scholarly journals Cognitive neuroscience in forensic science: understanding and utilizing the human element

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1674) ◽  
pp. 20140255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itiel E. Dror
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Considerable Improvement ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Human Element ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
Scene Investigation

The human element plays a critical role in forensic science. It is not limited only to issues relating to forensic decision-making, such as bias, but also relates to most aspects of forensic work (some of which even take place before a crime is ever committed or long after the verification of the forensic conclusion). In this paper, I explicate many aspects of forensic work that involve the human element and therefore show the relevance (and potential contribution) of cognitive neuroscience to forensic science. The 10 aspects covered in this paper are proactive forensic science, selection during recruitment, training, crime scene investigation, forensic decision-making, verification and conflict resolution, reporting, the role of the forensic examiner, presentation in court and judicial decisions. As the forensic community is taking on the challenges introduced by the realization that the human element is critical for forensic work, new opportunities emerge that allow for considerable improvement and enhancement of the forensic science endeavour.

Investigating the Role of Data-Driven Decision-Making Within School Improvement Processes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1707-1725
Author(s):  
Venesser Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Change ◽  
School Improvement ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Data Driven Decision Making ◽  
Continuous School Improvement ◽  
Decision Making Processes

This chapter provides a detailed literature review exploring the importance of data-driven decision-making processes in current Australian school improvement processes within a context of evidence-based organizational change and development. An investigation into the concept of decision-making and its effect on organizational culture is conducted as change and development are considered to be the new constants in the current discourse around continuous school improvement in schools. In a close examination of literature, this chapter investigates how key factors such as collaboration, communication, and organizational trust are achieved through data-driven decision-making within continuous school improvement processes. The critical role of leadership in sustaining data cultures is also examined for its direct impact on continuous school improvement processes based on evidence-based organizational change and development practices. Future implications of data-driven decision-making to sustain continuous school improvement and accountability processes in Australian schools are discussed.

Reducing overuse by recognising the unintended harms of good intentions

2019 ◽  
pp. bmjebm-2019-111247
Author(s):  
David Slawson ◽  
Allen F Shaughnessy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Wide Acceptance ◽  
Hierarchy Of Evidence ◽  
Healthcare Interventions

Overdiagnosis and overtreatment—overuse—is gaining wide acceptance as a leading nosocomial intervention in medicine. Not only does overuse create anxiety and diminish patients’ quality of life, in some cases it causes harm to both patients and others not directly involved in clinical care. Reducing overuse begins with the recognition and acceptance of the potential for unintended harm of our best intentions. In this paper, we introduce five cases to illustrate where harm can occur as the result of well-intended healthcare interventions. With this insight, clinicians can learn to appreciate the critical role of probability-based, evidence-informed decision-making in medicine and the need to consider the outcomes for all who may be affected by their actions. Likewise, educators need to evolve medical education and medical decision-making so that it focuses on the hierarchy of evidence and that what ‘ought to work’, based on traditional pathophysiological, disease-focused reasoning, should be subordinate to what ‘does work’.

The nature of juridical proof

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Probability Theory ◽  
Forensic Science

The different contexts of forensic science and juridical decision making are explored to identify the nature of juridical proof, the role of formalized probability theory in it, and how factual inquiry proceeds in the differing domains.

Roots of Restraint in War: The Capacities and Limits of Law and the Critical Role of Social Agency in Ameliorating Violence in Armed Conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-75
Author(s):  
Dale Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Professional Self ◽  
Training Strategies

Abstract International humanitarian law (ihl) primarily applies to govern the conduct of individuals in the most desperate time of human endeavour, namely armed conflict, in order to ameliorate violence. However, understanding how ihl is disseminated, trained and actually applied in the battlespace is, remarkably, a relatively underexplored area. There are countless volumes dedicated to analyzing and parsing the myriad of words and formulas that comprise this burgeoning body of law. However, there is very little empirical analysis undertaken on effective training strategies and even less on tracking nuanced compliance and decision-making processes in actual armed conflict. Against this background, the 2018 icrc study ‘The Roots of Restraint in War’ offers an insightful account of how to best frame training strategies and how to optimize compliance in the battlespace. It consciously adopts an inter-disciplinary approach. It accepts fully the role of social, ethical and moral factors that can orientate decision making in a manner that combines with the applicable law. The goal is restraint in war, of a type that comes not from clinical compliance with complex legal formulas and interpretative rectitude but is derived from a deeper sense of professional self-identity. It acknowledges the risks inherent in its approach and yet, compellingly, offers a blueprint for melding principles of ihl with a sense of personal commitment. Such an approach is to be celebrated for the audacity and courage that it exhibits.

scholarly journals Unconscious influences on decision making: A critical review

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben R. Newell ◽  
David R. Shanks
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cognitive Unconscious

AbstractTo what extent do we know our own minds when making decisions? Variants of this question have preoccupied researchers in a wide range of domains, from mainstream experimental psychology (cognition, perception, social behavior) to cognitive neuroscience and behavioral economics. A pervasive view places a heavy explanatory burden on an intelligent cognitive unconscious, with many theories assigning causally effective roles to unconscious influences. This article presents a novel framework for evaluating these claims and reviews evidence from three major bodies of research in which unconscious factors have been studied: multiple-cue judgment, deliberation without attention, and decisions under uncertainty. Studies of priming (subliminal and primes-to-behavior) and the role of awareness in movement and perception (e.g., timing of willed actions, blindsight) are also given brief consideration. The review highlights that inadequate procedures for assessing awareness, failures to consider artifactual explanations of “landmark” results, and a tendency to uncritically accept conclusions that fit with our intuitions have all contributed to unconscious influences being ascribed inflated and erroneous explanatory power in theories of decision making. The review concludes by recommending that future research should focus on tasks in which participants' attention is diverted away from the experimenter's hypothesis, rather than the highly reflective tasks that are currently often employed.

scholarly journals Chronic Pain and Chronic Stress: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 247054701770476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadi G Abdallah ◽  
Paul Geha
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Well Being

Pain and stress share significant conceptual and physiological overlaps. Both phenomena challenge the body’s homeostasis and necessitate decision-making to help animals adapt to their environment. In addition, chronic stress and chronic pain share a common behavioral model of failure to extinguish negative memories. Yet, they also have discrepancies such that the final brain endophenotype of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and chronic pain appears to be different among the three conditions, and the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis remains unclear in the physiology of pain. Persistence of either stress or pain is maladaptive and could lead to compromised well-being. In this brief review, we highlight the commonalities and differences between chronic stress and chronic pain, while focusing particularly on the central role of the limbic brain. We assess the current attempts in the field to conceptualize and understand chronic pain, within the context of knowledge gained from the stress literature. The limbic brain—including hippocampus, amygdala, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex—plays a critical role in learning. These brain areas integrate incoming nociceptive or stress signals with internal state, and generate learning signals necessary for decision-making. Therefore, the physiological and structural remodeling of this learning circuitry is observed in conditions such as chronic pain, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder, and is also linked to the risk of onset of these conditions.

scholarly journals 206 HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AND FORENSIC SCIENCE: THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENTISTS AT CRIME SCENES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 458f-459
Author(s):  
J. Scott Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Criminal Investigations ◽  
Statistics And Probability ◽  
Growth Analyses ◽  
Crime Scenes

The criminal justice system is served by many experts who provide special assistance to law enforcement professionals during criminal investigations. One of these specialized areas. forensic botany, has traditionally been an activity of the systematic botanist who identifies plant material associated with a suspect or crime scene. From this Information, suspects can be placed at crime scenes and information such as time of death or movement of victims can be determined. Few plant scientists are involved In this emerging field which has the potential to make contributions similar to those made today by forensic anthropology. Plant scientists with training In systematic botany, plant anatomy, plant growth and development, and statistics and probability can make significant contributions to criminal investigations. The use of plant identification and plant growth analyses In recent criminal Investigations will be described. The role of horticulture in the future of forensic science and the development of new techniques In forensic plant science will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Motivation and Cognitive Control in Depression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Grahek ◽  
Amitai Shenhav ◽  
Sebastian Musslick ◽  
Ruth M. Krebs ◽  
Ernst H.W. Koster
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Control Allocation ◽  
Mechanistic Models ◽  
Mechanistic Understanding

AbstractDepression is linked to deficits in cognitive control and a host of other cognitive impairments arise as a consequence of these deficits. Despite of their important role in depression, there are no mechanistic models of cognitive control deficits in depression. In this paper we propose how these deficits can emerge from the interaction between motivational and cognitive processes. We review depression-related impairments in key components of motivation along with new cognitive neuroscience models that focus on the role of motivation in the decision-making about cognitive control allocation. Based on this review we propose a unifying framework which connects motivational and cognitive control deficits in depression. This framework is rooted in computational models of cognitive control and offers a mechanistic understanding of cognitive control deficits in depression.

scholarly journals The Role of ERP Information to Support Decision Making Process: Field Study on Panda Retail Company (Mobile Inventory Management System)

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Alghazali ◽  
Uthman M. Ageeli
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Theoretical Data ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Inventory Management System ◽  
Retail Company ◽  
Support Decision Making

The ERP is the main source of business data while store mobile inventory management is one of very important modules in ERP that cover a critical role for retail organizations such as Panda retail company. The goal of this study is to show the high correlation between information and effective decision-making process. Descriptive analysis research method was used in this study where theoretical data collected from published papers, in Jeddah city (60) employees of mobile inventory management system users participated the survey and statistical techniques such as frequency tables, Percentages, Average value, standard deviation, etc. This used survey consists of 3 companies namely the effectiveness of information to support decision making, the effectiveness of store mobile inventory management at Panda retail company, the effectiveness of ERP for organizations. The key results of this study clarifies that it’s very important to have as much as possible data and the relationships between data at any point of time to identify problems, analyze them in order to make the most effective decisions and role of ERP in providing such information at any point of time. Recommendations had been provided such as the importunacy of ERP, modern business applications, and technology to improve business outcomes and provide continues learning and development culture for employees to increase their competencies to use these digital tools.

Gender, Poverty Reduction and Social Work: A View from Burundi

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Wanjiku Muchiri ◽  
Serges Claver Nzisabira
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Primary Caretakers ◽  
Education Business

Gender affects the kind of opportunities and constraints faced in life; human beings are constantly divided into hierarchies. In looking at poverty reduction in Burundi, we can see the critical role that gender plays. In Burundi, among the poor are many women as a result of being primary caretakers. The focus of this paper is to examine the interconnection between gender and poverty reduction as well as the role of social work, if there is to be any reduction in poverty. Social workers need to work with women who are at the forefront of poverty through encouragement of more opportunities for women in education, business and in areas of decision-making. In many areas women are regarded as unable to participate with men in decision-making as they are considered not to be on the same level with men, intellectually, socially, economically or politically. When a woman is educated, she is better able to provide for her children. This means that the future generations are also protected against poverty. Social workers have the role of educating women and men in Burundi about the importance of women in poverty reduction. This paper presents a brief review of literature on gender disparities and poverty as well as the role of social work in poverty reduction in Burundi.

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