A Study on the detection and formation mechanisms of ultra-massive black holes

With the discovery of Ultra-massive black holes and Super-massive black holes, humans have yet to find out the cause of their formation with modern technology. Based on the analysis, we will look at the detection methods and calculation methods for black holes and their mass. Besides, we will also dive deeper into the actual formation of these Ultra-massive black holes. Taking a closer look at black holes’ sizes, there are many black holes between 0.1Ms and up to its maximum 150Ms, but something interesting is that after 150 Ms, we can barely find any black holes bigger than that until we reach black holes with millions of times the mass of our sun. This is quite fascinating, as if the knowledge we have now suggests that bigger black holes are formed through devouring and merging of other black holes. It is simply impossible for some of these black holes to even exist, as looking at the amount of time the universe existed, that is impossible for black holes of this mass to even form. In this paper, the detection method for black holes and black holes’ mass and the formation model of ultra-massive black holes will be discussed, which involves concepts like Quasi Stars and Quasi Black holes. These results shed light for us to discover the formation of ultra-massive black holes.

Experimental Setup for Swellable Elastomers in Cased and Open Holes

A full scale experimental setup was designed and commissioned for testing of swelling elastomer seals against a casing (cased hole) and formation (open hole). Actual replicate of wellbore was designed with varying inside diameters and roughness to reproduce the effect of actual formation. The Dynaset packer mounted on a 7-inch tubular was allowed to swell against a 9–5/8-inch casing, while the fast swell packer mounted on a 9–5/8-inch tubular was allowed to swell against the 12–1/4-inch replicated well bore. This one-of-its-kind test setup can demonstrate the way the elastomers swell out and fill the asperities against smooth outer casing (cased hole) or against rough wellbore surface (open hole). Dismantling of the test setup midway through the testing scheme revealed a severely dimpled surface of the swelled elastomer.

Judicial practice in the law reality of Russia: experience of a comprehensive research

The legal nature of judicial practice in the context of legal reality is investigated through prism of phenomenological and axiological analysis. The purpose of the research is to form scientifically proved knowledge of the place and judicial practice role in the legal reality. Methodology is based on complex use of postclassical methods of investigation: integrative approach allows combining within the category both activity of courts on ensuring justice and gained experience. The findings are as follows. Judicial practice is analyzed as a part of social and legal practice. It shows organic unity of knowledge, activity and result. Judicial practice promotes formation of uniform rules of interpretation, formulation of legal norms and decision making in similar situations/cases that removes ambiguity in understanding of norms and clarity of their content. Correlation of ordinary, professional and doctrinal understanding of law as well as rapprochement of social expectations and judicial consciousness, which provide legitimacy to legislation and judiciary practice, is ensured. Conclusions are as follows. Judicial practice covers activity of judicial bodies in administering justice, taking in different values - pragmatist, organizational, logic-intellectual, and formal-legal in a combination of experience generalizations. Due to this, the feedback system between legal norms and individual acts that is reflected in actual formation of models of interpretation and realization of norms, and finally leads to refining legislation is ensured. Judicial practice, thereby, harmonizes legal reality, providing rapprochement of valuable orientations of addressees and senders of law communication.

Transcription activation is enhanced by multivalent interactions independent of liquid-liquid phase separation

Transcription factors (TFs) consist of a DNA binding and an activation domain (AD) that are considered to be independent and exchangeable modules. However, recent studies conclude that also the physico-chemical properties of the AD can control TF assembly at chromatin via driving a phase separation into “transcriptional condensates”. Here, we dissected the mechanism of transcription activation at a reporter gene array with real-time single-cell fluorescence microscopy readouts. Our comparison of different synthetic TFs reveals that the phase separation propensity of the AD correlates with high transcription activation capacity by increasing binding site occupancy, residence time and the recruitment of co-activators. However, we find that the actual formation of phase separated TF liquid-like droplets has a neutral or inhibitory effect on transcription induction. Thus, our study suggests that the ability of a TF to phase separate reflects the functionally important property of the AD to establish multivalent interactions but does not by itself enhance transcription.

Evolution of disc thickness in simulated high-redshift galaxies

ABSTRACT We study the growth of stellar discs of Milky Way-sized galaxies using a suite of cosmological simulations. We calculate the half-mass axis lengths and axis ratios of stellar populations split by age in galaxies with stellar mass $M_{*}=10^7\!-\!10^{10}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ at redshifts z > 1.5. We find that in our simulations stars always form in relatively thin discs, and at ages below 100 Myr are contained within half-mass height z1/2 ∼ 0.1 kpc and short-to-long axial ratio z1/2/x1/2 ∼ 0.15. Disc thickness increases with the age of stellar population, reaching median z1/2 ∼ 0.8 kpc and z1/2/x1/2 ∼ 0.6 for stars older than 500 Myr. We trace the same group of stars over the simulation snapshots and show explicitly that their intrinsic shape grows more spheroidal over time. We identify a new mechanism that contributes to the observed disc thickness: rapid changes in the orientation of the galactic plane mix the configuration of young stars. The frequently mentioned ‘upside-down’ formation scenario of galactic discs, which posits that young stars form in already thick discs at high redshift, may be missing this additional mechanism of quick disc inflation. The actual formation of stars within a fairly thin plane is consistent with the correspondingly flat configuration of dense molecular gas that fuels star formation.

N. A. Berdyaev’s method of cognition of history in light of possible socio-philosophical interpretations of modernity

The subject of this research is the methods of philosophical-historical cognition developed in the writings of N. A. Berdyaev, his triadic scheme of subject’s relation to history. The first period of direct, cohesive presence in some conventional historical structure does not portend the emergence of historical reflection. The second period, which Berdyaev associates with the era of “Enlightenment”, is characterized by disintegration in the historical life and human consciousness, contraposition of historical object and subject. However, the actual formation of the philosophy of history is possible only on condition of the transition into the third state of human spirit, which invokes acuity of mind, propensity to reflection and comprehension, which allows to return and in a new way, deliberately tap into the sanctuaries of historical life. The scientific novelty consists in interpretation of the method of cognition of history, developed by Berdyaev through the prism of such methodological capabilities that has the modern social philosophy. It is concluded that the main difference between the first and third levels of subject’s relation to history in Berdyaev’s scheme consists in the change of the object of cognition, when the object is not just an empirical givenness, but a special, superordinate reality. Such reorientation allows to predetermine a situation of the first period in a new way, which opens additional opportunities for correlating the active development of existence with the standards of everyday experience, as well as reinterpret the nature of the second period, when in can be perceive not as a crisis, but a routine question, an essential condition for transition into the third, most productive period.

Oil and gas field development and exploitation

The issues occur during the operation of pumping well due to the hydrodynamic imperfections. Herewith, formation permeability in bottomhole zone is broken. This value depends not only on the actual formation permeability, but on the state of well bottomhole correspondingly as well. A calculation methodology of operation of pumping well installation considering skin-zone in well bottomhole enabling to forecast the surveys on the improvement of pump efficiency is offered.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE LINEAR DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS FUNCTION AND ITS EVALUATION TO DETERMINE EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA (ICE DEPOSITS) IN UKRAINE

o predict the possibility of ice deposits on the territory of Ukraine in the winter season, an analogous approach is proposed using the construction of the equations of the linear discriminant function. For this, the correlation coefficients between 13 meteorological values (per day) at the start dates of ice deposits at all stations of Ukraine were calculated. Significant correlation coefficients were determined between individual meteorological variables, such as average air temperature, maximum, minimum average air humidity, average wind speed, and atmospheric pressure at sea level. It is these quantities that were used to construct the equations of the linear discriminant function and for the dates of the actual formation of ice deposits and the further forecast of its formation from a three-day lead time. As a result of the calculations for the winter season of 2001-2013 an equation of the linear discriminant function was obtained for the dates of the actual formation of ice deposits and a sufficiently high justification was obtained. Also, to predict the possible formation of ice deposits with a three-day lead time, a prognostic function of linear discriminant analysis was obtained to determine possible such deposits for the winter season of 2001-2010. On the example of the regional centers, a satisfactory assessment of the justification on an independent material for the winter season of 2011-2016 was obtained. Thus, in constructing linear discriminant functions to determine the possibility of such an adverse event as ice deposition, a number of conclusions were obtained: – The sufficiently high validity of the discriminant functions of extreme meteorological phenomena (ice deposits) for the winter season 2001-2013 was obtained. It ranges from 91 % (for the data set at selected dates with ice deposits) up to 90% (for an array of data at the date of extreme cold ). – A sufficiently high estimate of the validity of the independent material for the winter season 2014-2016 was obtained. It is up to 78 % (for an array of data on extreme cold dates and from 90 % ( for an array of data on selected dates with ice deposits) . – The prognostic function of linear discriminant analysis was obtained to determine possible (with 3-day timeliness) extreme meteorological phenomena (ice) during the winter season 2001-2010, using only meteorological values with statistically significant correlation, namely, the maximum air temperature; average humidity; and average wind speed. – Sufficiently significant and satisfactory validity of the prognostic functions of possible (with 3-day timeliness) extreme meteorological phenomena (ice deposits) for the winter season 2001-2010 was obtained.

Frontverläufe in Wittgensteins Prototractatus

Wittgenstein’s finally published version of his Tractatus — his Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung — covers material and thoughts from the years 1913 to 1922. What, deeply inspired by Frege’s works, started as collaboration with Russell in Cambridge soon developed into an independent and critical position. Main parts of Wittgenstein’s early logical system were developed during his military service in First World War, so e. g. the formulations of his famous picture theory of proposition arise during his stay in Krakau and his service on the ship “Goplana” in autumn 1914. We partly can follow this development of Wittgenstein’s ideas by reading his war time notebooks. The most important document of this time is manuscript MS 104, which contains the so-called Prototractatus, which normally is seen as an early, but fairly complete version of the Tractatus. But in fact the manuscript contains much more interesting information about the actual formation of the Tractatus itself, when it is read as a kind of log book of the ongoing composition procedure. The actual order of the propositions differs considerably from the published order and enables us to follow the step by step integration of new propositions into the growing structure of the Tractatus. The paper will give a chronological outline and an overview about the surviving pre-Tractarian sources and their setup, and it will argue for a reading of MS 104 allowing a detailed reconstruction of the textual composition as well as serving at the same time as a basis for an interpretation of the war time notebooks.