scholarly journals Social cognitive impairment and autism: what are we trying to explain?

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1686) ◽  
pp. 20150082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Leekam
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Impairment ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Early psychological theories of autism explained the clinical features of this condition in terms of perceptual and sensory processing impairments. The arrival of domain-specific social cognitive theories changed this focus, postulating a ‘primary’ and specific psychological impairment of social cognition. Across the years, evidence has been growing in support of social cognitive and social attention explanations in autism. However, there has also been evidence for general non-social cognitive impairments in representational understanding, attention allocation and sensory processing. Here, I review recent findings and consider the case for the specificity and primacy of the social cognitive impairment, proposing that we should focus more explicitly on clinically valid features for insights on the integration of ‘social’ and ‘non-social’ cognition.

scholarly journals Decision Making: A Core Problem of Social Cognition

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Auditi Pramanik
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Successful decision making involves our ability to understand the intensions, emotions and beliefs of other people. An important feature of decision making in a social setting concern the interaction of areas and Social cognition is an integral part of social psychology, which deals with the psychological mechanisms that mediate the individual’s responses to the social environment. Notable to social cognitive theories are the ideas which are applied and extended to many concepts, theories, models and paradigms from cognitive psychology in social context. This approach leads to remarkable progress in understanding of social scenario, people’s decisions and also offers insights into social issues. It helps to understand reactions of people in social context. Decision making is just one of the many areas in which social cognition has an important role. Decision making is a complex cognitive skill. Social cognition attempts to explain the broad social aspects of human experience, such as how decision making are influenced by the presence of others as well as the social situations in which they find themselves. This article presents a fundamental idea of social cognitive perspective of decision making process and factors that influence our decisions.

scholarly journals Are There Gender Differences in Social Cognition in First-Episode Psychosis?

Women ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-211
Author(s):  
Marina Verdaguer-Rodríguez ◽  
Raquel López-Carrilero ◽  
Marta Ferrer-Quintero ◽  
Helena García-Mieres ◽  
Luciana Díaz-Cutraro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Attributional Style ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
First Episode Psychosis ◽  
Test Theory ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Episode Psychosis ◽  
The Social

The aim of this study was to explore gender differences in social cognition in a sample of first-episode psychosis (FEP). An observational descriptive study was performed with 191 individuals with FEP. Emotion perception was assessed using the Faces Test, theory of mind was assessed using the Hinting Task, and attributional style was assessed using the Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire. No gender differences were found in any of the social cognitive domains. Our results suggest that men and women with FEP achieve similar performances in social cognition. Therefore, targeting specific needs in social cognition regarding gender may not be required in early interventions for psychosis.

scholarly journals Social Cognition through the Lens of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Arioli ◽  
Chiara Crespi ◽  
Nicola Canessa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Acquired Brain Injury ◽  
Clinical Neuroscience ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Cognitive Deficits

Social cognition refers to a set of processes, ranging from perception to decision-making, underlying the ability to decode others’ intentions and behaviors to plan actions fitting with social and moral, besides individual and economic considerations. Its centrality in everyday life reflects the neural complexity of social processing and the ubiquity of social cognitive deficits in different pathological conditions. Social cognitive processes can be clustered in three domains associated with (a) perceptual processing of social information such as faces and emotional expressions (social perception), (b) grasping others’ cognitive or affective states (social understanding), and (c) planning behaviors taking into consideration others’, in addition to one’s own, goals (social decision-making). We review these domains from the lens of cognitive neuroscience, i.e., in terms of the brain areas mediating the role of such processes in the ability to make sense of others’ behavior and plan socially appropriate actions. The increasing evidence on the “social brain” obtained from healthy young individuals nowadays constitutes the baseline for detecting changes in social cognitive skills associated with physiological aging or pathological conditions. In the latter case, impairments in one or more of the abovementioned domains represent a prominent concern, or even a core facet, of neurological (e.g., acquired brain injury or neurodegenerative diseases), psychiatric (e.g., schizophrenia), and developmental (e.g., autism) disorders. To pave the way for the other papers of this issue, addressing the social cognitive deficits associated with severe acquired brain injury, we will briefly discuss the available evidence on the status of social cognition in normal aging and its breakdown in neurodegenerative disorders. Although the assessment and treatment of such impairments is a relatively novel sector in neurorehabilitation, the evidence summarized here strongly suggests that the development of remediation procedures for social cognitive skills will represent a future field of translational research in clinical neuroscience.

Online Behavior of the Social Media Student

2013 ◽  
pp. 161-176
Author(s):  
Alan J. Reid ◽  
Kate Prudchenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Online Behavior ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories ◽  
Digital Identities

A survey of 100 undergraduates and 30 post-secondary faculty members was conducted in order to examine the current attitudes and perceptions of both groups toward the integration of social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter in education. Results indicate that both parties are willing to incorporate these social media sites into academics but caution that digital identities are not necessarily representative of face-to-face behavior, thus suggesting the need for an awareness of social presence for online interaction between students and faculty. Social cognitive theories are applied to the use of social media as an instructional tool and a set of best practices for implementing social media in academics is proposed.

Inside minds, beneath diseases: social cognition in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal spectrum disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1279-1282
Author(s):  
Patricia Lillo ◽  
Paulo Caramelli ◽  
Gada Musa ◽  
Teresa Parrao ◽  
Ricardo Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Short Version ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Similar Disease ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

ObjectiveTo compare social cognition performance between patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and those patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD).MethodsWe included 21 participants with ALS, 20 with bvFTD and 21 healthy controls who underwent a comprehensive cognitive battery, including the short version of the Social Cognition and Emotional Assessment (Mini-SEA), which comprises the faux pas test and Facial Emotion Recognition Test (FERT); Mini-Mental State Examination; Frontal Assessment Battery; lexical fluency (F-A-S), category fluency (animals/minute), digit span (direct and backwards) tests and the Hayling test. A post hoc analysis was conducted with the patients with ALS divided into two subgroups: patients without cognitive impairment (ALScn; n=13) and patients with cognitive impairment (ALSci; n=8).ResultsNo significant difference was noted between participant groups in terms of the age, sex and education. ALS-total group and patients with bvFTD had similar disease durations. Patients with ALSci performed poorly when compared with controls with regard to the FERT (p<0.001), the faux pas (p<0.004) and the Mini-SEA (p<0.002) total scores. Moreover, patients with bvFTD performed poorly in comparison with controls in executive and social cognition tests. The performance of patients with ALSci was similar to that of patients with bvFTD, while the performance of patients with ALScn was similar to that of controls.DiscussionOur findings support a cognitive continuum between ALS and bvFTD and shed light on the cognitive heterogeneity of ALS, expanding its possible neuropsychological profiles.

Starting up or Starting Over: The Role of Intentions to Increase and Maintain the Behavior of Exercise Initiates

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia I. Milne ◽  
Wendy M. Rodgers ◽  
Craig R. Hall ◽  
Philip M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Exercise Behavior ◽  
Behavior Interventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Exercise Imagery ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories ◽  
The Relationship

Across various social cognitive theories, behavioral intention is broadly argued to be the most proximal and important predictor of behavior (Ajzen, 1991; Gibbons, Gerrard, Blanton, & Russell, 1998; Rogers, 1983). It seems probable that an intention to increase behavior might be differentially determined from an intention to maintain behavior. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to examine (1) the change in two types of behavioral intention over time and (2) the relationship between intention and the social-cognitive factor mental imagery. Behavioral intention, exercise imagery, and observed exercise behavior was measured in 68 exercise initiates participating in a 12-week exercise program. Results revealed that behavioral intention to increase exercise behavior decreased over the exercise program, whereas intentions to maintain exercise behavior increased. Appearance and technique imagery were found to be significant predictors of intention to increase behavior during the first 6 weeks of the program, and only appearance imagery predicted intention to maintain exercise behavior during the last 6 weeks. These findings suggest that the two types of behavioral intention are distinguishable and may be useful targets for exercise behavior interventions.

scholarly journals Silence Fiction : Rethinking (Under) Representations of the “Feminine” Through Social Cognition

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Szaloky
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories ◽  
Time Image

ABSTRACT This essay readdresses the issue of the social marginalization of women in light of social cognitive theories of schema- and stereotype-driven perception, reasoning, memory, and behavior. The notions of "fundamental attribution error," "stereotype threat," and "outcome dependency" will help elucidate why women's words and actions have traditionally been construed as less consequential than those of their male peers. Moreover, the essay discusses the benefits of the social cognitive model for film scholarship. It argues that social cognition's comprehensive, micro-level understanding of how our habitual, normative reality is constructed can usefully complement those theories of cinematic defamiliarization that invoke the psychology of the mind (e.g., Deleuze's "time-image").

Social Cognition in Personality Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Lis ◽  
Nicole E. Derish ◽  
M. Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Schizotypal Personality ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Cognitive Processing ◽  
Interpersonal Dysfunction ◽  
Significant Disability

Changes in social cognition are increasingly recognized as core illness features in the personality disorders with a broad impact on social functioning. Despite the significant disability caused by social cognitive dysfunction, treatments for this symptom dimension tailored to the specific deficits of a disorder are still missing. This chapter characterizes the different domains of social cognitive processing and describes different approaches and instruments for measuring impairments. It provides a short overview of the evidence demonstrating changes in social cognition in schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and antisocial and avoidant personality disorder, as well as the neurobiology of social cognition. During the recent past the number of studies addressing this topic increased tremendously. Nevertheless, research in this area is still young and requires approaches that study these functions while emphasizing the social context and associate deficits observed in experimental paradigms with interpersonal dysfunction during every-day life.

scholarly journals Direct and Indirect Relationships Between the Built Environment and Individual-Level Perceptions of Physical Activity: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 495-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan E Rhodes ◽  
Ru Zhang ◽  
Chun-Qing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
English Language ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Abstract Background Socioecological models highlight the potential direct and indirect effects of multiple levels of influence in explaining physical activity (PA). Social cognitive theories, however, position individual cognitions as the mediator of external factors such as the built environment when explaining PA. Purpose To appraise the evidence for direct and indirect associations between the built environment and social cognition to predict PA. Methods Literature searches were concluded in February 2019 using five common databases. Eligible studies were in the English language that included any direct and indirect tests of individual perceptions and the built environment with PA. Results The initial search yielded 18,521 hits, which was reduced to 46 independent studies of primarily medium quality after screening for eligibility criteria. Findings were grouped by type of PA then grouped by the type of individual and built environment constructs within the model, and subdivided by adult and youth samples. There was evidence that self-efficacy/perceived control accounted for the covariance between environmental accessibility/convenience and total PA, while habit accounted for the covariance in this relationship for transport PA, particularly in adult samples. There was no evidence that the built environment had a direct association with PA after controlling for individual-level factors. Conclusions The results provide initial support for the mediation tenet in social cognition models for the relationship between individual, built environment, and PA. In practice, these findings highlight the need for coordinated interventions of individual and environmental change.

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