Rosenhain Centenary Conference - 3. Materials development present and future 3.8. Nickel base materials developments for high temperatures

1976 ◽  
Vol 282 (1307) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Age Hardening ◽  
Physical Metallurgy ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Alloy Development ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Base Materials ◽  
Nickel Base

The purpose of this paper is to review the development of nickel base alloys for service at high temperatures with particular reference to their use in gas turbines. Although the development has included a broad range of alloys designed for a variety of service conditions, it is characterized by the family of age-hardening compositions known as the ‘superalloys’. Other papers in the conference will be devoted to the contribution which these alloys have made to the gas turbine industry. Nonetheless, it is worth remarking here that improvements in the physical metallurgy and processing of the superalloys have made possible an average increase of 10 K per year in operating temperature over the last 35 years; a record unmatched by any other alloy development. When added to the increased gas temperature made possible by integral cooling of components in the turbine, itself greatly assisted by developments in the metallurgy of fabrication and casting, it is not surprising that the engineer has been able to transform the gas turbine from a curiosity into one of the fundamental power generating machines in a period of about 30 years.

scholarly journals Identification of wavelength regions for non-contact temperature measurement of combustion gases at high temperatures and high pressures

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-260
Author(s):  
MATTHIAS ZIPF ◽  
JOCHEN MANARA ◽  
THOMAS STARK ◽  
MARIACARLA ARDUINI ◽  
HANS-PETER EBERT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Radiation Thermometer ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Gas Cell

Stationary gas turbines are still an important part of today’s power supply. With increasing temperature of the hot combustion gas inside a gas turbine, the efficiency factor of the turbine increases. For this reason, it is intended to operate turbines at the highest possible gas temperature. Therefore, in the combustion chamber and especially at the position of the first stage guide vanes the gas temperature needs to be measured reliably. To determine the gas temperature, one promising approach is the application of a non-contact measurement method using a radiation thermometer. A radiation thermometer can measure the gas temperature remotely from outside of the harsh environment. At ZAE Bayern, a high temperature and high-pressure gas cell has been developed for this purpose in order to investigate gases and gas mixtures under defined conditions at high pressures and high temperatures. This gas cell can be placed in a FTIR-spectrometer in order to characterize the infrared-optical properties of the gases. In this work the measurement setup is introduced and gas mixtures, which are relevant for gas turbine applications are analyzed thoroughly. The derived results are presented and discussed in detail. To identify suitable wavelength regions for non-contact gas temperature measurements, first tests have been performed. Based on these tests, an appropriate wavelength region could be chosen, where future gas temperature measurements can be carried out.

Numerical investigation of non-uniform flow in twin-silo combustors and impact on axial turbine stage performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 095765092199394
Author(s):  
Hafiz M Hassan ◽  
Adeel Javed ◽  
Asif H Khoja ◽  
Majid Ali ◽  
Muhammad B Sajid
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Flow ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Turbine Stage ◽  
Flow Angle ◽  
Axial Turbine ◽  
Stage Performance

A clear understanding of the flow characteristics in the older generation of industrial gas turbines operating with silo combustors is important for potential upgrades. Non-uniformities in the form of circumferential and radial variations in internal flow properties can have a significant impact on the gas turbine stage performance and durability. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the underlying internal flow features involved in the advent of non-uniformities from twin-silo combustors and their propagation through a single axial turbine stage of the Siemens v94.2 industrial gas turbine. Results indicate the formation of strong vortical structures alongside large temperature, pressure, velocity, and flow angle deviations that are mostly located in the top and bottom sections of the turbine stage caused by the excessive flow turning in the upstream tandem silo combustors. A favorable validation of the simulated exhaust gas temperature (EGT) profile is also achieved via comparison with the measured data. A drop in isentropic efficiency and power output equivalent to 2.28% points and 2.1 MW, respectively is observed at baseload compared to an ideal straight hot gas path reference case. Furthermore, the analysis of internal flow topography identifies the underperforming turbine blading due to the upstream non-uniformities. The findings not only have implications for the turbine aerothermodynamic design, but also the combustor layout from a repowering perspective.

An Improved Nickel Based MIMS Thermocouple for High Temperature Gas Turbine Applications

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Scervini ◽  
Catherine Rae
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Material Science ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Type K ◽  
Metallurgical Analysis ◽  
The University ◽  
High Temperature Gas

A new Nickel based thermocouple for high temperature applications in gas turbines has been devised at the Department of Material Science and Metallurgy of the University of Cambridge. This paper describes the new features of the thermocouple, the drift tests on the first prototype and compares the behaviour of the new sensor with conventional mineral insulated metal sheathed Type K thermocouples: the new thermocouple has a significant improvement in terms of drift and temperature capabilities. Metallurgical analysis has been undertaken on selected sections of the thermocouples exposed at high temperatures which rationalises the reduced drift of the new sensor. A second prototype will be tested in follow-on research, from which further improvements in drift and temperature capabilities are expected.

Problems in the Mechanical Design of Gas Turbines

1947 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. A99-A102
Author(s):  
Ronald B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Mechanical Design

Abstract High temperatures involved in the operation of the gas turbine have introduced many new problems in the properties of the metals with which the designer has to work. This paper outlines some of these and offers a line of approach taken successfully by the author’s company in solving them.

scholarly journals Performance of the Integrated Gas and Steam Cycle (IGSC) for Reheat Gas Turbines

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Takeya ◽  
Hajime Yasui
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Ceramic Coating ◽  
Research Association ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Blade Cooling ◽  
Advanced Technologies

In 1978, the Japanese government started a national project for energy conservation called the Moonlight Project. The Engineering Research Association for Advanced Gas Turbines was selected to research and develop an advanced gas turbine for this project. The development stages were planned as follows: First, the development of a reheat gas turbine for a pilot plant (AGTJ-100A), and second, a prototype plant (AGTJ-100B). The AGTJ-100A has been undergoing performance tests since 1984 at the Sodegaura Power Station of the Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. (TEPCO). The inlet gas temperature of the high pressure turbine (HPT) of the AGTJ-100A is 1573K, while that of the AGTJ-100B is 100K higher. Therefore, various advanced technologies have to be applied to the AGTJ-100B HPT. Ceramic coating on the HPT blades is the most desirable of these technologies. In this paper, the present situation of development, as well as future R & D plans for ceramic coating, is taken into consideration. Steam blade cooling is applied for the IGSC.

A methodology for identifying the most suitable measurements for engine level and component level gas path diagnostics of a micro gas turbine

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440622110303
Author(s):  
SS Talebi ◽  
AM Tousi ◽  
A Madadi ◽  
M Kiaee
Keyword(s):  
Path Analysis ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Part Load ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Process Gas

Recently, the utilization of micro gas turbines in smart grids are rising that makes the part-load operation principal situation of the engine service. This leads to faster life consumption that increases the importance of the diagnostics process. Gas path analysis is an effective method for gas turbine diagnostics. Complex dynamics of gas turbine induces challenging conditions to perform applicable gas path analysis. This study aims to facilitate MGT gas path diagnostics through reducing the number of monitoring parameters and preparation a pattern for engine level and component level health assessment in both full and part load operation of a recuperated micro gas turbine. To attain this goal a model is proposed to simulate MGT off-design performance which is validated against experimental data in healthy and degraded operation modes. Fouling in compressor, turbine and recuperator and erosion in compressor and turbine as the most common degradations in the gas turbine are considered. The fault simulation is performed by changing the health parameters of gas path components. According to the result investigation, a matrix comprises deviation contours of four parameters, Power, fuel flow, compressor discharge pressure, and exhaust gas temperature is presented and analyzed. The analysis shows that monitoring these parameters makes it possible to perform engine level and component level diagnostics through evaluating a binary code (generated by mentioned parameter variations) against the fault effects pattern in different load fractions and fault severities. The simulation also showed that the most power drop occurred under the compressor fouling by about 8.7% while the most reduction in thermal efficiency is observed under recuperator fouling by about 7.84%. Furthermore, the investigation showed the maximum decrease in the surge margin induced by the compressor fouling during the lower part-load operation by about 45.7% while in the higher loads created by the turbine fouling by about 14%.

Application of Ultra-Low NOx Combustor to the MHPS Existing Gas Turbine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Nishiumi ◽  
Hirofumi Ohara ◽  
Kotaro Miyauchi ◽  
Sosuke Nakamura ◽  
Toshishige Ai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Operational Experience ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Design Development ◽  
And Control

Abstract In recent years, MHPS achieved a NET M501J gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) efficiency in excess of 62% operating at 1,600°C, while maintaining NOx under 25ppm. Taking advantage of our gas turbine combustion design, development and operational experience, retrofits of earlier generation gas turbines have been successfully applied and will be described in this paper. One example of the latest J-Series technologies, a conventional pilot nozzle was changed to a premix type pilot nozzle for low emission. The technology was retrofitted to the existing F-Series gas turbines, which resulted in emission rates of lower than 9ppm NOx(15%O2) while maintaining the same Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT: Average Gas Temperature at the exit of the transition piece). After performing retrofitting design, high pressure rig tests, the field test prior to commercial operation was conducted on January 2019. This paper describes the Ultra-Low NOx combustor design features, retrofit design, high pressure rig test and verification test results of the upgraded M501F gas turbine. In addition, it describes another upgrade of turbine to improve efficiency and of combustion control system to achieve low emissions. Furthermore it describes the trouble-free upgrade of seven (7) units, which was completed by utilizing MHPS integration capabilities, including handling all the design, construction and service work of the main equipment, plant and control systems.

Research and Development of Practical Industrial Cogeneration Technology in Japan

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki Abe ◽  
Takashi Sugiura ◽  
Shuji Okunaga ◽  
Katsuhiro Nojima ◽  
Yasukata Tsutsui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Resistance To Heat

This paper presents an overview of a development project involving industrial cogeneration technology using 8,000-kW class hybrid gas turbines in which both metal and ceramics are used in parts subject to high temperatures in order to achieve high efficiency and low pollution. The development of hybrid gas turbines focuses mainly on the earlier commercialization of the turbine system. Stationary parts such as combustor liners, transition ducts, and first-stage turbine nozzles (stationary blades) are expected to be fabricated from ceramics. The project aims at developing material for these ceramic parts that will have a superior resistance to heat and oxidation. The project also aims at designing and prototyping a hybrid gas turbine system to analyze the operation in order to improve the performance. Furthermore, the prototyped hybrid gas turbine system will be tested for long-term operation (4,000 hours) to verify that the system can withstand commercialization. Studies will be conducted to ensure that the system’s soundness and reliability are sufficient for industrial cogeneration applications.

New Catalytic Combustion Technology for Very Low Emissions Gas Turbines

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Dalla Betta ◽  
J. C. Schlatter ◽  
S. G. Nickolas ◽  
D. K. Yee ◽  
T. Shoji
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Catalytic Combustion ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustors ◽  
Homogeneous Combustion ◽  
Combustion Technology

A catalytic combustion system has been developed which feeds full fuel and air to the catalyst but avoids exposure of the catalyst to the high temperatures responsible for deactivation and thermal shock fracture of the supporting substrate. The combustion process is initiated by the catalyst and is completed by homogeneous combustion in the post catalyst region where the highest temperatures are obtained. This has been demonstrated in subscale test rigs at pressures up to 14 atmospheres and temperatures above 1300°C (2370°F). At pressures and gas linear velocities typical of gas turbine combustors, the measured emissions from the catalytic combustion system are NOx < 1 ppm, CO < 2 ppm and UHC < 2 ppm, demonstrating the capability to achieve ultra low NOx and at the same time low CO and UHC.

Thermodynamic and Economic Assessment of Two Semi-Closed CO2 Cycles for Emission Abatement and Power Augmentation at Compressor Stations

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Botros ◽  
D. Sennhauser ◽  
L. Siarkowski
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Transmission Systems ◽  
Amine Adsorption ◽  
Earth’S Climate

Concerns about the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on the Earth’s climate have lead to a considerable focus by the public and governments on the levels of emissions that are generated by industrial activities. In Canada, it has been recognized that gas transmission systems are rated second in overall CO2 production in the Natural Gas Industry (next to gas processing). Most of the gas transmission systems are powered by gas turbines at compressor stations resulting in significant CO2 emissions (at the rate of ∼ 6 kilo tonnes/ per MW-year). This can be reduced if the CO2 can be separated from the gas turbine exhaust stream and directed for reuse or sequestration. This paper presents results of techno-thermodynamic assessment of two power cycle adjustments to increase CO2 concentrations in the exhaust gas from turbines. The working fluid in the two semi-closed cycles are made rich in CO2, thus making it easy to capture the CO2 from the flue gas by means of physical absorption techniques rather than by the conventional expensive amine adsorption methods. Additionally, the CO2 rich working fluid is shown to give rise to a higher exhaust gas temperature from the gas turbine semi-closed cycles, allowing a steam bottom cycle to be effective in augmenting the power delivered by the entire system by 50%, hence contributing to reducing emission by increasing the overall thermal efficiency of the system.

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