scholarly journals Antheridial development in the moss Physcomitrella patens : implications for understanding stem cells in mosses

2017 ◽  
Vol 373 (1739) ◽  
pp. 20160494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumiko Kofuji ◽  
Yasushi Yagita ◽  
Takashi Murata ◽  
Mitsuyasu Hasebe
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Type

Stem cells self-renew and produce precursor cells that differentiate to become specialized cell types. Land plants generate several types of stem cells that give rise to most organs of the plant body and whose characters determine the body organization. The moss Physcomitrella patens forms eight types of stem cells throughout its life cycle. Under gametangium-inducing conditions, multiple antheridium apical stem cells are formed at the tip of the gametophore and each antheridium apical stem cell divides to form an antheridium. We found that the gametophore apical stem cell, which typically forms leaf and stem tissues, changes to become a new type of stem cell, which we term the antheridium initial stem cell. This antheridium initial stem cell produces multiple antheridium apical stem cells, resulting in a cluster of antheridia at the tip of gametophore. This is the first report of a land plant stem cell directly producing another type of stem cell during normal development. Notably, the antheridium apical stem cells are distally produced from the antheridium initial stem cell, similar to the root cap stem cells of vascular plants, suggesting the use of similar molecular mechanisms and a possible evolutionary relationship. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The Rhynie cherts: our earliest terrestrial ecosystem revisited’.

scholarly journals The Winding Road of Cardiac Regeneration—Stem Cell Omics in the Spotlight

Cells ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miruna Mihaela Micheu ◽  
Alina Ioana Scarlatescu ◽  
Alexandru Scafa-Udriste ◽  
Maria Dorobantu
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Cardiac Regeneration ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Omics Data

Despite significant progress in treating ischemic cardiac disease and succeeding heart failure, there is still an unmet need to develop effective therapeutic strategies given the persistent high-mortality rate. Advances in stem cell biology hold great promise for regenerative medicine, particularly for cardiac regeneration. Various cell types have been used both in preclinical and clinical studies to repair the injured heart, either directly or indirectly. Transplanted cells may act in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner to improve the myocyte survival and migration of remote and/or resident stem cells to the site of injury. Still, the molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac protection and repair are poorly understood. Stem cell fate is directed by multifaceted interactions between genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Decoding stem cells’ “panomic” data would provide a comprehensive picture of the underlying mechanisms, resulting in patient-tailored therapy. This review offers a critical analysis of omics data in relation to stem cell survival and differentiation. Additionally, the emerging role of stem cell-derived exosomes as “cell-free” therapy is debated. Last but not least, we discuss the challenges to retrieve and analyze the huge amount of publicly available omics data.

scholarly journals Germline competent mesoderm: the substrate for vertebrate germline and somatic stem cells?

Biology Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Savage ◽  
Ramiro Alberio ◽  
Andrew D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Tissue Specific Stem Cells

ABSTRACT In vitro production of tissue-specific stem cells [e.g. haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)] is a key goal of regenerative medicine. However, recent efforts to produce fully functional tissue-specific stem cells have fallen short. One possible cause of shortcomings may be that model organisms used to characterize basic vertebrate embryology (Xenopus, zebrafish, chick) may employ molecular mechanisms for stem cell specification that are not conserved in humans, a prominent example being the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs). Germ plasm irreversibly specifies PGCs in many models; however, it is not conserved in humans, which produce PGCs from tissue termed germline-competent mesoderm (GLCM). GLCM is not conserved in organisms containing germ plasm, or even in mice, but understanding its developmental potential could unlock successful production of other stem cell types. GLCM was first discovered in embryos from the axolotl and its conservation has since been demonstrated in pigs, which develop from a flat-disc embryo like humans. Together these findings suggest that GLCM is a conserved basal trait of vertebrate embryos. Moreover, the immortal nature of germ cells suggests that immortality is retained during GLCM specification; here we suggest that the demonstrated pluripotency of GLCM accounts for retention of immortality in somatic stem cell types as well. This article has an associated Future Leaders to Watch interview with the author of the paper.

scholarly journals A REPORT ON STEM CELLS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Shantha A R
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Stem Cell Therapy ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
The Cost

Stem cells are the building blocks of life. They have remarkable potential to regenerate and develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. They are also a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to be differentiated into specialized cells types. Stem cells are characterized by certain features such as totipotency, pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotent and unipotency. The history of stem cell research had an embryonic beginning in the mid 1800s with the discovery that few cells could generate other cells. In the 1900s the first stem cells were discovered when it was found that cells generate blood cells. Nowadays, stem cell therapy is under research and till now, a very few stem cell therapies have been regarded as safe and successful. It is also found that stem cell therapy cast a number of side effects too. The cost of the procedure too is expensive and is not easily affordable.

scholarly journals Cardiac Tissues From Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-801
Author(s):  
Giulia Campostrini ◽  
Laura M. Windt ◽  
Berend J. van Meer ◽  
Milena Bellin ◽  
Christine L. Mummery
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Human Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
3 Dimensional

The ability of human pluripotent stem cells to form all cells of the body has provided many opportunities to study disease and produce cells that can be used for therapy in regenerative medicine. Even though beating cardiomyocytes were among the first cell types to be differentiated from human pluripotent stem cell, cardiac applications have advanced more slowly than those, for example, for the brain, eye, and pancreas. This is, in part, because simple 2-dimensional human pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocyte cultures appear to need crucial functional cues normally present in the 3-dimensional heart structure. Recent tissue engineering approaches combined with new insights into the dialogue between noncardiomyocytes and cardiomyocytes have addressed and provided solutions to issues such as cardiomyocyte immaturity and inability to recapitulate adult heart values for features like contraction force, electrophysiology, or metabolism. Three-dimensional bioengineered heart tissues are thus poised to contribute significantly to disease modeling, drug discovery, and safety pharmacology, as well as provide new modalities for heart repair. Here, we review the current status of 3-dimensional engineered heart tissues.

1. What are stem cells?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jonathan Slack
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Structural Unit ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Mammalian Embryos ◽  
A Cell

‘What are stem cells?’ explains that a stem cell is a cell that can both reproduce itself and generate offspring of different functional cell types and begins by considering the nature of cells in general, wherein cells are understood to be the ultimate structural unit of an animal or plant body. Stem cells in the body persist long term, usually for the lifetime of the organism. Good examples of differentiated cells arising from stem cells are those of the skin, the blood, and the lining of the intestine. Embryonic stem cells are grown in culture from early mammalian embryos. The reason that stem cell research is seen as the source for new cures is largely because this technology offers a route to cell therapy.

Stem Cells: In Sickness and in Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisham F. Bahmada ◽  
Mohamad K. Elajami ◽  
Reem Daouk ◽  
Hiba Jalloul ◽  
Batoul Darwish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability to proliferate and convert to different types of differentiated cells that make up the various tissues and organs in the body. They exist both in embryos as pluripotent stem cells that can differentiate into the three germ layers and as multipotent or unipotent stem cells in adult tissues to aid in repair and homeostasis. Perturbations in these cells’ normal functions can give rise to a wide variety of diseases. In this review, we discuss the origin of different stem cell types, their properties and characteristics, their role in tissue homeostasis, current research, and their potential applications in various life-threatening diseases. We focus on neural stem cells, their role in neurogenesis and how they can be exploited to treat diseases of the brain including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Next, we explore current research in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) techniques and their clinical applications in regenerative and personalized medicine. Lastly, we tackle a special type of stem cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs) and how they can be responsible for therapy resistance and tumor recurrence and explore ways to target them.

scholarly journals Potential Clinical Applications for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Blood Components

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin A. Kimbrel ◽  
Shi-Jiang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Adult Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

The ability of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to divide indefinitely without losing pluripotency and to theoretically differentiate into any cell type in the body makes them highly attractive cell sources for large scale regenerative medicine purposes. The current use of adult stem cell-derived products in hematologic intervention sets an important precedent and provides a guide for developing hESC/iPSC based therapies for the blood system. In this review, we highlight biological functions of mature cells of the blood, clinical conditions requiring the transfusion or stimulation of these cells, and the potential for hESC/iPSC-derivatives to serve as functional replacements. Many researchers have already been able to differentiate hESCs and/or iPSCs into specific mature blood cell types. For example, hESC-derived red blood cells and platelets are functional in tasks such as oxygen delivery and blood clotting, respectively and may be able to serve as substitutes for their donor-derived counterparts in emergencies. hESC-derived dendritic cells are functional in antigen-presentation and may be used as off-the-shelf vaccine therapies to stimulate antigen-specific immune responses against cancer cells. However,in vitrodifferentiation systems used to generate these cells will need further optimization before hESC/iPSC-derived blood components can be used clinically.

scholarly journals Metabolic Regulation of Stem Cells in Aging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Keller ◽  
Tyus Temple ◽  
Behnam Sayanjali ◽  
Maria M. Mihaylova
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Dietary Interventions

AbstractPurpose of ReviewFrom invertebrates to vertebrates, the ability to sense nutrient availability is critical for survival. Complex organisms have evolved numerous signaling pathways to sense nutrients and dietary fluctuations, which influence many cellular processes. Although both overabundance and extreme depletion of nutrients can lead to deleterious effects, dietary restriction without malnutrition can increase lifespan and promote overall health in many model organisms. In this review, we focus on age-dependent changes in stem cell metabolism and dietary interventions used to modulate stem cell function in aging.Recent FindingsOver the last half-century, seminal studies have illustrated that dietary restriction confers beneficial effects on longevity in many model organisms. Many researchers have now turned to dissecting the molecular mechanisms by which these diets affect aging at the cellular level. One subpopulation of cells of particular interest are adult stem cells, the most regenerative cells of the body. It is generally accepted that the regenerative capacity of stem cells declines with age, and while the metabolic requirements of each vary across tissues, the ability of dietary interventions to influence stem cell function is striking.SummaryIn this review, we will focus primarily on how metabolism plays a role in adult stem cell homeostasis with respect to aging, with particular emphasis on intestinal stem cells while also touching on hematopoietic, skeletal muscle, and neural stem cells. We will also discuss key metabolic signaling pathways influenced by both dietary restriction and the aging process, and will examine their role in improving tissue homeostasis and lifespan. Understanding the mechanisms behind the metabolic needs of stem cells will help bridge the divide between a basic science interpretation of stem cell function and a whole-organism view of nutrition, thereby providing insight into potential dietary or therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Is Stem Cell a Curer or an Obstruction?

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Siska Damayanti ◽  
Rina Triana ◽  
Angliana Chouw ◽  
Nurrani Mustika Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Stem Cell Therapy ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration

Introduction: Each cell in human body is assigned with a specialized function to perform.  Before a cell becomes specialized, it is a stem cell. Stem cell research and therapy is progressing dramatically these days. Stem cell therapy holds enormous treatment potential for many diseases which currently have no or limited therapeutic options. Unfortunately, this potential also comes with side-effects. In this review, the positive and negative effects of regulation of stem cells will be explained.Content: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. The type of stem cells are embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, somatic stem cells, foetal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Stem cell transplantation is one form of stem cell therapy, it comes with different sources, and those are autologous and allogenic transplantation stem cells. In an autologous transplant, a patient’s own blood-forming stem cells are collected, meanwhile in an allogeneic transplant, a person’s stem cells are replaced with new stem cells obtained from a donor or from donated umbilical cord blood.Summary: Its abilities to maintain undifferentiated phenotype, self-renewing and differentiate itself into specialized cells, give rise to stem cell as a new innovation for the treatment of various diseases. In the clinical setting, stem cells are being explored in various conditions, such as in tissue repair and regeneration and autoimmune diseases therapy. But along with its benefit, stem cell therapy also holds some harm. It is known that the treatment using stem cell for curing and rehabilitation has the risk in tumor formation.

scholarly journals Tissue Regeneration without Stem Cell Transplantation: Self-Healing Potential from Ancestral Chemistry and Physical Energies

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Facchin ◽  
Eva Bianconi ◽  
Silvia Canaider ◽  
Valentina Basoli ◽  
Pier Mario Biava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Mechanical Vibrations

The human body constantly regenerates after damage due to the self-renewing and differentiating properties of its resident stem cells. To recover the damaged tissues and regenerate functional organs, scientific research in the field of regenerative medicine is firmly trying to understand the molecular mechanisms through which the regenerative potential of stem cells may be unfolded into a clinical application. The finding that some organisms are capable of regenerative processes and the study of conserved evolutionary patterns in tissue regeneration may lead to the identification of natural molecules of ancestral species capable to extend their regenerative potential to human tissues. Such a possibility has also been strongly suggested as a result of the use of physical energies, such as electromagnetic fields and mechanical vibrations in human adult stem cells. Results from scientific studies on stem cell modulation confirm the possibility to afford a chemical manipulation of stem cell fate in vitro and pave the way to the use of natural molecules, as well as electromagnetic fields and mechanical vibrations to target human stem cells in their niche inside the body, enhancing human natural ability for self-healing.

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