scholarly journals IV. The structure and development of the stem in the pteridophyta and gymnosperms

1903 ◽  
Vol 195 (207-213) ◽  
pp. 119-146 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Woody Growth ◽  
Striking Contrast ◽  
Important Indication

A comparison of the taxonomic criteria employed for the higher animals and the higher plants respectively results in a striking contrast. Abundant use is made of skeletal characteristics in the classification of the Vertebrata, while such features are employed to a comparatively insignificant extent in the systematic grouping of the Vasculares. The value of the osseous skeleton of the higher animals in determining their affinities has been recognised since the beginning of the last century. It is only comparatively recently, on the other hand, that the fibro-vascular skeleton of the Vasculares has been discriminatingly used for phylogenetic purposes. The Brongniartian school of palæobotanists considered the possession of secondary woody growth to be an important indication of phænogamous relationship, and on this ground grouped the Calamites and Sigillarians with the Gymnosperms. A study of the very characteristic primary wood, as well as other less-important features in these two orders, led Williamson and his successors to put the Calamites with the Equisetales and the Sigillarians with the Lycopodiales. These conclusions have been fully confirmed by the subsequent discovery of typical heterospory in the two groups. The above examples will serve to illustrate the value of the primary fibrovascular skeleton from the phylogenetic standpoint. Palæobotanists have thus led the way in the proper taxonomic use of the fibrovascular skeleton; but from the very nature of their material they have not been able to any extent to use development as a phylogenetic key. Developmental studies which have been so fruitful in zoology have been almost entirely neglected by the Botanist in the case of the sporophyte of the various groups of the Vasculares. Here, again, we owe to a Palæohotanist the suggestion of the necessity of cultivating this field (D. H. Scott, ‘Presidential Address, Section K, Brit. Assoc.,’ 1896). A preliminary account of the writer's investigations on the development of the sporophyte was read by Professor Ramsay Wright at the May meeting of the Royal Society of Canada, 1896 (“A Theory of the Morphology of Stelar Structures,” ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society of Canada,' p. 106). A further abstract was published in 1897 (‘Report Brit. Assoc., Toronto,' 1897). On account of the extent of the subject and the difficulty of securing material of fossilized and tropical forms, it has been necessary to publish the work in parts. The first of these appeared in 1899, and was devoted to the Equisetaceæ (‘Boston Nat. Hist. Memoirs.' vol. 5, No. 5). The second, published in 1900, dealt with the Angiosperms (“Morphology of Central Cylinder in the Angiosperms,” ‘Canadian Inst. Trans.,' vol. 6).

Aesthetics, the Science of Beauty

2019 ◽  
pp. 544-594
Author(s):  
Paul Rusnock ◽  
Jan Šebestík
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Concept Of Beauty

In the last decade of his life, Bolzano turned to aesthetics. He planned to write a series of essays on the subject, and drafted several of them for presentation at the Bohemian Royal Society. In the end, two were published: “On the Concept of the Beautiful” (1843) and “On the Classification of the Fine Arts” (1849). The former presents a careful analysis of the concept of beauty, along with a detailed literature survey; the latter, definitions of the concepts of aesthetics, arts, and artworks, along with a proposed classification of the fine arts. This chapter presents a critical introduction to these works. (103 words)

The Presidential Address for 1932: The Culture of Pliocene Man

1932 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Reid Moir
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Field Museum ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
Medical Museum ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Generous Financial Support ◽  
Considerable Body

It is now close upon twenty-five years since the first flints from beneath the Red Crag of Suffolk—and claimed to have been flaked by man—were placed before the scientific world. During the period of time which has elapsed since 1907, a great deal of careful excavation, carried out by means of generous financial support given by the Royal Society, the Percy Sladen Fund, the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, the Field Museum of Chicago and other Institutions, has been undertaken, and in consequence, a very considerable body of knowledge regarding the archaeological, and other contents of the Suffolk Bone Bed, has been accumulated.I propose, therefore, to take as the subject of my Presidential Address, “The Culture of Pliocene Man;” to place before you the evidence which makes it possible to use such a title in describing the sub-Red Crag artefacts, and to draw your attention to certain remarkable facts and conclusions relating to these specimens which must now be faced and considered. But it is necessary, first of all, to give a brief account of the Red Crag and the Suffolk Bone Bed (sometimes also called the Detritus Bed or the Nodule Bed) which underlies it, and in which the relics of man have been found.

scholarly journals III. Preliminary account of an inquiry into the functions of the visceral nerves, with special reference to the so-called 'inhibitory system'. By Joseph Lister, Esq., F. R. C. S. Eng. & Edin., Assistant Surgeon to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; in a letter to Dr. Sharpey, Sec. R. S. Communicated by Dr. Sharpey

1859 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 367-380 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Recent Observation ◽  
Royal Infirmary ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Inhibitory System ◽  
Splanchnic Nerves ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Web

My Dear Sir,—The fact that the irritation of visceral nerves sometimes causes arrest of the movements of organs supplied by them, as shown by Edward Weber’s experiment of stopping the action of the heart by stimulating the vagus, and by Pflüger’s more recent observation that the application of galvanism to the splanchnic nerves produces quiescence of the small intestines, appears to me to have an intimate bearing upon the question how inflammation is developed through the medium of the nervous system at a distance from an irritated part; and as the nature of the inflammatory process has lately engaged my especial attention, I have been led to make an experimental inquiry into this “inhibiting” agency, the true interpretation of which is, as you are aware, still I now propose to state the principal results at which I have arrived, reserving further details for a more extended communication which I hope soon to offer to the Royal Society. The view which has been advocated by Pfliiger, and I believe very generally accepted, viz. that there is a certain set of nerve-fibres, the so-called ‘‘inhibitory system of nerves” (Hemmungs Nervensystem), whose sole function is to arrest or diminish action, seemed to me from the first a very startling innovation in physiology; and you may possibly recollect my mentioning to you in conversation, when in London last Christmas, my suspicion that the phenomena in question were merely the effect of excessive action in nerves possessed of the functions usually attributed to them. On further reflection upon the subject, the consideration of the contraction produced in the arteries of the frog’s foot by a very mild stimulus, as compared with the relaxation of the vessels caused by stronger irritants acting through the same nerves, confirmed my previous notions. For I could hardly doubt that the cause of the quiescence of the heart or intestines on irritation of the vagus or splanchnic nerves was analogous to that of arterial dilatation in the web, and that, provided a sufficiently mild stimulus were applied to the so-called “inhibitory nerves,” increased action of the viscera would occur, corresponding to the vascular constriction.

The Historia Piscium (1686)

2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kusukawa
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
John Ray ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Francis Willughby ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Made In

In 1686, just as Newton was preparing for the publication of the Principia , the Historia Piscium was being printed under the auspices of The Royal Society. The Historia Piscium was a work begun by Francis Willughby (1635–1672, F.R.S. 1663), completed by John Ray (1627–1705, F.R.S. 1667) and brought into print with the financial support of The Royal Society. The text and illustrations of the Historia Piscium reflect the 17th-century origins of the enterprise: Ray's quest to recover the knowledge and language lost in the Fall, and The Royal Society's support for establishing a reformed natural history of fish through publication. Ray's biblical belief in the corruption of human language and knowledge led him to reform natural history through ‘characteristic marks’. He sought to define, classify and depict fishes through their external features, which when matched up, would yield the same nature, and thus allow humans to identify and give a name to a fish. The Royal Society helped Ray's task by confirming the validity or uselessness of a given author on the subject, suggesting other authorities and sources for illustrations, organizing the printing, checking the corrections and paying for the cost of the printing. Subscriptions were sought for the illustrations and the inscriptions of subscribers reflect the Society's concern to promote its institutional identity and its supporters. Some Fellows of the Society also helped Ray with identities and classification of fishes, and changes were made in response to suggestions and objections of other Fellows. Without the intellectual and financial support of the Society, especially Pepys, Lister and Robinson, the Historia Piscium would not have been published in the way that it was. Despite the subscription, however, the Historia Piscium was a costly venture, largely due to its lavish illustrations, and the subsequent flop of sales of the book meant that The Royal Society faced serious financial problems. This is perhaps the main reason why it could not meet the cost of publishing Newton's Principia .

In Pursuit of a New Paradigm (Presidential Address)

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (4I) ◽  
pp. 337-365
Author(s):  
Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Development Economics ◽  
Publishing Industry ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Good News ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
The Subject

After 40 years of its birth, development economics has come to be widely accepted - without universal acclaim. In sharp contrast to some pessimistic evaluations of the subject, the academic community has granted it the right to a separate existence. But the recognition has not come easy. From the first full-length evaluation of the discipline by Chenery (1965), in which he looks at it as a variation on the classical theme of comparative advantage, to Stem's (1989) sympathetic review of the contributions that the discipline has made to the state of economic knowledge, development economics has experienced many a vicissitude - both the laurels of glory and the "arrows of outrageous fortune". But, finally, it has become an industry in its own right, of which not only social profitability but also 'private' profitability appears to be strictly positive: the publishing industry continues to patronize it and publish full-length books on the subject. Four decades of development experience, the production of massive cross-country and time-series data about a large number of development variables, the construction of large macro-economic models and fast-running computers, and the application of mathematical methods, have all combined to lay the foundations of a theoretically rigorous and policy-relevant development paradigm, which is gradually replacing the old one. All this is good news for development economists, who can now afford not only bread but also some butter for their daily parsnips .

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ КОНФЛИКТОЛОГИЯ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
А. Н. Сухов
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Structure Dynamics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

This given article reveals the topicality not only of destructive, but also of constructive, as well as hybrid conflicts. Practically it has been done for the first time. It also describes the history of the formation of both foreign and domestic social conflictology. At the same time, the chronology of the development of the latter is restored and presented objectively, in full, taking into account the contribution of those researchers who actually stood at its origins. The article deals with the essence of the socio-psychological approach to understanding conflicts. The subject of social conflictology includes the regularities of their occurrence and manifestation at various levels, spheres and conditions, including normal, complicated and extreme ones. Social conflictology includes the theory and practice of diagnosing, resolving, and resolving social conflicts. It analyzes the difficulties that occur in defining the concept, structure, dynamics, and classification of social conflicts. Therefore, it is no accident that the most important task is to create a full-fledged theory of social conflicts. Without this, it is impossible to talk about effective settlement and resolution of social conflicts. Social conflictology is an integral part of conflictology. There is still a lot of work to be done, both in theory and in application, for its complete design. At present, there is an urgent need to develop conflict-related competence not only of professionals, but also for various groups of the population.

The Recent Geology of the Northern Fayum Desert

1927 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 386-410
Author(s):  
Elinor W. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
British Association ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
The Subject

A preliminary account of the subject of this paper was given before Section H of the British Association at the Oxford meeting in 1926 (1, 2).

scholarly journals XIV. On the absorption of gases by solids

1881 ◽  
Vol 32 (212-215) ◽  
pp. 407-408
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Solid Matter ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
High Pressure And Temperature ◽  
Solid Iron ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Very High

During the progress of the investigations which I have from time to time had the honour of bringing under the notice of the Royal Society, I have again and again noticed the apparent disappearance of gases inclosed in vessels of various materials when the disappearance could not be accounted for upon the assumption of ordinary leakage. After a careful examination of the subject I found that the solids absorbed or dissolved the gases, giving rise to a striking example of the fixation of a gas in a solid without chemical action. In carrying out that most troublesome investigation, the crystalline separation of carbon from its compounds, the tubes used for experiment have been in nine cases out of ten found to be empty on opening them, and in most cases a careful testing by hydraulic press showed no leakage. The gases seemed to go through the solid iron, although it was 2 inches thick. A series of experiments with various linings were tried. The tube was electro-plated with copper, silver, and gold, but with no greater success. Siliceous linings were tried fusible enamels and glass—but still the' tubes refused to hold the contents. Out of thirty-four experiments made since my last results were published, only four contained any liquid or condensed gaseous matter after the furnacing. I became convinced that the solid matter at the very high pressure and temperature used must be pervious to gases.

scholarly journals Alan F. Williams: an Appreciation

1993 ◽  
Vol 342 (1299) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Untimely Death ◽  
The Subject

The papers in this symposium form the proceeding of the Royal Society’s Discussion Meeting held in March 1993. As co-organizers and editors, we trust that we have put together a timely, enterprising and enlightening volume which provides a fitting tribute to Alan Williams. It was Alan who first promoted to the Royal Society the subject of CD4 as a topic for one of the Society’s Discussion Meetings and who agreed to be cast in the role of organizer. After Alan’s untimely death, as coorganizers we were given the choice of proceeding with the meeting or not, and it was decided to proceed as a memorial to Alan. We are certain that it was exactly what Alan would have wanted us to do.

The Influence of Climate and Topography in the Formation and Distribution of Products of Weathering

1930 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Woolnough
Keyword(s):  
Economic Geology ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
New South ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales

For many years the writer has been specially interested in the variations apparent in the processes of weathering of rocks under different climatic and physiographic conditions, and has made several attempts to explain such features. Of these published attempts the most detailed took the form of a Presidential Address to the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1927. Certain portions of the argument were repeated in Economic Geology, but the regional aspects of the question were omitted.

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