scholarly journals V. On periodical laws discoverable in the mean effects of the larger magnetic disturbances

1851 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 123-139 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Satisfaction ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
The Press ◽  
Occasional Occurrence ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
Magnetic Disturbances ◽  
Magnetic Phenomena

In the preface to the first part of the first volume of the “Observations on days of unusual Magnetic Disturbance at the British Colonial Observatories,” published in 1843, and in the introductory comments prefixed to the first volume of the “Observations at the Toronto Observatory,” published in 1845, I stated the reasons which induced me to believe that the magnetic disturbances of large amount and occasional occurrence, designated in the Report of the Committee of Physics of the Royal Society as the “irregular variations,” and perhaps more commonly known by the name of magnetic storms or shocks, would be found, when studied in their mean effects on the local magnetic direction and force extending over a sufficient period of time, to have a character of periodcity , which if established, would leave no doubt as to the class of magnetic phenomena to which they should be considered to belong. The opinion thus expressed resulted from an examination to which I had subjected the series of two-hourly observations of the Declination in 1841, made simultaneously at Toronto and at Hobarton, and those of 1842 at Toronto; (the corresponding observations for 1842 at Hobarton not having reached England in sufficient time to be included in the examination). Short as this period was, the evidence of the existence of laws of periodical action, connecting the effects of causes operating for the most part simultaneously at distant parts of the globe with the seasons of the year and the hours of the day at particular stations, was sufficiently systematic to induce me to regard this branch of inquiry as a most hopeful one, but as requiring for its prosecution a longer continuance of observations than had been at that time provided for. At Toronto and the other observatories under the Ordnance Department, hourly observations were substituted in 1842 for the two-hourly series previously adopted. It had appeared desirable at the commencement of these establishments not to overcharge them with work; but as it became obvious that whenever a physical theory should be brought forward to explain the phenomena which were the subjects of observation, such as, for example, those of the diurnal variation , there would be an immediate demand for the variation observed at least at every hour, arrangements were made, in the spirit of the Royal Society’s Instructions, to secure a better provision for the requirements of theory than had been contemplated by the letter of those Instructions, and with this view observations at every hour were substituted for observations at every two hours. The series at Hobarton (under the Admiralty) had been made hourly from its commencement, the personal establishment left by Sir James Clark Ross having been calculated with that view*. Having lately examined the hourly simultaneous observations of the Declination at Toronto and Hobarton for the years 1843, 1844 and 1845, in the course of their preparation for the press, I have had great satisfaction in finding that they confirm in a remarkable degree the anticipations which I had formed. The general evidence of periodicity, connected with the seasons of the year and the hours of the day in the mean effects at these two distant stations, of causes which yet operate for the most part simultaneously at both, thus furnished by a series of hourly observations continued for three years, is far too systematic, and rests on a basis of too long duration to make it probable that it will be otherwise than confirmed by the continuation of the series in the subsequent years; although the exact periods, and the mean numerical values of the effects produced, or their proportions to each other in the different seasons and at the different hours may, and doubtless will, receive modifications. The term “irregular” can therefore no longer be considered as correctly applied to this remarkable branch of the magnetic phenomena, which studied in their effects must now be regarded as included in the class of “periodical variations.” However (apparently) irregular may be the times of their occurrence, as general phenomena affecting contemporaneously parts of the globe most distant from each other, their effects at those stations are found to be subject to periodical laws connected with local seasons and local time, indicating a relation directly or indirectly to the sun's place in the ecliptic, and to the earth’s diurnal rotation on its axis, and producing a sensible mean effect on the magnetic direction in conformity with their own peculiar laws.

scholarly journals On periodical laws discoverable in the mean effects of the larger magnetic disturbances

1854 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 30-32 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Magnetic Storms ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Magnetic Disturbances ◽  
Made In

In a discussion of the two-hourly observations of the magnetic declination, made in 1841 and 1842 at the observatories of Toronto and Hobarton, published in 1843 and 1845, the author expressed an opinion that themagneticdisturbances,of largeamountand apparently irregular occurrence, commonly called magnetic storms or shocks, would be found, when studied in their mean effects on the magnetic direction and force extending over a sufficient period of time, to be subject to periodical laws , connecting them with the seasons of the year and the hours of the day at the particular stations. In preparing for the press the hourly observations of the declination in the years 1843, 1844 and 1845, at the same two stations, the author found his previous opinions strongly confirmed; and believing that the evidence thus obtained of periodical laws is far too systematic, and rests on a series of too long duration to make it probable that it will be otherwise than confirmed by the continuation of the observations in subsequent years, he has been induced to make it the subject of a communication to the Royal Society; although it is probable that the exact periods, and the mean numerical values of the effects produced, or their proportions to each other in the different seasons and at the different hours, may hereafter receive modifications.

I. On the solar-diurnal variation of the magnetic declination at Pekin

1860 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 360-374
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Magnetic Observatory ◽  
Magnetic Element ◽  
Monthly Means ◽  
The North ◽  
The Hours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
North End

When the first year of hourly observations of the declination, January 1 to December 31st, 1841, was received at Woolwich from the Magnetic Observatory at Hobarton, and when means had been taken of the readings of the collimator-scale at the several hours in each month, and these monthly means had been collected into an­nual means, it was found that the mean daily motion of the declina­tion magnet at Hobarton presented, as one of its most conspicuous and well-marked features, a double progression in the twenty-four hours, moving twice from west to east, and twice from east to west; the phases of this diurnal variation were, that the north end of the magnet moved progressively from west to east in the hours of the forenoon, and from east to west in the hours of the afternoon ; and again from west to east during the early hours of the night, return­ing from east to west during the later hours of the night: the two easterly extremes were attained at nearly homonymous hours of the day and night, as were also the two westerly extremes; the ampli­tudes of the arcs traversed during the hours of the day were con­siderably greater than those traversed during the hours of the night. When, in like manner, the first year of hourly observations, July 1st, 1842, to June 30th, 1843, was received from the Toronto Ob­servatory, and the mean diurnal march of the declination magnet was examined, it was found to exhibit phenomena in striking corre­spondence with those at Hobarton. At Toronto also a double pro­gression presented itself, of which the easterly extremes were attained at nearly homonymous hours, as were also the westerly; whilst the hours of extreme elongation were nearly the same (solar) hours at the two stations, but with this distinction, that the hours at which the north end of the magnet reached its extreme easterly elongation at Hobarton were the same, or nearly the same, as those at which it reached its extreme westerly elongation at Toronto, and vice verâ Pursuing, therefore, the ordinary mode of designating the direction of the declination by the north end of the magnet in the southern as well as in the northern hemisphere, the diurnal motion of the magnet may be said to be in opposite directions at Hobarton and Toronto; but if (in correspondence with our mode of speaking in regard to another magnetic element, the Inclination) the south end of the magnet is employed to designate the direction of the motion in the southern hemisphere, and the north end in the northern hemisphere, the apparent contrariety disappears, and the directions, as well as the times of the turning hours, are approximately the same at both stations.

XV. On periodical laws discoverable in the mean effects of the larger magnetic disturbances.—No. III

1856 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 357-374 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Magnetic Forces ◽  
The Hours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Magnetic Disturbances

Having at length completed the analysis of the larger disturbances of the horizontal and vertical magnetic forces at Toronto during five years of hourly observa­tion, with a view to the development of the periodical laws which regulate the occur­rence of the occasional disturbances of those elements, and of their theoretical equiva­lents, the Inclination and Total Force, I now propose to lay before the Royal Society a condensed view of the mode in which the investigation has been made, and of its results. The hourly observations of the Bifilar and Vertical Force Magnetometers during the five years terminating June 30, 1848, were received at Woolwich, from Toronto, precisely in the state in which they are printed in the second and third volumes of the 'Observations at the Toronto Observatory'; namely, the readings, uncorrected for temperature, at every hour of Göttingen time, arranged in Monthly tables, accom­panied by corresponding tables of the temperature of the magnets, shown by thermo­meters of which the balls were enclosed in the same case with the magnets, and which were read contemporaneously with the Bifilar and Vertical Force scales. The Monthly tables of the scale-readings and of the temperatures were summed before their transmission to Woolwich, both in vertical and horizontal columns, and means were taken of all the days in the month at the different hours, and of all the hours of the day on the different days, forming "hourly means” and "daily means.” In this state the observations were received at Woolwich and subsequently printed; they were, in fact, printed from the original manuscripts.

scholarly journals I. On the laws of the phenomena of the larger disturbances of the magnetic declination in the Kew Observatory: with notices of the progress of our knowledge regarding the magnetic storms

1860 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 624-643
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Storms ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Exact Measurement ◽  
Continuous Record ◽  
The Hours ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Mean ◽  
As Effects ◽  
Magnetic Disturbances

The laws manifested by the mean effects of the larger magnetic disturbances (regarded commonly as effects of magnetic storms) have been investigated at several stations on the globe, being chiefly those of the British Colonial Observatories; but hitherto there has been no similar examination of the phenomena in the British Islands themselves. The object of the present paper is to supply this deficiency, as far as one element, namely the declination, is concerned, by a first approximation derived from the photographs in the years 1858 and 1859, of the self-recording declinometer of the observatory of the British Association at Kew; leaving it to the photographs of subsequent years to confirm, rectify, or render more precise the results now obtained by a first approximation. The method of investigation is simple, and may be briefly described as follows:— The photographs furnish a continuous record of the variations which take place in the direction of the declination-magnet, and admit of exact measurement in the two relations of time, and of the amount of departure from a zero line. From this automatic record, the direction of the magnet is measured at twenty-four equal intervals of time in every solar day, which thus become the equivalents of the “hourly observations” of the magnetometers in use at the Colonial Observatories. These measures, or hourly directions of the magnet, are entered in monthly tables, having the days of the month in successive horizontal lines, and the hours of the day m vertical columns. The “means” of the entries in each vertical column indicate the mean direction of the magnet at the different hours of the month to which the table belongs, and have received the name of “First Normals.” On inspecting any such monthly table, it is at once seen that a considerable portion of the entries in the several columns differ considerably from their respective means or first normals, and must be regarded as “disturbed observations” The laws of their relative frequency, and amount of disturbance, in different years, months and hours, are then sought out, by separating for that purpose a sufficient body of the most disturbed observations, computing the amount of departure in each case from the normal of the same month and hour, and arranging the amounts in annual, monthly, and hourly tables. In making these computations, the first normals require to be themselves corrected, by the omission in each vertical column of the entries noted as disturbed, and by taking fresh means, representing the normals of each month and hour after this omission, and therefore uninfluenced by the larger disturbances. These new means have received the name of “Final Normals,” and may be defined as being the mean directions of the magnet in every month and every hour, after the omission from the record of every entry which differed from the mean a certain amount either in excess or in defect.

scholarly journals IV. On the variations of the diurnal range of the magnetic declination as recorded at the Prague observatory

1878 ◽  
Vol 27 (185-189) ◽  
pp. 389-402
Keyword(s):  
Mean Values ◽  
Magnetic Declination ◽  
Diurnal Range ◽  
The Hours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Magnetic Disturbances

1. The Prague magnetic observations began in July, 1839, and have been continued until the present date. The observation hours, 18h., 22h., 2h., 10h., are common to the whole series, except for the year 1853, during which observations were made only at the hours 8h., 2h., 10h. As far, however, as the estimation of the diurnal range of magnetic declination is concerned, these last three hours are practically as good as the former four, inasmuch as the observations at 22h. are hardly ever made use of in determining the diurnal range. In the determinations herein recorded, magnetic disturbances are included, and the range is a mean monthly one, obtained by comparing together the mean values of the magnetic declination, corresponding to the hours 18h., 22h., 2h., 10h., for any given month, and taking the difference between the highest and the lowest of these values as representing the mean range for that month. There is reason to believe that the ranges thus obtained are not greatly different from those which would have been obtained from an hourly series of observations.

Observations on 287 thunder-storms made at highfield house, near Nottingham, during the last nine years

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 957-957
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
The Hours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Atmospheric Phenomena ◽  
Rotatory Motion

The thunder-storms referred to in this communication are recorded in a tabular form., arranged according to their dates. In this table are given the date; the hour of the commencement of the storm; the mean height of the barometer to tenths of an inch; whether it is rising, stationary, or falling; the direction of the wind before the storm, during its continuance, and after its cessation; the maximum temperature on the day of the storm and on the day after; the minimum temperature on the night before and on the night after; and general remarks on the storms. This table is followed by remarks on particular storms recorded in it. In conclusion the author gives the results of his observations with reference to the number of storms in each year; the number in each month, with the hours at which they mostly occur in particular months; the number that have occurred with a rising, stationary, or falling barometer; the number in respect to the direction of the wind and of the current in which the storms moved; the number of storms that have occurred at the various heights of the maximum, and also of the minimum thermometer; the number in which the peculiar breeze that suddenly springs up on the commencement of thunder-storms has been well marked; the change in the direction of some of these storms, and indications of rotatory motion; and finally, the different atmospheric phenomena which have accompanied these storms.

Diurnal changes in the plasma concentrations of LH and hypothalamic contents of LHRH-I and LHRH-II in the domestic hen

1991 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Wilson ◽  
R. T. Gladwell ◽  
F. J. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Diurnal Rhythm ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Posterior Hypothalamus ◽  
Anterior Hypothalamus ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
Lh Secretion

ABSTRACT Diurnal changes of LH secretion in sexually immature hens of 9, 11, 13 and 15 weeks of age consisted of 25–40% increases in the mean concentrations of LH in plasma between 15.00 and 18.00 h, i.e. between 2 h before and 1 h after the onset of darkness. During this time there was a tendency for the mean contents of LHRH-I in the anterior hypothalamus and posterior hypothalamus to increase by 21–74% and 20–56% respectively. In hens of 9 and 15 weeks, diurnal changes in the plasma concentration of LH closely paralleled those of LHRH-I content in the posterior hypothalamus. In contrast, the diurnal rhythm of LH secretion in hens of 11 and 13 weeks was more marked and plasma concentrations of LH continued to rise steeply between 18.00 and 21.00 h, i.e. between 1 and 4 h after the onset of darkness. At 11 weeks, this was associated with a reduction (P<0·01) in the contents of LHRH-I and LHRH-II, particularly in the anterior hypothalamus. In laying hens, a diurnal decline (P<0·01) in the plasma concentration of LH between 1 and 4 h after the onset of darkness was preceded by a fall (P<0·05) in the content of LHRH-I in the posterior hypothalamus and in the total hypothalamic content of LHRH-II (P<0·01). In all groups of hens, irrespective of the times of day at which tissue was taken, significant (P<0·05–<0·001) correlations between the contents of LHRH-I and LHRH-II in the anterior hypothalamus were observed. It is concluded that a diurnal rhythm of release of LHRH-I may drive the diurnal rhythm of LH secretion. Thus, in sexually immature hens of 9 and 15 weeks and laying hens in which diurnal changes in plasma LH were small there were parallel changes in the content of LHRH-I in the posterior hypothalamus. However, where the plasma concentration of LH was increased substantially, as at 11 weeks, there was a decline in the hypothalamic contents of LHRH-I. A simultaneous fall in the hypothalamic content of LHRH-II raises the possibility of a causal relationship between the activities of LHRH-II, LHRH-I and the release of LH. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 130, 457–462

Can foreign aid free the press?

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
NABAMITA DUTTA ◽  
CLAUDIA R. WILLIAMSON
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Mean

AbstractCan foreign aid help free the press? Aid may boost press freedom by incentivizing government to reduce media regulations and provide financial support for infrastructure. Alternatively, foreign aid may prevent press freedom by expanding the role of the state and promoting government over private enterprises. We contend that the magnitude of foreign aid's influence is conditional on the existence of democratic checks. Using panel data from 1994 to 2010, we find evidence suggesting that aid significantly increases press freedom in democracies but insignificantly relates to press freedom in autocracies. Collectively, the results suggest that a standard deviation increase in aid to a country at the mean level of democracy increases press freedom by approximately a 1/20th standard deviation. Overall, the findings suggest that donors should be cautious as most aid recipients are not democratic and aid leads to only relatively small marginal improvements in press freedom.

Stable Isotopes Analysis of Precipitation in Subtropical Plateau of Yunnan

2014 ◽  
Vol 1010-1012 ◽  
pp. 1059-1063
Author(s):  
Wei Guan ◽  
Tao Fan ◽  
Xiu Qin Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Precipitation Line ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

To elucidate the relationship between stable isotopes of precipitation (SIP) and the extreme drought in Kunming area, based on the stable isotopes data of the GNIP in Kunming site from 1986 to 2003, the precipitation line equation is brought forward and the seasonal change rule of stable isotopes are discussed. The stable isotopic compositions of precipitation exhibit great diversities in different seasons during to influences of multiple factors, such as monsoon, rainfall amount moisture source and others. The δ18O values in rainwater exhibit significant seasonal variations, the average of-10.12‰ in rainy season, the dry season is-4.5‰, having lower values in the rainy season and higher one in the dry season. The amount effect of precipitation is very distinct, that concealed the temperature effect. Got the special geographical position,dvalues present unique characteristics, the average ofdvalues is 10.78‰ in rainy season, and is 4.86‰ in dry season, the mean value is generally lower than most parts of the world.

scholarly journals Sadayakko és Hanako Budapesten

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2019/1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Doma
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Theatre History ◽  
Death Scene ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Times ◽  
In The Beginning

In the beginning of the 20th century, two celebrated Japanese actresses, Kawakami Sadayakko (1871–1946) and Hanako (1868–1945), visited Budapest. Sadayakko, accompanied by the Kawakami troupe, arrived in February 1902 and performed at the Uránia Theatre. Hanako visited the Hungarian capital twice: in 1908 and 1913. Both of them played in ‘Japanese-style’ performances, which at first seemed traditional and authentic to the Hungarian audience. The most important and spectacular element of these plays was the death scene and the supernatural way the actresses performed this on stage. In the present paper I analyse various kinds of contemporary articles and examine how the two actresses appeared in and influenced Hungarian theatre history. Additionally, through the analysis of the press of the times, I will argue that Hanako’s second visit was less successful than her first or than Sadayakko’s, and show that the audience’s opinion about the authenticity of the performance changed completely.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document