scholarly journals Rhythmic abilities in humans and non-human animals: a review and recommendations from a methodological perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1835) ◽  
pp. 20200335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fleur L. Bouwer ◽  
Vivek Nityananda ◽  
Andrew A. Rouse ◽  
Carel ten Cate
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rhythm Perception ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Temporal Intervals ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Implicit Perception ◽  
Rhythm Production

Rhythmic behaviour is ubiquitous in both human and non-human animals, but it is unclear whether the cognitive mechanisms underlying the specific rhythmic behaviours observed in different species are related. Laboratory experiments combined with highly controlled stimuli and tasks can be very effective in probing the cognitive architecture underlying rhythmic abilities. Rhythmic abilities have been examined in the laboratory with explicit and implicit perception tasks, and with production tasks, such as sensorimotor synchronization, with stimuli ranging from isochronous sequences of artificial sounds to human music. Here, we provide an overview of experimental findings on rhythmic abilities in human and non-human animals, while critically considering the wide variety of paradigms used. We identify several gaps in what is known about rhythmic abilities. Many bird species have been tested on rhythm perception, but research on rhythm production abilities in the same birds is lacking. By contrast, research in mammals has primarily focused on rhythm production rather than perception. Many experiments also do not differentiate between possible components of rhythmic abilities, such as processing of single temporal intervals, rhythmic patterns, a regular beat or hierarchical metrical structures. For future research, we suggest a careful choice of paradigm to aid cross-species comparisons, and a critical consideration of the multifaceted abilities that underlie rhythmic behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.

scholarly journals Rhythmic abilities in humans and non-human animals: A review and recommendations from a methodological perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fleur Bouwer ◽  
Vivek Nityananda ◽  
Andrew A. Rouse ◽  
Carel ten Cate
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Rhythmic Behavior ◽  
Temporal Intervals ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Implicit Perception ◽  
Rhythm Production

Rhythmic behavior is ubiquitous in both human and non-human animals, but it is unclear whether the cognitive mechanisms underlying the specific rhythmic behaviors observed in different species are related. Lab experiments combined with highly controlled stimuli and tasks can be very effective in probing the cognitive architecture underlying rhythmic abilities. Rhythmic abilities have been examined in the lab with explicit and implicit perception tasks, and with production tasks, such as sensorimotor synchronization, with stimuli ranging from isochronous sequences of artificial sounds to human music. Here, we provide an overview of experimental findings on rhythmic abilities in human and non-human animals, while critically considering the wide variety of paradigms used. We identify several gaps in what is known about rhythmic abilities. Many bird species have been tested on rhythm perception, but research on rhythm production abilities in the same birds is lacking. In contrast, research in mammals has primarily focused on rhythm production rather than perception. Many experiments also do not differentiate between possible components of rhythmic abilities, such as processing of single temporal intervals, rhythmic patterns, a regular beat, or hierarchical metrical structures. For future research, we suggest a careful choice of paradigm to aid cross-species comparisons, and a critical consideration of the multifaceted abilities that underlie rhythmic behavior.

Second language structural priming: A critical review and directions for future research

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie N. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structural Priming ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Current State ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
State Of Research

The last 15 years has seen a tremendous growth in research on structural priming among second language (L2) speakers. Structural priming is the phenomenon whereby speakers are more likely to repeat a structure they have recently heard or produced. Research on L2 structural priming speaks to key issues regarding the underlying linguistic and cognitive mechanisms that support L2 acquisition and use, and the extent to which lexical and grammatical information are shared across an L2 speaker’s languages. As the number of researchers investigating L2 priming and its implications for L2 learning continues to grow, it is important to assess the current state of research in this area and establish directions for continued inquiry. The goal of the current review is to provide an overview of recent research on within-language L2 structural priming, with an eye towards the open questions that remain.

scholarly journals Cognitive mechanisms in adolescent and young adult cancer patients and survivors: Feasibility and preliminary insights from the Cognitions and Affect in Cancer Resiliency Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urska Kosir ◽  
Milan Wiedemann ◽  
Jennifer Wild ◽  
Lucy Bowes
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cancer Worry ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Coping ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mental Defeat

This cross-sectional pilot study assesses the feasibility of conducting online research into cognitive coping mechanisms in AYA cancer populations. Twenty-one participants, aged 18 - 39 years, answered questionnaires about mental defeat, rumination, cancer worry, anxiety, and experience participating in such research. Seven participants scored in the clinical range for anxiety. Cancer-related worry was common. Rumination and mental defeat were positively associated with anxiety. The participants reported the length and type of questions to be appropriate and not distressing. Findings may inform future research into cognitive coping mechanisms, which could aid the development of psychosocial interventions for young cancer patients.

Archiving Nature’s Heartbeat Using Smartphones

2012 ◽  
pp. 1896-1912
Author(s):  
Jinglan Zhang ◽  
Paul Roe ◽  
Binh Pham ◽  
Richard Mason ◽  
Michael Towsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Network ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Quality Control ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Remote Server ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Quality Control Data

The impact of urban development and climate change has created the impetus to monitor changes in the environment, particularly, the behaviour, habitat and movement of fauna species. The aim of this chapter is to present the design and development of a sensor network based on Smartphones to automatically collect and analyse acoustic and visual data for environmental monitoring purposes. Due to the communication and sophisticated programming facilities offered by Smartphones, software tools can be developed to allow data to be collected, partially processed and sent to a remote server over the network for storage and further processing. This sensor network which employs a client-server architecture has been deployed in three applications: monitoring a rare bird species near Brisbane Airport, study of koalas behaviour at St Bees Island, and detection of fruit flies. The users of this system include scientists (e.g. ecologists, ornithologists, computer scientists) and community groups participating in data collection or reporting on the environment (e.g. students, bird watchers). The chapter focuses on the following aspects of our research: issues involved in using Smartphones as sensors; the overall framework for data acquisition, data quality control, data management and analysis; current and future applications of the Smartphone-based sensor network, and our future research directions.

Fostering Transversal Skills in Game-Based Learning

2022 ◽  
pp. 107-130
Author(s):  
Robert Z. Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Game Based Learning ◽  
Information Process ◽  
The Relationship

The current chapter examines the relationship between facets of cognitive abilities and relevant learning activities by drawing on literature pertaining to higher- and lower-order critical thinking. Specific discussions were made on cognitive architecture and deep learning, modality and information process, and cognitive abilities and levels of process in learning activities. The cognitive ability-learning activity matrix was proposed to (1) raise attention to the relationship between cognitive abilities and relevant learning activities in transversal critical thinking in game-based learning and (2) guide educators, teachers, and professional trainers to facilitate effective transversal of critical thinking skills across domains, disciplines, and learning communities. Discussions of the theoretical and practical significance of the proposed matrix were made. Recommendations for future research were proposed to guide the direction and practice in fostering transversal skills in game-based learning.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity of the Anxiety-Related Attention Bias: A Review and Working Model for Future Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 879-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy A. Dennis-Tiwary ◽  
Amy Krain Roy ◽  
Samantha Denefrio ◽  
Sarah Myruski
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Attention Bias ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Threat Detection ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Neuroscience ◽  
Response System ◽  
Working Model ◽  
Advance Knowledge

Anxiety-related attention bias (AB) has been studied for several decades as a clinically relevant output of the dynamic and complex threat-detection and -response system. Despite research enthusiasm for the construct of AB, current theories and measurement approaches cannot adequately account for the growing body of mixed, contradictory, and null findings. Drawing on clinical, neuroscience, and animal models, we argue that the apparent complexity and contradictions in the empirical literature can be attributed to the field’s failure to clearly conceptualize AB heterogeneity and the dearth of studies on AB that consider additional cognitive mechanisms in anxiety, particularly disruptions in threat-safety discrimination and cognitive control. We review existing research and propose a working model of AB heterogeneity, positing that AB may be best conceptualized as multiple subtypes of dysregulated processing of, and attention to, threat anchored in individual differences in threat-safety discrimination and cognitive control. We review evidence for this working model and discuss how it can be used to advance knowledge of AB mechanisms and inform personalized prevention and intervention approaches.

A Multi-User Computer-Aided Design Competition: Experimental Findings and Analysis of Team-Member Dynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Stone ◽  
John Salmon ◽  
Keenan Eves ◽  
Matthew Killian ◽  
Landon Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
Competition Analysis ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Design Competition ◽  
Purdue Spatial Visualization Test ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Aided Design

A competition for teams of three students using a prototype multi-user computer-aided design (MUCAD) tool was held to investigate various hypotheses regarding the performance of teams in such a setting. By comparing models from the competition to the same model in a single-user CAD environment, it is seen that use of a MUCAD system can significantly increase the value-added per unit of calendar time for a modeling effort. An investigation was also made into the causes of the performance differences among the various MUCAD teams which participated in the competition. Analysis of the results shows that teams that encouraged effective forms of communication and teams whose members scored similarly on the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations (PSVT:R) performed better than other teams. Areas of future research in analyzing teams in MUCAD environments are suggested.

scholarly journals Progress in Behavioral Game Theory

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin F Camerer
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Backward Induction ◽  
Behavioral Game Theory ◽  
Dominated Strategies ◽  
Behavioral Game ◽  
Experimental Findings

Behavioral game theory aims to predict how people actually behave by incorporating psychological elements and learning into game theory. With this goal in mind, experimental findings can be organized into three categories: players have systematic 'reciprocated social values,' like desires for fairness and revenge. Phenomena discovered in studies of individual judgments and choices, like 'framing' and overconfidence, are also evident in games. Strategic principles, like irrelevance of strategy labels and timing of moves, iterated elimination of dominated strategies, and backward induction, are violated. Future research should incorporate these findings, along with learning and 'pregame theory,' into formal game theory.

Machine Learning and Cognitive Algorithms for Engineering Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 64-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid Perlovsky ◽  
Gary Kuvich
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Semiotic Approach ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Universal Representation

Mind is based on intelligent cognitive processes, which are not limited by language and logic only. The thought is a set of informational processes in the brain, and such processes have the same rationale as any other systematic informational processes. Their specifics are determined by the ways of how brain stores, structures, and process this information. Systematic approach allows representing them in a diagrammatic form that can be formalized. Semiotic approach allows for the universal representation of such diagrams. In that approach, logic is a way of synthesis of such structures, which is a small but clearly visible top of the iceberg. The most efforts were traditionally put into logics without paying much attention to the rest of the mechanisms that make the entire thought system working autonomously. Dynamic fuzzy logic is reviewed and its connections with semiotics are established. Dynamic fuzzy logic extends fuzzy logic in the direction of logic-processes, which include processes of fuzzification and defuzzification as parts of logic. The paper reviews basic cognitive mechanisms, including instinctual drives, emotional and conceptual mechanisms, perception, cognition, language, a model of interaction between language and cognition upon the new semiotic models. The model of interacting cognition and language is organized in an approximate hierarchy of mental representations from sensory percepts at the “bottom” to objects, contexts, situations, abstract concepts-representations, and to the most general representations at the “top” of mental hierarchy. Knowledge Instinct and emotions are driving feedbacks for these representations. Interactions of bottom-up and top-down processes in such hierarchical semiotic representation are essential for modeling cognition. Dynamic fuzzy logic is analyzed as a fundamental mechanism of these processes. Future research directions are discussed.

scholarly journals A Commentary on the Unsupervised Learning of Disentangled Representations

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (09) ◽  
pp. 13681-13684
Author(s):  
Francesco Locatello ◽  
Stefan Bauer ◽  
Mario Lucic ◽  
Gunnar Rätsch ◽  
Sylvain Gelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Result ◽  
Unsupervised Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Experimental Findings

The goal of the unsupervised learning of disentangled representations is to separate the independent explanatory factors of variation in the data without access to supervision. In this paper, we summarize the results of (Locatello et al. 2019b) and focus on their implications for practitioners. We discuss the theoretical result showing that the unsupervised learning of disentangled representations is fundamentally impossible without inductive biases and the practical challenges it entails. Finally, we comment on our experimental findings, highlighting the limitations of state-of-the-art approaches and directions for future research.

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