A Discussion on recent advances in heavy electrical plant - Future developments in the control of power systems

1973 ◽  
Vol 275 (1248) ◽  
pp. 243-253
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Constant Voltage ◽  
Present Position ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
On Line ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

The basic requirement of the control system is to ensure the supply of electric power at constant voltage and frequency exactly in accordance with the instantaneous demand. Its design is dominated by ( a ) the characteristics of the consumers’ demand; ( b ) the provision of a reliable supply, even under fault conditions, at minimum cost; ( c ) the technical and operational characteristics of a mixture of fossil-fired, nuclear and hydro generators; ( d )an assessment of the benefits to be gained and the cost of implementation. Large modern generating units are complex and their characteristics and those of the transmission system are such as to increase the difficulties of operation and control beyond the unaided capabilities of hum an operators. Automatic aids, many of them computer-based, are being used increasingly. The paper reviews the present position and indicates how advances in control technology could lead to on-line control of the system at acceptable cost.

The Impact of Filtering on Sea and Air Operations

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
M. G. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Kalman Filtering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
On Line ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Estimation methods and filtering techniques are nowadays an integral part of any computer-based navigation system. The purpose of these techniques is to provide an estimate of required variables which is sufficiently accurate for real-time command and control purposes. Repeatability, which is important for so many applications, is deemed to be a by-product of the estimation process. For this requirement it is not strictly necessary for the process to be accurate, it is sufficient if it is only consistent; these are closely linked but one does not imply the other. The modern approach is to minimize the variance of the noisy observations or the sum of the squares of the residuals, and the methods available for doing this are increasingly refined. The impression given in the literature (and it is extensive) is that data processing can somehow compensate for the shortcomings of the basic sensors with respect to the operation being considered. Within certain limits this is true, but the real reason for the sudden surge of Kalman filtering for real-time on-line applications was the relative simplicity of the computational process. In a way, Kalman filtering has done for estimation theory what the Fast Fourier Transform has done for spectral analysis.The concept is simple enough to state. It consists of combining two independent estimates of a variable to form a weighted mean. One of these estimates is a forecast and the other is the current measurement.

Monitoring: An Environmental State Estimation Problem

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Brewer ◽  
S. F. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
System Design ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Filter Theory ◽  
Monitor Synthesis ◽  
On Line ◽  
Measurement Devices ◽  
The Cost

A monitor is defined to be an estimator which minimizes the cost of taking measurements and which, simultaneously, meets constraints on accuracy. It is anticipated that the development of a monitor theory will facilitate environmental-technological system design. The authors propose that monitor synthesis can be divided into two subproblems. The “design problem” is to select the variables for measurement, to select the measurement devices, and to select the spatial distribution of the devices. The “management problem” is to select, on line, the type and sequencing of measurements. The note concludes with a simulated application of filter theory to the management of a water quality monitor. It is demonstrated that a suboptimal minimum cost monitor is, thereby, synthesized by the proper sequencing of costly measurements.

Cost-Effectiveness of Childhood Immunization Reminder/Recall Systems in Urban Private Practices

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 106 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
Luisa Franzini ◽  
Jorge Rosenthal ◽  
William Spears ◽  
Heather S. Martin ◽  
Lorena Balderas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Equipment And Supplies ◽  
Telephone System ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Return Visits ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

Objective. To assess cost and cost-effectiveness of immunization reminder/recall systems in the private sector. Methods. A manual postcard system (mail) was compared with a computer-based telephone system (autodialer) and control. Costs included time costs and the cost of equipment and supplies. The cost per child and the incremental cost of the intervention relative to control were computed. Cost-effectiveness ratios were computed for return visits and for immunizations delivered. Results. The average cost per child was $2.28 for the mail group and $1.47 for the autodialer group. The incremental visit cost relative to the control was higher for the mail group ($9.52) than for the autodialer group ($3.48). The autodialer was more cost-effective in delivering immunizations: $4.06 per extra immunization (autodialer) versus $12.82 (mail). Conclusions. Excluding start-up costs, the autodialer system was most cost-effective. Including autodialer equipment costs, the autodialer system is more cost-effective only for larger practices.

scholarly journals Harmonic Analyzer Using ATMEGA 328P

2019 ◽  
pp. 694-698
Author(s):  
Christie Anil Joseph ◽  
Sumant Sarmokadam ◽  
Dr. Usha Surendra
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Data Logging ◽  
Technical Improvement ◽  
Harmonic Analyzer ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

The technical improvement in Power electronics and Control system industries has made the linear consumer loads to dominate by sensitive and sophisticated non-linear consumer loads. These have a major impact on the power systems, causing increase in harmonics distortion. This paper proposes a hardware design to develop a Harmonic Analyzer along with Arduino ATMEGA 328P, that can be able to analyze up to 15th harmonic of an alternating current power supply. The Harmonic analyzer has been developed considering the cost, accomplished with respect to accuracy, easy modifications through coding, remote monitoring and data logging. The developed low cost handheld product may be used for industrial as well as commercial applications.

scholarly journals Building Management System

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1999-2003
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Management System ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Building Management ◽  
Building Management System ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
And Control

A Building Management System is also known as Building Automation System (BAS), It is a Computer based control system installed in buildings that controls and monitors buildings mechanical and electrical equipment such as ventilation, lighting, power systems and security systems. A building management system for METRO includes inputs from the systems like HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning), Lifts Escalators, UPS and Fire Alarm and Detection System etc. A Building Management system uses a PLC controller along with SCADA suite to monitor and control all the systems included in the Metro. BMS provides Automatic Fault Detection System and diagnosis strategies for building energy performance

A hitchhiker’s guide to microscopy and microanalysis using telecommunications, e-mail, and the Internet

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 390-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nestor J. Zaluzec
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Information Superhighway ◽  
The World ◽  
Exchange Information ◽  
On Line ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Communication Software ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
E Mail

The Information SuperHighway, Email, The Internet, FTP, BBS, Modems, : all buzz words which are becoming more and more routine in our daily life. Confusing terminology? Hopefully it won't be in a few minutes, all you need is to have a handle on a few basic concepts and terms and you will be on-line with the rest of the "telecommunication experts". These terms all refer to some type or aspect of tools associated with a range of computer-based communication software and hardware. They are in fact far less complex than the instruments we use on a day to day basis as microscopist's and microanalyst's. The key is for each of us to know what each is and how to make use of the wealth of information which they can make available to us for the asking. Basically all of these items relate to mechanisms and protocols by which we as scientists can easily exchange information rapidly and efficiently to colleagues in the office down the hall, or half-way around the world using computers and various communications media. The purpose of this tutorial/paper is to outline and demonstrate the basic ideas of some of the major information systems available to all of us today. For the sake of simplicity we will break this presentation down into two distinct (but as we shall see later connected) areas: telecommunications over conventional phone lines, and telecommunications by computer networks. Live tutorial/demonstrations of both procedures will be presented in the Computer Workshop/Software Exchange during the course of the meeting.

A generalized fuzzy cost efficiency model

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1775-1791
Author(s):  
Nazila Aghayi ◽  
Samira Salehpour
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Fuzzy Environment ◽  
Decision Making Unit ◽  
Production Possibility Set ◽  
Fuzzy Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Generalized Cost

The concept of cost efficiency has become tremendously popular in data envelopment analysis (DEA) as it serves to assess a decision-making unit (DMU) in terms of producing minimum-cost outputs. A large variety of precise and imprecise models have been put forward to measure cost efficiency for the DMUs which have a role in constructing the production possibility set; yet, there’s not an extensive literature on the cost efficiency (CE) measurement for sample DMUs (SDMUs). In an effort to remedy the shortcomings of current models, herein is introduced a generalized cost efficiency model that is capable of operating in a fuzzy environment-involving different types of fuzzy numbers-while preserving the Farrell’s decomposition of cost efficiency. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, the present paper is the first to measure cost efficiency by using vectors. Ultimately, a useful example is provided to confirm the applicability of the proposed methods.

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