ◽  
Vol 64 (402-411) ◽  
pp. 239-241 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
British Association ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Full Account ◽  
The Subject

This research was commenced three years ago, and has been carried on intermittently in the intervals of other work. Preliminary reports on some of our results have been laid before the British Association at the Ipswitch, Liverpool, Toronto, and Bristol meetings, and a short paper on one section of the subject was communicated to the Royal Society and printed in the 'Proceedings' last year, In the present paper we give a full account, with illustrations, of the detailed evidence upon which our various conclusions are based.

scholarly journals XXVI. An account of some experiments relative to the passage of radiant heat through glass screens

1826 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 372-382
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Heating Effect ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Actual Radiation

(1) In a former Paper, communicated to the Royal Society, and which has been honoured with a place in the Philosophical Transactions for 1825, I attempted an investigation of the distinctive characters of two species of heating effect, in which particular reference was made to the action of transparent screens. In the present communication, my object is to examine a further point belonging to that part of the subject; and to which, as well as the former enquiry, I have been led, from considering the results obtained by M. De La Roche. The investigation given in my former paper proceeded upon the assumption, that simple radiant heat is incapable of permeating glass by direct transmission when the source is below luminosity: and the conclusion deduced from my experiments went to show, that that portion of the heat which is intercepted above luminosity, is simple heat, unaltered except in intensity, whilst that which is transmitted is of a different kind. That this assumption, at least under all ordinary circumstances, is warranted by most decisive experiments, I conceive sufficiently certain. It appears to me, however, that in reference to its strict universality, some further enquiry is necessary. The general inference respecting transmission, deduced from De La Roche's experiments, has, I conceive, been satisfactorily explained by mine; but there is one of his conclusions to which my principle does not apply (except in a particular case), and which might seem to afford considerable ground for the idea of an actual radiation through glass, under particular circumstances.

scholarly journals XII. Harmonic analysis of hourly observations of air temperature and pressure at British observatories.—part I. Temperature

1893 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 617-646
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Analysis ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Graphical Representations ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Present Purpose ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Selection Of

The Meteorological Council have lately published a volume entitled ‘Harmonic Analysis of Hourly Observations of Air Temperature and Pressure at British Obser­vatories.’ It was thought preferable that this publication should be limited to the series of Tables giving the computed values of the harmonic constants, with a brief introduction explaining how the calculations had been carried out, and that the discussion of the results should be embodied in a separate memoir, which I hoped to communicate to the Royal Society, an intention which I now realize. I have annexed to the present communication a selection of such of the Tables given in the volume referred to as appear necessary for my present purpose, and I have added a series of graphical representations of some of the results of the computations, which will facilitate the study of the subject.

XIII. Contributions to terrestrial magnetism.—No. XI

1868 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 371-416 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
British Association ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Magnetic Survey ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Arctic Seas ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
Joint Application ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
The Subject

The object of the present ( i. e. the Eleventh) Number of the Contributions to Terrestrial Magnetism is the completion of the great national undertaking, the Magnetic Survey of the South Polar Regions of the Globe, corresponding to the Epoch 1840—1845. The Survey originated in a Report presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at the Liverpool Meeting in 1837, entitled “ On the Variations of the Intensity of the Earth’s Magnetic Force observed at different points of the Earth’s Surface:” copies of this Report were widely circulated amongst the Members of the Association previously to the Meeting at Newcastle in the following year, 1838; and having received a favourable notice in the opening address of the then Secretaries of the Association, Dr. George Peacock and Sir Roderick Murchison, resolutions were passed by the General Committee, which are printed in pages xxi and xxii of the “Annual Report of the Proceedings at Newcastle in August 1838.” These resolutions having been formally communicated to the Royal Society, a joint committee of the two scientific institutions was appointed to bring the subject of the equipment of a naval expedition for magnetic observations in the Arctic Seas under the consideration of Her Majesty’s Government. A single sentence from the address of this Committee may be cited as evidencing the spirit in which the joint application of the Royal Society and of the British Association was made to Her Majesty’s Government.

scholarly journals On the parallax of the fixed stars

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 65-66
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Dr. Brinkley, of the Observatory of Dublin, having noticed for several years past a periodical deviation of several fixed stars from their mean places, strongly indicating the existence in them of annual parallax, the author was induced to institute a series of observations upon the subject, the results of which are submitted to the Royal Society in the present communication. Being unable to devote the mural circle, erected at the Royal Observatory in 1812, entirely to this investigation, the Astronomer Royal employed two ten-feet telescopes, fixed to stone piers, and directed to the particular stars whose parallax was suspected, and furnished with micrometers for the purpose of comparing them with other stars passing through the same field. The question of parallax is, theoretically speaking, rather curious than important; but with regard to the state of practical astronomy the case is very different, and, as far as relates to the natural history of the sidereal system, it is a subject of interest to ascertain whether the distances of the nearest fixed stars can be numerically expressed from satisfactory data, or whether it be so immeasurably great as to exceed all human powers either to conceive or determine. The principal stars observed by Dr. Brinkley were, α Lyræ, α Aquilæ, α Cygni.

scholarly journals XI. Further experiments and observations on the action of poisons on the animal system. By B. C. Brodie, Esq. F. R. S. Communicated to the Society for the improvement of animal chemistry, and by them to the Royal Society

1812 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 205-227 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
The Public ◽  
Animal System ◽  
Mode Of Application ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Since I had the honour of communicating to the Royal Society some observations on the action of certain poisons on the animal system, I have been engaged in the further pro­secution of this inquiry. Besides some additional experiments on vegetable poisons, I have instituted several with a view to explain the effects of some of the more powerful poisons of the mineral kingdom. The former correspond in their results so nearly with those which are already before the public, that, in the present communication, I shall confine myself to those which appear to be of some importance, as they more par­ticularly confirm my former conclusions respecting the reco­very of animals apparently dead, where the cause of death operates exclusively on the nervous system. In my experi­ments on mineral poisons, I have found some circumstances wherein their effects differ from those of vegetable poisons, and of these I shall give a more particular account. What­ever may be the value of the observations themselves, the subject must be allowed to be one that is deserving of inves­tigation, as it does not appear unreasonable to expect that such investigation may hereafter lead to some improvements in the healing art. This consideration, I should hope, will be regarded as a sufficient apology for my pursuing a mode of inquiry by means of experiments on brute animals, of which we might well question the propriety, if no other purpose were to be answered by it than the gratification of curiosity. In my former communication on this subject, I entered into a detailed account of the majority of my experiments. This I conceived necessary, because in the outset of the inquiry I had been led to expect that even the same poison might not always operate precisely in the same manner; but I have since had abun­dant proof, that in essential circumstances there is but little variety in the effects produced by poisons of any description, when employed on animals of the same, or even of different species, beyond what may be referred to the difference in the quantity, or mode of application of the poison, or of the age and power of the animal. This will explain the reason of my not detailing, in the present communication, so many of the individual experiments from which my conclusions are drawn, as in the former; at the same time I have not been less care­ful to avoid drawing general conclusions from only a limited number of facts. Should these conclusions prove fewer, and of less importance than might be expected, such defects will, I trust, be regarded with indulgence; at least by those, who are aware of the difficulty of conducting a series of physiological experiments; of the time, which they necessarily occupy; of the numerous sources of fallacy and failure which exist; and of the laborious attention to the minutest circumstances, which is in consequence necessary in order to avoid being led into error.

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